Journal of Bacteriology and Virology最新文献

{"title":"Diverse Effects of Small Molecule Inhibitors on Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics in HIV-1 Infection","authors":"Y. Shin, Byeong-Sun Choi, Kyung-Chang Kim, Kisoon Kim, C. Yoon","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2019.49.2.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.2.69","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton plays a pivotal role in the process of cell division, the transportation of organelles, vesicle trafficking and cell movement. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hijacks the actin dynamics network during the viral entry and migration of the pre-integration complex (PIC) into the nucleus. Actin dynamics linked to HIV-1 has emerged as a potent therapeutic target against HIV infection. Although some inhibitors have been intensely analyzed with regard to HIV-1 infection, their effects are sometimes disputed and the exact mechanisms for actin dynamics in HIV infection have not been well elucidated. In this study, the small molecules regulating HIV-1 infection from diverse inhibitors of the actin dynamic network were screened. Two compounds, including Chaetoglobosin A and CK-548, were observed to specifically bar the viral infection, while the cytochalasin family, 187-1, N-WASP inhibitor, Rho GTPase family inhibitors (EHop-016, CID44216842, and ML-141) and LIMK inhibitor (LIM domain kinase inhibitor) increased the viral infection without cytotoxicity within a range of ~ μM. However, previously known inhibitory compounds of HIV-1 infection, such as Latrunculin A, Jasplakinolide, Wiskostatin and Swinholide A, exhibited either an inhibitory effect on HIV-1 infection combined with severe cytotoxicity or showed no effects. Our data indicate that Chaetoglobosin A and CK-548 have considerable potential for development as new therapeutic drugs for the treatment of HIV infection. In addition, the newly identified roles of Cytochalasins and some inhibitors of Rho GTPase and LIMK may provide fundamental knowledge for understanding the complicated actin dynamic pathway when infected by HIV-1. Remarkably, the newly defined action modes of the inhibitors may be helpful in developing potent anti-HIV drugs that target the actin network, which are required for HIV infection.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.2.69","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47530757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association Between Toxin-antitoxin Systems on Plasmids and Persister Formation in CTX-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST11 Isolates","authors":"Eun Seon Chung, So Yeon Kim, K. Ko","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2019.49.2.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.2.53","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the effect of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems in bla CTX-M-15 -bearing plasmids of Klebsiella pneumoniae on persister formation. The persister formation rate was notably high in transconjugants in plasmids bearing TA system than the transconjugants in plasmids bearing no TA systems. Activation of relA and spoT expression was higher in transconjugants with plasmids bearing TA systems. Thus, TA systems in plasmids may contribute to the maintenance of bla CTX-M-15 -bearing plasmids and host survival via persister formation. Plasmids were obtained from four CTX-M-15-producing K. pneumoniae ST11 clinical isolates that were collected from patients in Hong Kong, Malaysia, India, and Thailand (HK02-026, M16-13, IN03-01, and TH02-34, respectively). Their whole plasmid sequences were determined previously (GenBank accession numbers, KY751926, KY751925, KY499796, and KY499797) (14). While TA genes, such as pemIK, mok-hok, and vagCD, were identified on the bla CTX-M-15 -bearing plasmids of HK02-026 and M16-13 (TA+), the bla CTX-M-15 -bearing plasmids of IN03-01 and TH02-34 had no TA genes (TA – ). Then, recovered plasmids were transferred to E. coli J53 cells, as described previously (6). In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the broth microdilution method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (15), and susceptibility was defined according to CLSI breakpoints. E. coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were used as control strains.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.2.53","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45125719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Our Hantaan Virus Became a New Family, Hantaviridae in the Classification of Order Bunyavirales. It will Remain as a History of Virology","authors":"H. Lee, Jin-Won Song","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.2.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.2.45","url":null,"abstract":"the order Bunyavirales, previously family Bunyaviridae, was by new order of families including Hantaviridae family, now the on of Hantaviridae is now a family of the order Bunyavirales, and the prototype virus species is Hantaan orthohantavirus. The family Hantaviridae is divided into four subfamilies including Mammantavirinae, Repantavirinae, Actantavirinae and Agantavirinae. The subfamily Mammantavirinae is divided into four genera including Orthohantavirus, Loanvirus, Mobatvirus and Thottimvirus. The four Hantavirus species have been found in Korea including three Orthohantaviruses (Hantaan orthohantavirus, Seoul orthohantavirus and Jeju orthohantavirus) and one Thottimvirus (Imjin thottimvirus).","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.2.45","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43038785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology ofLegionellaand Climatic Variables in Seoul, Korea","authors":"Sang-Hun Park, Young-Hee Jin, Mi-Jin Ahn, Sunghee Han, H. Kim, Jin Seok Kim, Joo-Hyun Park, Chae-Kyu Hong, Sook Park, Ah-Ryung Oh, Jibho Lee, Il-Young Kim, Yong-Seoung Shin","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.2.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.2.59","url":null,"abstract":"Legionella species are abundant in the built environment and are increasingly recognized as a cause of Legionnaires ’ disease (LD). As the number of cases of Legionnaires ’ disease acquired by local communities in the Seoul metropolitan area in Korea has been increased, there was concern that changes in environmental factors could affect disease outbreaks. We described the association between climatic variables and occurrence of legionellosis in Korea and Legionella detection rate in Seoul area. A total of 418 cases of legionellosis were reported between 2014 and 2017. There was a seasonal peak in summer. LD continuously occurred from early spring to winter every year and rapidly increased in summer. In the regression analysis, the primary variables of interest- PM2.5 (  g/m 3 ), NO 2 (ppb), and a number of the date of issue O 3 warning were not significant except for average temperature (R 2 =0.8075). The Legionella detection rate in Seoul, Korea showed a trend similar to precipitation (P=0.708, ANOVA). A relatively high proportion of Legionella detection rate was shown, especially cooling tower (17.7%) and public bath (19.3%). This finding is in line with current understanding of the ecological profile of this pathogen and supports the assertion that legionellosis occurs through contamination of water","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.2.59","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43027986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delafloxacin, a New Miracle in Antibiotics Armamentarium for Bacterial Infections","authors":"M. S. Rahman, Y. Koh","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.39","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The persistent antibiotics resistant issue has emerged as an influencing factor to deteriorate community health. So, new antibiotics development is urgent for the treatment of bacterial infections. Alternatively, delafloxacin is an eminent new fluoroquinolone, and chemically distinct from older fluoroquinolones. There is lack of proton substituent that indicates the poor acidic property of the drug. It also has a good intracellular penetration capacity that increases the intensity of the bactericidal property in acidic environment. Delafloxacin is a super active drug against the skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) and community-acquired respiratory tract infections. Delafloxacin also exhibits better efficacy against pathogens which are resistant to other fluoroquinolones, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Delafloxacin received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSI). Phase III clinical trial among patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is ongoing to evaluate the effectiveness of delafloxacin. From the aforementioned arguments, delafloxacin will be a prominent candidate for the upcoming antibacterial agent. Similarly, delafloxacin can be a crucial drug to fight against ABSSI.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.39","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47702345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RND efflux pump systems inAcinetobacter, with special emphasis on their role in quorum sensing","authors":"Bindu Subhadra, M. Oh, Chul Hee Choi","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Acinetobacter is an important opportunistic, multidrug resistant pathogen causing majority of nosocomial infections worldwide. The multidrug resistance is attributed by a plethora of efflux pumps and the overexpression of the same mediates export of antimicrobial agents. Quorum sensing (QS) is the cell-to-cell communication system in which bacteria produces specific signaling molecules which are transported out to the surrounding environment to communicate with other bacterial cells. It has been noticed that multidrug efflux pumps like resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) efflux pumps play an important role in QS by exporting these signaling molecules. This review discusses various RND efflux pumps and the current understanding of the interrelationship of RND efflux pumps and QS in Acinetobacter spp. Studies demonstrate that RND efflux pumps could be considered as potential targets to block QS thereby reducing pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance. The known RND efflux pump-mediated quorum quenching strategies for Acinetobacter and other bacterial strains are discussed in detail. Finally, the prospective quorum quenching strategies targeting the transcriptional regulators of RND efflux pumps to inhibit multidrug efflux pumps are addressed.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49374932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Expression Correlated with Hepatitis C Virus Genotype and Infection","authors":"G. Park, H. Jo, Hye-Ran Kim, Min-Ju Kim, K. Shin, S. Hong, Kyung-Soo Chang","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a globally prevalent human pathogen that causes persistent liver infections in most infected individuals. Several studies reported that HCV particles are enriched in apolipoprotein E (apoE) and that apoE is required for HCV infectivity and production. However, the relationship between apoE gene polymorphisms and HCV genotypes in patients with HCV is less well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between apoE gene polymorphism and HCV genotypes in patients. The HCV genotypes were identified among the 124 patients infected with HCV, and the genetic characteristics of the HCV genotype were analyzed. In addition, the results of the clinical laboratory test were comparatively analyzed according to the classified genotypes. Both HCV 1b (n=80) and 2a (n=42) patients had higher AFP, AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GTP, apoB, and apoE values compared with the normal control group. In particular, apoB and apoE levels were statistically significantly higher in the HCV 2a patients (P<0.05) and apoE levels were significantly higher in the HCV 1b patients (P<0.000). According to the results the patients with HCV genotype 1b showed higher values of liver damage related indicators and apoB expression than the patients with HCV genotype 2a. The fat related indicators and apoE expression were not different between the two major HCV genotypes (2a and 1b). We anticipate that the apoE ε3 allele is the most common type in HCV genotype 1b (89.2%) and 2a (91.7%). As a result of apoE genotyping, we confirmed an association with HCV infection and the apoE ε3 allele. However, the ratios of the apoE ε3 allele among the patients with genotype 1b and 2a were similar to each other.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47713069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effector Pathways of Toll-like Receptor-inducible Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages","authors":"E. Jo, Hyun-Woo Suh, J. Park","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Toll-like receptors (TLR) are well-characterized pattern recognition receptors that can recognize and respond to diverse pathogen-associated or danger-associated molecular patterns during infection. TLR signaling in macrophages triggers in the intracellular signaling pathways through the recruitment of various adaptor and signaling proteins, and results in the activation of effector mechanisms and pathways that are important for host defense to intracellular bacteria. Effector mechanisms include inflammatory responses, cytokine generation, production of reactive oxygen species, and antimicrobial proteins. Accumulating studies showed that autophagy is a key pathway in the maintenance of homeostasis and housekeeping functions during infection and inflammation. In this review, we summarize the major effector pathways and mechanisms in the activation of TLR-inducible innate immune responses in macrophages. In addition, we focus the emerging evidence of crosstalk between autophagy and TLR-mediated signaling in terms of effector function of innate immune responses. A better understanding of effector functions by the activation of TLR-mediated signaling cascades contributes to the development of new therapeutics and vaccines against various intracellular pathogenic infections.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.1.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42890386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity of Genetic Environment ofblaCTX-MGenes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producingEscherichia coliIsolated in Korea","authors":"Yun-Yi Yang, M. Suh","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.95","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Increasing resistance due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) in Escherichia coli is a major problem to public health and CTX-M enzymes have become the most prevalent ESBL worldwide. In this study, resistance profiles of E. coli isolated in Korea and the genetic environments of blaCTX-M genes were analyzed by PCR and direct sequencing to clarify the mechanisms of spread of CTX-M. Resistance rates of CTX-M-producing E. coli, including β-lactams, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides, were significantly higher than that of CTX-M-non-producers (p<0.01). Of 41 tested, 39 (95.1%) isolates of CTX-M-producing E. coli showed resistance transfer by conjugation. All the transconjugants harboured large plasmids of 118~172 megadalton. Insertion sequence ISEcp1B was detected in the upstream of the blaCTX-M in 38 (92.7%) isolates with blaCTX-M. ISEcp1B was disrupted by IS26 in 16 (39.0%) isolates with blaCTX-M. ISEcp1B carried -35 and -10 promoter components between right inverted repeat (IRR) and the start codon of blaCTX-M. orf477 or IS903D was observed in the downstream of the blaCTX-M in all the isolates with blaCTX-M-3/15/55 or with blaCTX-M-14/27, respectively. Sequence similar to IRR of ISEcp1B was located downstream of orf477. Target duplication sequences were detected both upstream of IRL and downstream of IRR. These results showed the involvement of ISEcp1B in the mobilization of the resistance genes. In conclusion, the surrounding DNAs of blaCTX-M genes were very diverse, and the spread and the expression of CTX-M may be deeply related with ISEcp1B. These informations will provide important knowledge to control the increase in CTX-M-ESBLs.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.95","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70700741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proteome Analysis of Alkylhydroxide Peroxidase-Deficient Isogenic Mutant ofHelicobacter pylori26695","authors":"Woo-Kon Lee, B. Chul, M. Shin, Myunghwan Jung, Jin-Sik Park, Jong-Hoon Ha, Dong-Hae Lee, Min Jeong Kim, Jeong-Ih Shin, KangHyung Lyun","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.191","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). In order to investigate the antioxidant effect of alkylhydroxide peroxidase (ahpC) of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) 26695, an ahpC-deficient mutant (H. pylori 26695 ahpC::cat) was generated. ahpC-deficient mutant was grown slowly at lower pressure of oxygen (5% oxygen) compared to the H. pylori 26695. Whole cell proteins isolated form H. pylori 26695 and H. pylori 26695 ahpC::cat were analyzed by MALDI-TOF and tandem-MS. The expression of 15 proteins, including Ppa, HypB, GrpE, Elp, RecA, GroES, Mda66, RibE, NapA, GlnA, BioB, TrxB, Tsf, FumC and Icd, was more than doubled in H. pylori 26695 ahpC::cat. Production of 10 proteins such as UreG, FabE, Adk, Pnp, OorC, AtpA, AtpD, Nqq3, Pfr, and TagD decreased below 50% in H. pylori 26695 ahpC::cat compared to the H. pylori 26695. In microarray analysis, 9 genes including sul1, amiE, frxA, fecA, hyuA, and katA increased in transcription level in H. pylori 26695 ahpC::cat compared to H. pylori 26695. A total of 24 genes, including flaB, protein kinase C inhibitor, cag16, pabC, and sabA, reduced in transcription. 27 genes, including HP0889, showed common expression changes in ahpC, katA, and sodB-deficient mutations. As a result of this study, there were not many genes whose expression was commonly changed by the deletion of each of the three major antioxidant enzymes of H. pylori. These results showed the functions and regulation of the three antioxidant enzymes were different in H. pylori.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70701048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}