Journal of Bacteriology and Virology最新文献

{"title":"Antiviral Activity of Gemcitabine Against Echovirus 30 Infectionin Vitro","authors":"H. Choi, Jae-Hyoung Song, Kyungah Yoon","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.203","url":null,"abstract":"Echovirus 30 is one of the major causes of meningitis in children and adults. The purpose of our current study was to investigate whether selected antiviral drugs could provide antiviral activity against echovirus 30. Using RD cells, we assessed the cytopathic effect of echovirus 30, including viral RNA levels as indicators of viral replication. The effects of gemcitabine were compared to rupintrivir, a well-known antiviral drug. To understand the activity gemcitabine exerts on the viral life cycle, time course and time-of-addition assays were implemented. The most effective compounds against echovirus 30 were gemcitabine and rupintrivir, as demonstrated by their concentration-dependent activity. Gemcitabine affects the early stages of echovirus 30 infection by disrupting viral replication. However, gemcitabine failed to directly inactivate echovirus 30 particles or impede viral uptake into the RD cells. Gemcitabine can be considered as a lead candidate in the development of echovirus 30 antiviral drugs, specifically in the early stages of echovirus 30 replication. Based on the results produced from the E30 in vitro assay, we conducted time course experiments to analyze the mechanism of action of gemcitabine. Viral RNA from E30 was detected using RT-PCR at various times points (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h post-infection) and after gemcitabine (10  M) and rupintrivir (2  M) treatment of E30-infected cells. We could find E30 viral RNA as early as 8 h post-infection. Interestingly, gemcitabine was seen to block the proliferation of E30 in resemblance to rupintrivir (inhibitor of picornavirus 3C protease, Fig. 2). Based on the results of the time course experiments, we hypothesized that the antiviral effect of gemcitabine occurs relatively early in the infection process. To observe which step is influenced by gemcitabine, we performed a time-of-addition experiment. Gemcitabine (10  M) and rupintrivir (2  M) were added to the culture medium at -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after virus infection. E30 RNA replication was analyzed infection. Therefore, we concluded that the antiviral effect of gemcitabine occurs relatively early during viral infection. To realize the potential of gemcitabine as an antiviral candidate, its mechanism of activity must be understood. It is important to differentiate between viral inactivation (virucidal activity) from antiviral activity. Direct viral inactivation is an early event where the virus is inactivated before it infects the cells while antiviral activity involves killing the virus or the suppression of viral replication. It would be ideal for viral infection treatments to possess both virucidal and antiviral activities. In our study, gemcitabine did not directly interact with E30 particles as pre-exposure of the virus to gemcitabine did not alter the infectivity of E30 particles. Furthermore, addition of UTP and CTP significantly reduced the antiviral activity of gemcitabine by increasing the levels of pyrimidine ","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44536608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aralia cordataExtract Activates NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways and Induces Pro-inflammatory Changes in RAW264.7 Macrophages","authors":"D. Seo, Yong-il Cho, Y. Yi, Sang-Myeong Lee","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48172485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Candida Species Using 26S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequencing in Patients with Periodontitis","authors":"N. N. Al-Dabbagh, Wissam Hamid Al-janabi, M. Al-Shuhaib","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.212","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The infection with Candida spp. for oral cavity is being increasingly reported. However, its variations have not yet been specifically described in periodontitis. The present study was conducted to use an uniplex 26S rRNAbased amplicons to detect and discriminate Candida using only one pair of ribosomal primers. A total of 50 patients with chronic periodontitis was involved in the study. Pure Candida colonies were isolated from 23 patients and genomic DNA was extracted, and PCR was conducted. Direct DNA sequencing followed by comprehensive phylogenetic analyses were performed to confirm the identity of Candida colonies. Results indicated that the ration of Candida-infected patients was 46%, with a high prevalence of C. albicans, followed by remarkably lower ratios of C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, and C. dubliniensis respectively. Phylogenetic analyses indicated obvious discrimination amongst the analyzed Candida species as each observed species occupied a distinctive phylogenetic position. The current results reported a simple, efficient, and low-cost detection of five species of Candida without the need for other costly techniques of molecular screening. The current findings may help dentists to easily take a snapshot of the patterns of Candida infection in periodontitis cases to assess the nature and grade of infection.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48934749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Integrons and Antimicrobial Resistances of Multidrug ResistantEscherichia coliIsolated in Korea","authors":"Yun-Yi Yang, M. Suh","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.176","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Antibacterial drugs are one of the most important therapeutic agents of bacterial infections but multidrug resistant Escherichia coli (MDREC) is an increasing problem worldwide. Major resistance mechanism of MDREC is horizontal gene transfer of R plasmids harboring integrons, which the integron integrase (IntI) catalyzes gene cassette insertion and excision through site specific recombination. In this study, resistance profiles of integron harboring E. coli isolated in Korea and the genetic environments of integron gene cassettes were analyzed by PCR and direct sequencing to clarify the mechanisms of spread of integron harboring E. coli. Resistance rates of integron harboring E. coli, including β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones and MDR frequencies were significantly higher than that of E. coli without integron (p<0.01). Majority (80%) of integron harboring E. coli showed resistance transfer by conjugation. Most (80%) of E. coli had dfrA17-aadA5 cassette array and PcH1 hybrid promoter; 16.7% of E. coli had dfrA12-orfF-aadA2 cassette array and PcW promoter. The higher prevalence of weak Pc variants among most (96.7%) of integron harboring MDREC suggests that a flexible cassette array is more important than enhanced expression. All the integrons had LexA binding motif suggests that SOS responses control the expression of these integrons. In conclusion, the genetic bases of integrons were diverse, and the spread and the expression of prevalent gene cassette arrays may be deeply related with strengths of Pc promoters in integrons. These informations will provide important knowledge to control the increase of integron harboring MDREC.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.176","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45501697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"p90RSK Activation Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cisplatin-Treated Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells","authors":"Yujin Jin, K. Heo","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.221","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK), one of the downstream effectors in ERK1/2 pathways, shows high expression in human breast cancer tissues. However, its role in breast cancer development and drug resistance is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that Cis-DDP treatment failed to increase cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to MCF-7 cells and p90RSK activation was involved in Cis-DDP-resistance to MDA-MB-231 cells. In the study, we found that inhibition of p90RSK expression or activation using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) or dominant-negative kinase mutant (DN-p90RSK) plasmid overexpression increased Cis-DDP-induced cytotoxicity of MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. Mechanistically, we found that Cis-DDP resistance was associated with up-regulation of epithelial growth factor (EGF) expression and EGF treatment induced cancer survival signaling pathway including activation of ERK1/2, p90RSK, and Akt. We also examined the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins using a reverse transition-quantitative PCR analysis. Cis-DDP treatment induced EMT by increasing the expression levels of N-cadherin, Snail, and Twist, while decreasing the expression levels of E-cadherin. Furthermore, we examined the epithelial marker, Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) using immunofluorescence analysis and found that Cis-DDP-inhibited ZO-1 expression was recovered by p90RSK deactivated condition. Therefore, we conclude that Cis-DDP resistance is involved in EMT via regulating the EGF-mediated p90RSK signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.4.221","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49591123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"World Outbreak Trend of Infectious Diseases with Surveillance","authors":"S. Choi, J. H. Kim, Ji Yeon Kim, E. Hwang","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.141","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). The diverse infectious diseases can occur everywhere in the world, but high-risk infectious diseases should be monitored immediately after the occurrence, and be controlled not to spread to the public. Other highly contagious ones also should be screened with the surveillance system and made to be prevented from a serious effect on public health. The outbreak information, articles and news reports concerning global infectious disease outbreaks were collected from known web-based resources and deposited in Global Center for Infectious Diseases since 2016. The number of reports collected from various sources was analyzed on the respect of Blueprint priority diseases and vaccine-preventable diseases, and the characteristic outbreak trend was shown in the geographic distribution and the so-called socio-economic level of countries. The WHO R&D Blueprint priority diseases are being reported especially in the region of Africa and Asia. The vaccine-preventable and other infectious diseases also are reported continuously and world-widely. They threaten the safety of life continuously in public. Therefore, keeping close observation and strengthening infectious disease surveillance is needed, and more effort to expand the collecting resources to get more outbreak information is warranted.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46674717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Whole-genome Sequencing of Zika Viruses using Direct RNA Sequencing","authors":"J. H. Kim, Ji Yeon Kim, Bon-Sang Koo, H. Oh, J. Hong, E. Hwang","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.115","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Zika virus (ZIKV) is one of the pathogens which is transmitted world widely, but there are no effective drugs and vaccines. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of viruses could be applied to viral pathogen characterization, diagnosis, molecular surveillance, and even finding novel pathogens. We established an improved method using direct RNA sequencing with Nanopore technology to obtain WGS of ZIKV, after adding poly (A) tails to viral RNA. This established method does not require specific primers, complimentary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based enrichment, resulting in the reduction of biases as well as of the ability to find novel RNA viruses. Nanopore technology also allows to read long sequences. It makes WGS easier and faster with long-read assembly. In this study, we obtained WGS of two strains of ZIKV following the established protocol. The sequenced reads resulted in 99% and 100% genome coverage with 63.5X and 21,136X, for the ZIKV PRVABC59 and MR 766 strains, respectively. The sequence identities of the ZIKV PRVABC59 and MR 766 strains for each reference genomes were 98.76% and 99.72%, respectively. We also found that the maximum length of reads was 10,311 bp which is almost the whole genome size of ZIKV. These long-reads could make overall structure of whole genome easily, and WGS faster and easier. The protocol in this study could provide rapid and efficient WGS that could be applied to study the biology of RNA viruses including identification, characterization, and global surveillance.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41838247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recharacterization of the Canine Adenovirus Type 1 Vaccine Strain based on the Biological and Molecular Properties","authors":"Dong-Kun Yang, Ha-Hyun Kim, Eunjung Lee, J. Yoo, Soon-Seek Yoon, Jungwon Park, C. Kim, Ho Kim","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.124","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) infection results in hepatitis in dogs. In this study, we investigated the biologic and genetic characteristics of the CAV-1 vaccine strain (CAV1V) to improve quality control about CAV vaccine. The identity of CAV1V as CAV-1 was confirmed based on its cytopathic effects and the results of hemagglutination (HA) and immunofluorescence assays, and electron microscopy. The CAV1V strain reached 10 7.5 TCID50/mL in MDCK cells at 4 days post-inoculation and exhibited hemmagglutination activity of 256 U using guinea pig erythrocytes. Intranuclear fluorescence in the infected cells was observed and typical adenoviruses were observed in electon microscope. CAV1V strain was identified as a CAV-1 strain by nucleotide sequence analysis. In a comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the fiber genes of several CAV strains, CAV1V showed the highest similarity (99.8%) with the GLAXO strain, which was isolated in Canada. Our biological characterization of CAV1V will facilitate quality control of the canine hepatitis vaccine.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42458323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histopathological Evaluation of the Efficacy for Plant-produced E2 Protein Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) in Piglets","authors":"Sun Young Kim, Bo-Kyoung Jung, G. Park, Hye-Ran Kim, D. An, Eun-Ju Shon, Kyung-Soo Chang","doi":"10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.133","url":null,"abstract":"Sun-Young Kim, Bo-Kyoung Jung, Gyu-Nam Park, Hye-Ran Kim, Dong-Jun An, Eun-Ju Shon and Kyung-Soo Chang 1Department of Pathology, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan 46033, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Republic of Korea; 3Animal and Plant Quarantine and Inspection Agency (QIA), 177, Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyengsangbuk-do 39660 Republic of Korea; 4Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea; 5BioApplications Inc., Pohang Techno Park Complex, 394 Jigok-ro Nam-gu, Pohang 37668, Korea; 6Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/jbv.2019.49.3.133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45700381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Particulate Matter in Skin Inflammation","authors":"Madeeha Arooj, Y. Koh","doi":"10.4167/JBV.2019.49.2.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.2.89","url":null,"abstract":"©This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ license/by-nc/3.0/). Environmental pollution is a major global problem that affects human health. Among different types of environmental pollution, particulate matter (PM) has a key role. As PM spreads in the air so it causes different bronchial and skin inflammatory conditions. PM increases oxidative stress by ROS production and pro-inflammatory cytokines. As a result, matrix metalloproteinase is also produced, such as MMP1, MMP9 and MMP2 that is a known major cause of skin collagen degradation. Recently it has been shown that the PM worsens allergic conditions like dermatitis, psoriasis, and skin cancer. Different extensive efforts have been made across the globe to control this PM.","PeriodicalId":39739,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Bacteriology and Virology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4167/JBV.2019.49.2.89","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42651355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}