The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists最新文献

{"title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of systemic lupus erythematosus patients admitted to Assiut University Hospital critical care unit.","authors":"Eman M Ibrahem, Salwa S El-Gendi, Mohamed F Hussein, Salah Eldin Abbas, Ahmed B Abdelrehim","doi":"10.55133/eji.320304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that may cause severe complications. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of critical complications in SLE patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission and to identify potential risk factors affecting their outcomes. The study included 50 SLE patients admitted to the Critical Care Unit. All patients underwent a comprehensive medical history, physical examination and laboratory investigations. Disease activity was assessed using the modified new version of the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI-2K). Both the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Examination-II (APACHE-II) score and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA score) were calculated within 24-hour period post-admission. Patients were followed until hospital discharge or demise. The mean age of the studied patients was 33.62 years, with a range of 20 to 47 years. The most leading causes of admission were lupus nephritis (44%) and pneumonia (24%). Of these patients, 12 (24%) patients developed different forms of complications. Of the patients, 80% survived, while 20% experienced a fatal outcome. The predictors of mortality were older age (odds ratio 1.59), complications (odds ratio 2.09), and high APACHE-II scores (odds ratio 3.11). In conclusion, patients with SLE admitted to the critical care unit were liable for complications in the presence the following risk factors; old age, high disease activity and high APACHE-II.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 3","pages":"32-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explore the role of miRNA155 and IL-2 level in type-1 diabetic disease.","authors":"Zaid A Twayej, Mayyada F Darweesh","doi":"10.55133/eji.320302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320302","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease characterized by destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The immune system plays a critical role in this illness, particularly regarding micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) expression and cytokines levels. This study aimed to investigate the role of miRNA-155 and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in diagnosis of T1DM with related to antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (anti-GAD65) and Connecting peptide (C-peptide). This case-control study involved 120 participants, of whom 80 were T1DM patients and 40 apparently healthy subjects as controls. The patients' age ranged from 3 to 17 years of both sexes, collected from the Department of Diabetic in Al-Sader medical city in AL- Najaf Al-Ashraf province during October 2023 till February 2024. Their diagnoses were made based on clinical and serological parameters. Blood samples were collected from all participants to detect IL-2 serum level by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and miRNA155 by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), whereas anti-GAD65 and C-peptide diagnosis by a chemiluminescence immunoassay. The results showed that serum IL-2 was significantly lower in T1DM patients (330.66 ±129.92 ng/ml) compared to the control group (960.67 ±188.05 ng/ml). The expression of miR-155 was significantly higher in the patients' group (2.61 ± 1.17) versus the control group (1.0 ± 0.71) (p < 0.001). The serum level of anti-GAD antibodies among patients with T1DM was significantly higher than in controls (375.01 U/ml vs 5.66 U/ml). While the serum level of C-peptide in the patients was lower than in controls. In conclusion, the elevated expression of miRNA-155, along with significantly reduced blood IL-2 levels in T1DM patients indicates their potential as valid biomarkers for the diagnosis and progress of T1DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 3","pages":"10-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of celiac disease in adult patients with type I diabetes mellitus.","authors":"Nagla M B El-Kholy, Naglaa A El-Gendy, Nessren M B Mohammed, Hala E Abd El Hamid, Asmaa S Hassan, Ayatalla R Mohamed","doi":"10.55133/eji.320301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320301","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic, immune-determined disorder that affects the small intestine in individuals with a genetic predisposition. Identifying silent CD is crucial, as a gluten-free diet in asymptomatic type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients can improve glycemic control and growth. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CD in adult T1DM patients by using serological immune-enzymatic tests. The study included 90 patients divided into two groups: Group 1 included 45 adults with T1DM (aged 20-40 years) exhibiting gastrointestinal symptoms of CD. Group 2 consisted of 45 asymptomatic adults with T1DM (aged 20-40 years). Celiac serology markers were positive in 3 patients (6.7%) from Group 1 and in 1 patient (2.2%) from Group 2. In Conclusion, there is a significant association between CD and T1DM. Celiac serology should be conducted in T1DM patients presenting with gastrointestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 3","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum miRNA 146b-5p a pharmacodynamic biomarker in adult inflammatory bowel disease.","authors":"Doaa M A Elzoghby, Nermine H Mahmoud, Ahmed S Allam, Aya M Abdallah, Amani M AbdElGhani","doi":"10.55133/eji.320305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) impacts the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in multiple hospitalizations, complications, and diminished quality of life. IBD has two subtypes: Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). Evidence suggested that immune response dysregulation and genetic susceptibility are the main disease pathogenesis. IBD diagnosis is established by clinical, laboratory, radiological, endoscopic and histological criteria. MiRNA-146 suppresses proinflammatory cytokines and activates T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Serum miRNA-146b-5p targets genes and cytokines responsible for inhibiting autophagy and maintaining cell homeostasis. This study aimed to evaluate the role of miRNA -146b-5p in diagnosis of IBD and response to treatment. The study consisted of sixty 60 participants separated into 3 groups. Blood samples were withdrawn from 20 acute IBD cases before treatment (Group I), 20 Chronic IBD patients on treatment (Group II) and 20 apparently healthy controls (Group III) for assay of miRNA-146b-5p using the Real-Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), fecal calprotectin and C reactive protein (CRP). The study revealed statistically significant variation between the 3 studied groups according to stool fecal calprotectin, CRP and microRNA-146b-5p (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in microRNA-146b-5p expression among Ulcerative Colitis cases and the control Group and among Crohn's Disease cases and the control Group III (p < 0.001). There was no difference in microRNA-146b-5p among the CD and UC patients (p>0.05). Multi-Regression analysis showed that smoking was a significant variable for CD but not for UC. In conclusion, MiRNA-146b-5p was proved with a superior performance as a biomarker for early diagnosis of IBD and for follow up response to treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 3","pages":"40-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 expression levels in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia.","authors":"Mona Sultan, Maha S M Ibrahim, Mariam Abdur-Rahman, Omar F A Dessouki, Emad N Ebeid, Mohamed A Eldesouky","doi":"10.55133/eji.320306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematological ailment characterized via specific clinical and molecular heterogeneous disorders. It is associated with poor long-term survival, even with new chemotherapy regimens. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) is a membrane protein expressed in various kinds of immune cells. Recent studies reported that higher TIM-3 expression levels correlate with advanced tumor stages and poor prognosis in several solid tumors. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of TIM-3 as a specific marker of leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed AML, and its possible role as a prognostic biomarker. The expression levels of TIM-3 were assessed in the bone marrow aspirate (BMA) of 32 newly diagnosed pediatric AML cases and 10 control subjects by flow cytometry on (CD34+/CD38+) fraction, as well as on (CD34+/CD38-) fraction, at the time of diagnosis and at the end of the first cycle of chemotherapy (first induction). These expression levels in patients were then correlated with clinical outcome. TIM-3 expression levels were significantly higher in pediatric AML patients on LSCs (CD34+/CD38-) and leukemic progenitors (CD34+/CD38+) fractions compared to the control group (p-value < 0.001). TIM-3 expression levels on LSCs (CD34+/CD38-) fraction were associated with a higher mortality risk and short survival. In conclusion, T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3 (TIM-3) may serve as LSCs specific biomarker for poor prognosis in pediatric AML patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 3","pages":"48-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding the Dialogue: Immunity and central nervous system interactions in neurodegenerative diseases.","authors":"Dalaa Sheikh Saleh, Lujain Mraer, Huda Fatima, Hanan Gubari, Mariam A Alsayed, Fatma E Hassan","doi":"10.55133/eji.320303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review article aims to discuss neuroimmune interactions by emphasizing the role of central and peripheral immunities in central nervous system (CNS) protection and function, as well as how abnormalities in this relationship may be implicated in the genesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Immune elements that play roles within the CNS both during stable and infectious states are described. Innate CNS immunity is explored as a distinct entity comprised of the brain blood barrier, CNS parenchyma, and resident immune cells-microglia and astrocytes, whose roles in antigen recognition and clearance and neuromodulation are further enumerated. Due to the inability of the CNS to independently initiate an adaptive immune response, the necessary recruitment and regulation of elements from the peripheral immune system (PIS) are described in a process that, in chief, utilizes resident antigen-presenting cells to prime naïve T-cells, which later enter the CNS through areas of access to the cerebrospinal fluid. The previous modes of interaction especially enable microglia, astrocytes, and T-cells to play part in neurodevelopment and plasticity, and the proposed mechanisms by which they participate in synaptic pruning, neurogenesis, and memory are examined. In addition to its protective role, the PIS has also been shown to play a regulatory role in the CNS, where it drives responses that optimize immune function, such as fever and sickness behavior. Due to the high level of involvement of the immune system within the CNS, dysregulations of the immune system are thought to be implicated in numerous NDD pathogeneses, where neuroinflammation both causes and is caused by immune reactions. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are particularly discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 3","pages":"20-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of PTPN22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (-1123G/C, +788G/A and +1858C/T) with inflammatory bowel disease.","authors":"Tarek T H ElMelegy, Azza M Ezz-Eldin, Hussein A Elamin, Menna R Ali, Eman R Badawy","doi":"10.55133/eji.320308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a class of chronic inflammatory disorders including, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The PTPN22 gene is thought to be a T-cell negative regulator, regulates immune cell activation, and an important risk factor for human autoimmunity. This study aimed to investigate the potential association of PTPN22 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with inflammatory bowel disease in Egyptian patients and their relation to clinical disease characteristics. Three SNPs in the PTPN22 gene (-1123G/C, +788G/A, and +1858C/T) were investigated in 90 IBD patients (19 with CD and 71 with UC) and 81 apparently healthy controls. These 3 polymorphisms were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Allele and genotype frequencies were correlated with disease association and with clinical disease characteristics. No statistically significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of the PTPN22 gene SNPs (-1123G/C, +788G/A, and +1858C/T) were found between IBD patients and control subjects. In conclusion although the PTPN22 gene is involved in autoimmune diseases, it does not appear to be associated with IBD predisposition or its clinical characteristics in Egyptians.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 3","pages":"66-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of four methods of detection of anti-double-stranded DNA in SLE patients.","authors":"Amal H Ali, Hesham M Hefny, Mohammed A Ismail, Amal Khalifa, Hamdy Saad, Ahmed R Radwan, Asmaa M Goda","doi":"10.55133/eji.320307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease. Anti-double stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) detection is essential for diagnosis and assessment of disease severity and lupus nephritis. Variable laboratory tests for Anti-dsDNA detection have different qualities affecting the results and the disease diagnosis. This study aimed to compare the performance of four different methods of detection of anti-dsDNA among SLE patients in Sohag Governorate. This Case -control study was done in Sohag University Hospital during the period from March 2021 to June 2022 and included 81 cases diagnosed with SLE according to the ACR/EULAR 2019 classification criteria for SLE. We compared serum anti-dsDNA antibody levels by different commercially available kits including Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescence assay (CLIFT), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot immunoassay results. ELISA showed the highest positivity (75.3%), followed by CLIA (61.7%), dot immunoassay (49.4%) and CLIFT (48.1%), respectively. Combining the four methods of detection, 45.7% of the cases showed positive by all of the four detection methods. Most of the other cases were at least positive in two or three tests. Only 17.3% of the cases were negative by all of the four detection methods. None of the subjects in the control group were positive by any test. In conclusion for the detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies, ELISA showed the highest sensitivity. However, the combination of more than one method revealed higher sensitivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 3","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144668715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Herpes virus infection and Cytomegalovirus infection and their relation to multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Mona Salama, Mohamed El-Samahy, Maha M Anani, Fadia Attia, Shaimaa A A M Amer, Shereen H Ahmed, Eman S Albeltagy, Abdallah A Hammour, Rania M Saleh","doi":"10.55133/eji.320203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Numerous studies examined the connection between viral infections and the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) was linked to MS. Additionally, research showed that people with MS tend to have higher levels of antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV) compared to those without MS. Some studies suggested that CMV infection may result in a more severe form of MS. There is still an ongoing debate regarding the direct role of HSV1 and CMV in MS. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the potential links between HSV1, CMV infections, and MS. This case-control study included 22 MS patients attending the Neurology Clinic at Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt, and 22 normal controls matched for age and gender. CMV-specific IgM and IgG levels and HSV-specific IgM and IgG levels were measured using an automated analyzer. There was no statistically significant difference in IgM and IgG antibody titers to HSV or CMV between MS cases and controls. The study found no correlation between CMV IgG, IgM, or HSV IgG, IgM, and MS severity. In conclusion, there was not enough data to establish a link between HSV infections and MS severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological profile and immunological changes in pediatric chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy before and after adenotonsillectomy.","authors":"Soad Y Mostafa, Hebatullah A Z Abdel-Alazim, Khadiga A Abd-Rabou, Tahany M Rabie, Alaa-Elkarim Ghanem, Ahmed Y Aboelenen, Mohamed F Elsawy, Ahmed Y Y Fouda, Marwa Y A Mohamed, Sara A Tahoun, Walaa M O Ashry, Asmaa R Ali, Abeer M Abdul-Mohymen, Heba T Okda, Lamia A Gad, Heba Elhakeem, Taghreed M M Salem, Fatma M Elhussieny","doi":"10.55133/eji.320213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tonsils play a crucial role in the immune systems, and infections that involve them among the most common human illnesses, particularly in children. Recurrent adenotonsillitis prevails in such age and accounts for the primary reason for visits to primary care physicians. Adenotonsillectomy represents the most regularly performed surgical operations in children. While the effects of chronic adenotonsillitis (chronic inflammatory hypertrophy) on immune systems before and after adenotonsillectomy in children are not fully understood. This study aimed to showcase the bacterial pathogens associated with chronic adenotonsillitis, and to assess the impact of adenotonsillectomy on humoral immunity in children at the time of surgery and 3 months following the procedure. The study included 35 children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy, and 35 normal children as a control group. Throat bacterial cultures, and blood samples were taken at surgery time and three months after surgery. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was among the most frequent pathogens. IgM, IgG, and IgA levels were significantly decreased after surgery compared to before surgery time (p < 0. 01). Significant changes were also seen when compared to the controls (p < 0.01). Prior to surgery, serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels were substantially greater than those following surgery and compared to controls (p < 0.01). According to our findings, adenotonsillectomy lowers long-term immune dysfunction without creating chronic immunological activation. In conclusion, while adenotonsillectomy initially lowers humoral immune responses, these levels return to normal within a few months of surgery. This indicates a transitory reduction in chronic immunological activation without long-term negative consequences on immune function.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"129-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}