The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Herpes virus infection and Cytomegalovirus infection and their relation to multiple sclerosis.","authors":"Mona Salama, Mohamed El-Samahy, Maha M Anani, Fadia Attia, Shaimaa A A M Amer, Shereen H Ahmed, Eman S Albeltagy, Abdallah A Hammour, Rania M Saleh","doi":"10.55133/eji.320203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Numerous studies examined the connection between viral infections and the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) was linked to MS. Additionally, research showed that people with MS tend to have higher levels of antibodies against cytomegalovirus (CMV) compared to those without MS. Some studies suggested that CMV infection may result in a more severe form of MS. There is still an ongoing debate regarding the direct role of HSV1 and CMV in MS. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the potential links between HSV1, CMV infections, and MS. This case-control study included 22 MS patients attending the Neurology Clinic at Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt, and 22 normal controls matched for age and gender. CMV-specific IgM and IgG levels and HSV-specific IgM and IgG levels were measured using an automated analyzer. There was no statistically significant difference in IgM and IgG antibody titers to HSV or CMV between MS cases and controls. The study found no correlation between CMV IgG, IgM, or HSV IgG, IgM, and MS severity. In conclusion, there was not enough data to establish a link between HSV infections and MS severity.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"27-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144054115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of serum cathelicidin in chronic spontaneous urticaria patients.","authors":"Amira R El Mahdi, Nermine Melek, Amany M AbdAllah, Ahmed M El Nogoly, Osama M Abdel Latif","doi":"10.55133/eji.320207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a significant clinical condition characterized by an undetermined etiology, with some of its manifestations being attributed to immunological factors. The antibacterial properties of the cathelicidin leucine-leucine-37 (LL-37) can potentially contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders. Evaluating serum level of cathelicidin in CSU, particularly in its autoimmune aspect, will provide novel insights into pathogenesis. This study assessed serum cathelicidin levels in CSU patients and determined the association between serum cathelicidin and urticaria activity score (UAS). This case-control study involved 40 CSU patients and 40 sex and age-matched controls. Total IgE, serum cathelicidin levels, and antithyroid antibodies were measured. An autologous serum skin test was done, and the UAS was assessed. The levels of LL-37 exhibited a statistically significant difference between the investigated groups, with downregulated levels observed in the case group. A statistically significant negative association exists between the urticaria severity index and serum cathelicidin. Additionally, we detected a statistically insignificant correlation between serum cathelicidin and age, disease duration, hemoglobin, white blood cells, eosinophils, total IgE, antithyroglobulin antibody, and antithyroid peroxidase antibody. A significant association was also detected between urticaria severity and serum cathelicidin. In conclusion, LL-37 level contributes to many autoimmune diseases, and recent studies have pointed to its role in allergic diseases. CSU is a critical skin disease and needs more research to identify the triggers to open the gate for new treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"70-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological profile and immunological changes in pediatric chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy before and after adenotonsillectomy.","authors":"Soad Y Mostafa, Hebatullah A Z Abdel-Alazim, Khadiga A Abd-Rabou, Tahany M Rabie, Alaa-Elkarim Ghanem, Ahmed Y Aboelenen, Mohamed F Elsawy, Ahmed Y Y Fouda, Marwa Y A Mohamed, Sara A Tahoun, Walaa M O Ashry, Asmaa R Ali, Abeer M Abdul-Mohymen, Heba T Okda, Lamia A Gad, Heba Elhakeem, Taghreed M M Salem, Fatma M Elhussieny","doi":"10.55133/eji.320213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320213","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tonsils play a crucial role in the immune systems, and infections that involve them among the most common human illnesses, particularly in children. Recurrent adenotonsillitis prevails in such age and accounts for the primary reason for visits to primary care physicians. Adenotonsillectomy represents the most regularly performed surgical operations in children. While the effects of chronic adenotonsillitis (chronic inflammatory hypertrophy) on immune systems before and after adenotonsillectomy in children are not fully understood. This study aimed to showcase the bacterial pathogens associated with chronic adenotonsillitis, and to assess the impact of adenotonsillectomy on humoral immunity in children at the time of surgery and 3 months following the procedure. The study included 35 children scheduled for adenotonsillectomy, and 35 normal children as a control group. Throat bacterial cultures, and blood samples were taken at surgery time and three months after surgery. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was among the most frequent pathogens. IgM, IgG, and IgA levels were significantly decreased after surgery compared to before surgery time (p < 0. 01). Significant changes were also seen when compared to the controls (p < 0.01). Prior to surgery, serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels were substantially greater than those following surgery and compared to controls (p < 0.01). According to our findings, adenotonsillectomy lowers long-term immune dysfunction without creating chronic immunological activation. In conclusion, while adenotonsillectomy initially lowers humoral immune responses, these levels return to normal within a few months of surgery. This indicates a transitory reduction in chronic immunological activation without long-term negative consequences on immune function.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"129-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144051544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Celiac disease risk HLA-DQ haplotypes in an Egyptian cohort using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification.","authors":"Marwa Farid, Ola M Eid, Rania M A Abdel Kader, Rana Mahrous, Khaled M Refaat, Manal M Thomas, Hala T El-Bassyouni, Abeer Abd ElBaky, Mervat Ismail, Maha Abou-Zekri, Tarik Barakat, Kamal A El-Atrebi, Amany H Abdelrahman, Maha M Eid","doi":"10.55133/eji.320210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320210","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common autoimmune disorders. It is triggered by exposure to dietary gluten proteins resulting in small intestine mucosal injury. Previous studies showed that CD is highly associated with human leukocyte antigens (HLA) class II DQ heterodimers, mainly HLA-DQ2.5 and HLA-DQ8. The aim of the work was to evaluate the distribution of the CD associated risk HLA-DQ haplotypes in CD patients, CD patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) comorbidity, in at-risk and healthy individuals in an Egyptian cohort. The study included 124 individuals, divided into 4 groups. They were 28 CD patients, 21 CD and T1DM patients diagnosed with T1DM comorbidity, 50 at-risk group including relatives of CD patients and T1DM patients and finally 25 normal individuals as controls. The multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay was performed using peripheral blood DNA. HLA-DQ2.5 was the most frequent haplotype among CD patients (69.3%) and among the combined groups in the cohort population (58.1%), either homozygous or heterozygous (together with HLA-DQ8 or -DQ2.2).HLA-DQ8 was the second most frequent haplotype followed by HLA-DQ2.2 and HLA-DQ7.5. In the control group, two individuals carried HLA-DQ2.3 and one carried a single DQB1*02:01 allele. In the at-risk group, 7 individuals were negative for all the haplotypes investigated. In conclusion, CD is a multifactorial disease where HLA-DQ haplotypes are a major genetic predisposing factor for both development and progress of the CD disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"102-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144020130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum level of calprotectin as a new inflammatory marker in patients with alopacia areata.","authors":"Hala M El-Sadek, Eman E Mohamed, Mona S Ali, Doaa A H Pessar, Fatima G Yehia, Basma E M Risha","doi":"10.55133/eji.320211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320211","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alopecia areata (AA) is an inflammatory and autoimmune, non-scarring condition. The exact mechanism that induces loss of immune privilege is unknown. Serum calprotectin (CLP) levels are a strong predictive factor and a unique inflammatory marker in several autoimmune disorders. This study aimed to evaluate CLP levels in alopecia areata patients and correlate them with various clinical characteristics of the disease, particularly severity, to identify any potential associations. The present study included 30 AA patients and 30 age and gender-matched volunteers as controls. Severity of AA was determined according to the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score. Serum CLP levels were measured in all participants by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. The CLP serum levels were significantly higher in AA patients than in controls (p < 0.0001). A significant association was observed between CLP serum levels and age of patients, SALT score, and duration of disease (p=0.048, p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Additionally, a significant association was present between CLP levels and type, severity of AA, and nail affection (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001 and p=0.003, respectively). In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that AA was linked to systemic inflammation, and CLP could be a beneficial indicator of inflammation in AA patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"110-118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144037394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between serum level of interleukin-33 and relative expression of toll like receptor 4 in systemic lupus erythematosus patients.","authors":"Hanaa M El Maghraby, Wafaa K Makram, Nevin F Ibrahim, Rehab A Rabie","doi":"10.55133/eji.320204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of complicated and multifactorial pathogenesis. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) may play a role in the development of SLE through upregulation of toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4). The objective of this study was to investigate the association of IL- 33 serum levels and relative expression of TLR 4 with SLE development and clinical outcome. This case-control study included 80 SLE patients and 80 normal controls. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The serum level of IL 33 was measured by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and relative expression of TLR-4 determined by real time polymerase chain reaction. Clinical findings and SLE activity were evaluated for all patients. IL-33 serum levels and relative expression of TLR-4 were significantly higher in SLE patients when compared with controls (p < 0.001). There were statistically significant differences in the mean IL-33 serum levels and mRNA expression of TLR 4 among disease activity groups. They were proportionally increased with SLE activity where the highest concentrations existed in the highest disease activity patients (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between IL-33 serum levels and mRNA expression of TLR-4 in SLE patients (r=0.86 and p≤0.001). In conclusion, elevated IL-33 serum levels inducing increased expression of TLR-4 could be constituted as an important factor in the pathogenesis and activity of SLE.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"35-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143986769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of vitamin D receptor genetic variants (ApaI and FokI) in association with nephropathy stages in a group of Egyptian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.","authors":"Asmaa M Fteah, Samah Mamdouh, Samia El-Shishtawy, Nevine Sherif, Doaa M Aly","doi":"10.55133/eji.320206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most worrisome complications of diabetes, causing significant social and economic impacts. Genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may lead to genomic instability and increase susceptibility to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In this research, we aimed to identify the association of genetic variants: ApaI \"rs7975232\" and FokI \"rs10735810\" in the VDR gene with nephropathy stages in diabetic patients. This case-control hospital-based study included 200 Egyptian participants divided into a group of 150 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), divided into three subgroups according to albumin/creatinine ratio, and 50 age and sex matched participants as a normal control group. Genetic variants in the VDR gene were detected using restriction fragment length polymerase chain reaction to evaluate their association with kidney disease stage and bone density in T2DM patients. Our results revealed that aa genotype and a allele frequency in ApaI \"rs7975232\" and ff genotype and f allele frequency in FokI \"rs10735810\" were more frequent in diabetic patients than in the normal control group (p < 0.001). In addition, our results revealed that T2DM patients with the ApaI aa genotype and a allele were at a higher risk of developing ESRD as they were almost 13-fold higher than those with the (Aa/AA) genotype and A allele. Also, we found that carriers of the ff genotype and f allele of FokI are at 17-fold and 7-fold higher risk of ESRD than carriers of the non-ff genotype. In conclusion, our study findings indicated that the FokI f allele and the ApaI a allele variant of VDR gene could be used as molecular biomarkers to predict the risk of diabetes and nephropathy stages in Egyptian patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"57-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soluble CD8 and CD25 along with anti-tTG autoantibody as non-invasive prognostic factor in celiac patients.","authors":"Karrar A Kamil, Mayyada F Darweesh","doi":"10.55133/eji.320202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Celiac disease (CeD) is an enteropathy autoimmune disease that affects about 1% of people worldwide with various implications including health, psychological well-being, and economic effect for individuals and families. Elevated systemic levels of soluble cluster of differentiation 4 (sCD4) associated with different diseases, but the association of sCD8 and sCD25 levels in celiac disease was not investigated. This case-control study was designed to investigate the role of sCD8 and sCD25 as prognostic factors in celiac disease. The study included 120 samples from patients with CeD and normal people during the period from September 2023 to January 2024. The samples included both genders and different ages. Blood samples (5 ml) were drawn from each study subject. Soluble CD8, Soluble CD25, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD), and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody (anti-tTG) were measured by the ELISA technique. There was no significant difference in age and gender between CeD patients and controls. The mean serum level of anti-tTG antibody was significantly higher in CeD patients (87.15 ±10.34) than controls (57.35±7.32 U/ml). for IgA and IgG than the control group 2.51±0.35 and 3.39±0.36 U/ml for IgA and IgG, respectively. Also, the serum level of anti-GAD was increased in patients compared to the control group. CeD patients had higher mean level of soluble CD8 and CD25 (10.77±0.778 and 1356.15±83.31 pmol/l) compared to the control group (3.98±0.29and 487.23±96.22 pmol/l). The study concluded that anti-TtG and CD25 can be used as non-invasive serum biomarkers to predict disease progression. By monitoring the levels of soluble CD8 and CD25 with anti-tTG-IgA in their serum, healthcare providers can predict clinical outcomes and identify the inflammatory process associated with CeD.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"17-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UBASH3A and TIGIT genes expression levels in systemic sclerosis.","authors":"Aml A R Mohammed, Fatma S Abd-Elsamea, Maha S I Abdelrahman, Fatma M A Mohamed, Fatma Y A Abbas, Fatma M Helbawi","doi":"10.55133/eji.320209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disorder marked by excessive fibrosis, microvascular stenosis, and systemic clinical manifestations. An autoimmune process is believed to induce T-cell activation, mainly CD 4 T helper cells, and enhance production of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 4 and IL 13. These cytokines contribute to vasculopathy and excessive collagen synthesis. UBASH3a (Ubiquitin Associated and SH3 Domain Containing A) and TIGIT (T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain) have an important role in limiting unwarranted T cell activation and maintaining immune tolerance. Our study aimed to explore UBASH3A and TIGIT mRNA expression levels in 30 SSc patients compared to 30 age and sex matched normal controls. We measured mRNA levels via real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in total RNA isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of SSc patients and controls. We used RNA extraction commercial kits. The expression levels of UBASH3A and TIGIT mRNA were significantly higher in PBMCs from SSc patients compared to control subjects.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"92-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nasal Carriage of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and microRNA 146a expression profile in rheumatoid arthritis patients.","authors":"Hanaa M El Maghraby, Amira M El-Mosely, Samah M Alian, Eman E Orabi, Magda M Azab, Fedaa Nabil","doi":"10.55133/eji.320205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55133/eji.320205","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease of multifactorial etiology which is linked to interactions between host and environmental factors. Previous studies showed that nasal carriage of the enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus and increased expression of micro RNA-146a (miRNA-146a) may have a role in RA pathogenesis and severity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of nasal colonization by the enterotoxigenic S. aureus in RA patients and to correlate serum levels of staphylococcal enterotoxin and miRNA-146a relative expression in all the study participants with disease severity in RA patients. In this case-control study, after S. aureus isolation from nasal swabs of all participants, the prevalence of nasal colonization by enterotoxigenic S. aureus was assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, serum staphylococcal enterotoxin level was measured by ELISA. The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to assess serum miRNA-146a relative expression level. Assessment of RA disease activity was achieved according to the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS 28). Enterotoxigenic nasal S. aureus carriage rate was significantly higher in RA patients than control subjects (p < 0.001). RA patients showed a significantly higher mean value of serum levels of staphylococcal enterotoxin and miRNA-146a relative expression when compared to controls (p < 0.001 for both) and the highest mean value of both were found in RA patients with high disease activity (p < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between the relative expression level of miRNA-146a and serum level of staphylococcal enterotoxin in RA patients. In conclusion, staphylococcal enterotoxins and miRNA-146a could have a significant role in RA pathogenesis and both correlate with disease activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":39724,"journal":{"name":"The Egyptian journal of immunology / Egyptian Association of Immunologists","volume":"32 2","pages":"44-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144053524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}