{"title":"A framework for environmental impact assessment tools: comparison validation and application using case study of electronic products","authors":"R. Kulkarni, H. Zhang, Jianzhi Li, Junning Sun","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437027","url":null,"abstract":"There is growing international pressure on original equipment manufacturers of electronic products to reduce the environmental impact of their products. Hence a conscious effort is being made by them to evaluate the environmental impact of their products and thus identify aspects leading to the environmental burden. This paper presents a recent research aimed to develop an environmental impact evaluation framework for electronic products based on existing environmental assessment (EIA) software systems. A comprehensive evaluation and comparison of select software systems is presented using relevant case studies of standard computer products. The paper also evaluates a framework for extending the environmental evaluation to the end-of-life scenario of these products.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133724669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Case study for high volume lead-free wave soldering process with environmental benefits","authors":"I. Baylakoğlu, S. Hamarat, H. Gokmen, E. Meriç","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses case study of Sn/Ag/Cu lead free wave soldering process for high volume production with benefits of environment. Key variables in a lead-free solder wave soldering process are alloy cost, solder pot temperature, dross forming characteristics of the alloy, nitrogen use or air atmosphere, flux selection and activator, flux application system and volume, alloy contaminant effects, alloy elemental concentration control, recycling of spent solder, board/lead finishes, process control changes. In this study, commercially available 99.999% purity nitrogen use in wave soldering was examined and the significance of it in dross rate reduction, product quality and process success was discussed. Dross formation of Sn/Ag/Cu with nitrogen environment was compared with eutectic Sn/Pb bath with air atmosphere and solder bath dross maintenance depending on lot size was evaluated. The effect of no clean VOC free flux on the board quality was also evaluated, recommendations are presented for the improvement of lead free application soldering performance (bridging, wetting and hole filling). For successful process steps in lead-free wave soldering implementation was described. The cost and environmental benefits of nitrogen usage was also presented for high volume single sided lead free assembly.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116643162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring options for individual producer responsibility for waste from private households for the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive","authors":"L. Hicks","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436992","url":null,"abstract":"The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive of the European Commission places the responsibility on producers to finance collection and treatment of waste deposited at collection facilities after 13 August 2005, on a collective or individual basis. The research identifies practical steps that are needed for producers to address WEEE from private households on an individual, rather than a collective basis. National schemes prevent individual producer's free access to waste, due to established national networks. To address this, developments in some member states show a national clearinghouse or register is to be formed, allowing multiple competing consortia to participate. Part of the task of the clearinghouse is to apply a scheduled allocation method for pickups by consortia on a geographical basis, and reconcile any recycling activities performed by individual producers.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134453063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Disassembly analysis, material composition analysis and environmental impact analysis for computer drives","authors":"S. Mohite, Hongchao Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437028","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this paper is to i) provide the results of disassembly analysis of the computer drives such as hard disk drive of desktop, floppy disk drive and CD-ROM drive of server and floppy disk drive of laptop ii) to identify the components and material and iii) determine the environmental impact of these material and product as a whole. For the disassembly analysis the computer drives were first disassembled to the component level and disassembly time was recorded. The best disassembly sequence is presented in this paper to indicate the least amount of disassembly time for these drives. Material assessment was conducted as another part of this study and the results are presented here in detail for the drives analyzed. Printed circuit boards (PCB's) from the computer drives were analytical tested for determining precious and hazardous metal content. All plastics and few other components are identified by the plastic label or from the available results in the literature. Environmental impact assessment was done by using eco-indicator 99 methodology. Environmental impact caused by components and materials of the drive was calculated and environmental impact of the computer drive as a whole was also calculated. This paper presents the above data with respect to the computer drives and can be used as a base to conduct further advancement in the studies involving the design modification and alternate material selection for making the computer drives less burden some for the environment.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133124212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simulation of household factor X in Japan","authors":"T. Aoe","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437018","url":null,"abstract":"While each home appliance is being improved in terms of eco-efficiency now, the increasing number and size of such products in the home might increase the environmental impact as a whole. So factor X on home appliances at a household with regard to both the 'prevention of global warming' and 'effective utilization of resources' (hereafter called household factor X) in 2003 comparing to 1990 in Japan was simulated using independently developed \"Factor X Tool 2001\". This is the first attempt anywhere in the world to perform such a calculation. The results are the GHG factor of 1.9 and the resource factor of 1.2 on a household. Although based on a restricted simulation model, these results could show the potential for realizing a \"sustainable society\" that involves the reduction of environmental impact at the same time as improving quality of life.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121567249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Design for active disassembly (DfAD): an outline for future research","authors":"B. Willems, W. Dewulf, J. Duflou","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437007","url":null,"abstract":"Although active disassembly is an expanding research topic, no dedicated methodology for developing joining elements suitable for self-disassembling products has been described yet. Therefore, this paper presents a framework joining vital factors for developing new joining elements to be designed into self-disassembling products. The framework covers issues related to the authorisation level, the flexibility of product structures, the product functionality and the degree of restrictions during the design process.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"1 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122701933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Linnell, J. Tucker, T. Linger, S. Smith, W. Alcorn
{"title":"Information architecture for electronics recycling National Coordinating Entity","authors":"J. Linnell, J. Tucker, T. Linger, S. Smith, W. Alcorn","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436989","url":null,"abstract":"A central recommendation of the National Electronic Product Stewardship Initiative (NEPSI) process is the creation of an organization to facilitate development of the nation's electronics recycling infrastructure prior to enactment of federal legislation. This organization was tentatively called the National Coordinating Entity, or NCE. As currently envisioned, a major function of this organization is that of an information clearinghouse of electronics recycling data and knowledge. Given this emphasis on information exchange, this paper explores the recommended design option for the overall information architecture of the NCE.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121770531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electronic data exchange standards and technology developments to support eco-compliance","authors":"R. Kubin","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437015","url":null,"abstract":"The upcoming European Union RoHS and WEEE directives are driving new requirements for the management and exchange of information, both across the extended electronics manufacturing value chain, and across the product lifecycle. All electronics OEMs that sell products into the EU will have to comply or they will lose access to this market. Compliance with these two directives will require that OEMs and their supply chains understand the material composition of their products, from bulk materials and individual components to sub-assemblies and finished products. In order to support this, data will have to be created, exchanged and analyzed across all tiers in the supply chain. Efforts are underway to develop standards for the definition and electronic exchange of Material Composition Declarations (IMCD) to minimize the industry impact.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126261870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Business approaches to environmental policies","authors":"J. Dietrich","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1436994","url":null,"abstract":"The management of materials in electronic products has become a critical business issue for electronics manufacturers; one which is requiring new business process and business management approaches. Where in the past, environmental regulations were focused on managing and reducing the environmental impacts of manufacturing facilities, the regulatory focus has expanded to include reducing manufacturing and product end of life impacts through the regulation of the materials present in products. The most immediate manifestation of this push is the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union jointly enacted Directive 2002/95/EC pertaining to the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (more usually referred to as the \"RoHS Directive\"), with regulations and initiatives underway in Japan, China, and individual states within the United States. The requirements of these initiatives have demanded a business response in several areas: acknowledgement of the business impacts of these requirements, management of material data for components and end-products, integration of material requirements into existing quality control processes, and development of business processes to track and update product material properties and respond to customer requests for material information.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129429276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New microprocessor features for lower power and increased performance: doing \"Moore's\" with less","authors":"Donna Sadowy","doi":"10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE.2005.1437011","url":null,"abstract":"Improvements in microprocessor performance over time have been expressed through the use of Moore's law, an observation that the number of transistors on a semiconductor device could be expected to double approximately every 18-24 months. Other performance indicators have focused on processing rates, for example, microprocessor clock speed expressed in megahertz or gigahertz. Today, energy efficiency has become a crucial aspect in the design and manufacturing of high performance microprocessor products. Limitations in current silicon manufacturing technology, as well as practical and environmental considerations are behind this change. This paper describes how new transistor designs and materials of construction are resulting in increased energy efficiency, and lower power in today's high performance microprocessors.","PeriodicalId":397078,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128209166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}