Landscape History最新文献

{"title":"‘A City’s Paradise’: preserving the remainder of Box Hill, voluntary social action and Country Life, 1919–1936","authors":"K. Grieves","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2064641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2064641","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Land was first purchased at Box Hill, Surrey, on the North Downs, to save a famous viewpoint in 1914. Safeguarding the remainder of Box Hill from development necessitated public appeals in 1919, 1923, 1926 and 1935. Led by the largely autonomous Box Hill Management Committee, and often supported by Country Life, voluntary social action in Surrey and London was mobilised to preserve adjoining land for the National Trust by accretion, intent on avoiding spoliation by villas on winding drives, extensive tree felling, streets of bungalows, and highway construction. Sub-national piecemeal protection and voluntary vigilance sustained delight in the country by subscribers who affirmed their familiarity with Box Hill, where views, trees and sequestered spaces on low and high ground offered quiet enjoyment amid common nature. Using sources which originated in the hill’s management, complemented by Country Life and newspaper reports, the article evaluates the interrelationship of locality and nation during the subscription appeals, with reference to private acts of informal benevolence and personal sense-impressions of Box Hill. The importance of providing respite from congested districts, on unembellished former wooded pasture in its natural state, is explored before sufficient national political consensus arose for the statutory protection of open country. In 1944 the Greater London Plan demanded that remaining unspoiled chalk country should be taken into public possession.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"105 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44150125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conservation’ Routes. Managing for sustainability in preindustrial Europe, 1100–1800","authors":"D. Hooke","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065096","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"139 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46740775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest vert: the holly and the ivy","authors":"J. Langton","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2064104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2064104","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Forests were precisely bounded areas devoted primarily to hunting ‘venison’, which mainly comprised deer. They covered large areas of the countryside and continued to exist through early modern times. The forest laws that facilitated hunting also protected, as ‘vert’, the vegetation through which deer were chased and in which they fed, bred and sheltered, but allowed the use of vert for many purposes unconnected with hunting, exercised by forest lords and their officers, land-holders, commoners, and outsiders. Forests were, therefore, typical of the common pool resource systems that existed before land was privatised for the pursuit of financial profit by individual owners, and remarkably complex arrangements governed the use of many items of vert: branches removed from timber trees to allow their transportation; trees and branches blown down by the wind; small branches that could be pulled down by hand; twigs and other dead wood that had fallen from trees and bushes; old hedges; tree bark, and browse wood cut by foresters to feed deer; were all used by different people in sequence, for house building and maintenance, hedges, household fuel, fodder for domestic animals, and financial income. Holly and ivy had special significance within these complex mélanges of rights over forest vert, and holly bore the crown because of its pivotal significance for ‘the running of the deer’.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"5 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48505573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Welsh Landscape through Time: excavations at Park Cybi, Holy Island, Anglesey","authors":"W. Britnell","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065101","url":null,"abstract":"accommodate Birmingham overspill. Epithets like Tetlograd (from the surname of the planning official) and ‘O21ers’ to describe the migrant population (from the Birmingham telephone dialling code) suggest that Tamworth is the ideal place to study the evolution of the landscapes and townscapes in which we live. Earlier it is the significance of water and woodland which seems to have played a major role for Tamworth. The proximity of Cannock Chase, Hopwas Hay included in this volume, and the Forest of Ardern attracted lordly interest for its access to hunting, but water determined its more local history. Tamworth sits in an elevated position above the confluence of the meandering rivers Tame and Anker in a low-lying river plain. All of the townships here are riverine landscapes, a territory of bridges, mills and floods, the most significant in 1795 but still, as in 2007, a danger. In a town of essentially small traders its early industries were also those greedy for water, including linen, paper and cotton, the last significant in the area’s industrial history in the nineteenth century. The townscape was mostly timber-framed, newly built in brick in the 1690s, but is now one of vast housing estates from the 1960s and later. Despite its medieval church and castle, it is six fifteen-storey high rise blocks, ‘Riverside’, which shape distant views. The planning of urban expansion after the 1952 Town Development Act to accommodate Birmingham overspill tenants increased population from less than 13,000 to nearly 65,000 by 1981, although fewer than 140 private homes were built by 1965. The landscape of vast overspill estates embraced most of the post-war housing styles, and, in view of resistance to exporting jobs from Birmingham with its people, hastened modern commuting patterns over walk-to-work towns. Such building transformed the town’s southern outer townships, although a band of coal and clay had already given many of them an industrial character different from Tamworth itself. Collieries and brick works in the nineteenth century in Wilnecote were joined by the Reliant car factory from 1934 to the 1990s, whereas Fazeley attracted Robert Peel’s cotton mill from 1790. Tamworth’s watery world had inhibited economic development, but traffic along Watling Street which ran through several of these townships seems to have been significant. The Peel family’s involvement in Fazeley also accounts for the inclusion of Drayton Bassett, purchased in 1790. The manor was always rural and in the Middle Ages was largely held as parkland by the Bassett family and that land use has persisted. The Peel family built their own manor and park in the east of the parish at Drayton swallowing its medieval predecessor. It is now a major theme park, the last stage in a landscape of leisure.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"142 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46897169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘The dreadful catastrophe that happened at Asterton’: a hurricane or an avalanche in Shropshire?","authors":"J. Bowen","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2064123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2064123","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper reconstructs the course of an event that happened at Asterton in south Shropshire in the late eighteenth century which at the time was attributed to a hurricane. Having reviewed the surviving evidence, in particular a contemporary account written by Reverend Edward Rogers as well as the coroner’s inquisition report, newspaper articles, historic meteorological data, and the physical landscape, it will be argued that it was in all probability an avalanche rather than a hurricane. The causes and effects of avalanches which regularly occur in mountainous areas like the French and Swiss Alps are well understood, having long attracted the attention of physical geographers. However, in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries relatively little was known about these natural phenomena. Travellers often noted observing avalanches and contemporaries published accounts of them such as that which occurred at Bergemoletto in the Italian Alps in 1755. The interpretation of the event at Asterton as a hurricane illustrates how the understanding of avalanches as well as other natural phenomena was developing in the eighteenth century.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"47 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44570041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herefordshire Farming through Time: fellers, tillers and cider makers","authors":"D. Whitehead","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065312","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"149 - 150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44830501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinterpreting Nirat Nongkhai: an historical account of settlement and land use in north-eastern Thailand during the nineteenth century","authors":"Settawut Bamrungkhul, Takahiro Tanaka","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2064124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2064124","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Due to insufficient historical accounts of the north-eastern region of Siam (modern-day Thailand) during the nineteenth century, the landscape, settlement and land use in this area are only vaguely understood. This article thus analyses and interprets the region’s settlement and land use by employing a unique nineteenth-century poetic source, the famous Nirat Nongkhai, a classic Siamese ‘journey-poem’ (nirat), composed in 1875. The poem effectively represents an account (i.e. journal) of a military expedition from Bangkok to the north-eastern region to suppress the Haw people. The poet wrote Nirat Nongkhai with great attention to detail and the key purpose of turning it into an historical travel archive. The poem was framed in the realist style, so it is particularly valuable for the study of landscape. Thus, it helps to clarify settlement and land use characteristics in the region during the late nineteenth century. The settings and contexts of Nirat Nongkhai show that geographical factors were the prime reasons why most of the flat areas remained unused, dry grasslands. Conversely, the low hills were inhabited. The essential settlement pattern was thus one of ‘island villages’ dispersed over waterside hills, mirroring the basic pattern of forested land (the pa khok) on the hills and river levees. Nirat also demonstrates that topography proved problematic for travel. For these reasons, communities remained largely impoverished and isolated from other regions of Siam.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"69 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42588163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Medieval Park of Erringden: Hebden Bridge","authors":"R. Liddiard","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065228","url":null,"abstract":"and even moves on to consider the implications for future environmental management. The preservation of tree cover, enhanced by the medieval practice of feeding tree hay to cattle in winter, is noted, while ‘Southern England is amongst the three areas of the UK to show slightly higher densities of cattle grazing in woodland sites’ (p. 252). This has the added benefits of trees preventing erosion, shelter and shade. Cattle can prove useful here providing grazing pressure is regulated, and knowledge of medieval practices can be valuable, coupled with practical studies such as those being carried out today at Knepp. This is a formidable study of considerable value and the promise of similar studies in other regions is keenly awaited.","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"146 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48081326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Built Environment Transformed. Textile Lancashire during the Industrial Revolution","authors":"T. Slater","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065346","url":null,"abstract":"explains in the acknowledgements, the book is largely based on secondary sources, perhaps missing an opportunity to engage and re-engage with primary material. The book contains many photographs, and Vincent helpfully gives OS grid references in many of the captions. There is a map showing sites mentioned at the end of each chapter. Each chapter takes a chronological approach, moving from the scant early evidence into the more abundant early industrial and industrial evidence. The first chapter deals with field patterns and walls. It outlines the major influences on the field patterns, from medieval vaccaries, to late medieval assarts, the growth of the wool trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, drainage and enclosure in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The chapter draws mostly from secondary material discussing the national and regional picture, but is punctuated with local examples, and this continues throughout the book. This is followed by a short chapter on quarrying, for building stone, stone for firebricks and coal extraction on different scales, from small-scale (‘lazyman’) delphs near where the stone was needed, more sustained and substantial quarries and industrial quarries. The substantial third chapter covers settlement patterns and the dual economy of cloth making and farming. This chapter is one of the stronger ones in the book, and Vincent makes some interesting observations, such as that despite the focus on wool for cloth making, sheep are not a defining feature of the landscape and a lot of wool was brought in from elsewhere. The next chapter contains a detailed discussion of non-conformism in the valley. The fifth chapter covers the connections within and out of the valley, from the Roman archaeological evidence, to packhorse trails (important for the import of wool into the valley), to turnpike and modern roads, canals and railways and local tracks. The final chapter is on the topic of water, significant because of the fourteen reservoirs in the valley (some for the canal, some for general water supply and one built to regulate water supply to mills). The feeder reservoirs for the canals are discussed, along with the tension between mill owners and the canal, development of water supplies to towns and villages, local dam failures and nineteenthand twentiethcentury investments in water supplies. Some sections read more like a catalogue of landscape features than as a discussion of the development of the landscape and the way the book is structured leads to false separation of landscape features from one another e.g. canals are treated separately from water supplies, but this is hard to avoid in a study of this type. By treating each theme chronologically within its own chapter, the book fails to explicitly tease out the relationship between different parts of the landscape. The conclusion started to effectively weave the threads of the landscape discussed in the previous chapters, but disappointingly ends a","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"151 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43794260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anglo-Saxon Hydraulic Engineering in the Fens","authors":"R. Naismith","doi":"10.1080/01433768.2022.2065102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01433768.2022.2065102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39639,"journal":{"name":"Landscape History","volume":"43 1","pages":"144 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48153020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}