Jalil Boudjadar, J. H. Kim, L. T. Phan, Insup Lee, K. Larsen, Ulrik Nyman
{"title":"Generic Formal Framework for Compositional Analysis of Hierarchical Scheduling Systems","authors":"Jalil Boudjadar, J. H. Kim, L. T. Phan, Insup Lee, K. Larsen, Ulrik Nyman","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00015","url":null,"abstract":"We present a compositional framework for the specification and analysis of hierarchical scheduling systems (HSS). Firstly we provide a generic formal model, which can be used to describe any type of scheduling system. The concept of Job automata is introduced in order to model job instantiation patterns. We model the interaction between different levels in the hierarchy through the use of state-based resource models. Our notion of resource model is general enough to capture multi-core architectures, preemptiveness and non-determinism.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127905194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radoslav Ivanov, Hung Nguyen, James Weimer, O. Sokolsky, Insup Lee
{"title":"OpenICE-lite: Towards a Connectivity Platform for the Internet of Medical Things","authors":"Radoslav Ivanov, Hung Nguyen, James Weimer, O. Sokolsky, Insup Lee","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00022","url":null,"abstract":"The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is poised to revolutionize medicine. However, medical device communication, coordination, and interoperability present challenges for IoMT applications due to safety, security, and privacy concerns. These challenges can be addressed by developing an open platform for IoMT that can provide guarantees on safety, security and privacy. As a first step, we introduce OpenICE-lite, a middleware for medical device interoperability that also provides security guarantees and allows other IoMT applications to view/analyze the data in real time. We describe two applications that currently utilize OpenICE-lite, namely (i) a critical pulmonary shunt predictor for infants during surgery; (ii) a remote pulmonary monitoring systems (RePulmo). Implementations of both systems are utilized by the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) as quality improvements to patient care.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"1889 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130019612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mixed-Criticality Scheduling on Multiprocessors with Service Guarantees","authors":"Saravanan Ramanathan, A. Easwaran","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00011","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed-criticality (MC) systems are composed of tasks with varying criticality co-hosted on a single shared platform. In conventional MC systems, upon criticality change, the lower criticality tasks are penalized to guarantee resources for the higher criticality ones. However, in practice, penalizing lower criticality tasks have adverse effects and hence, the system is often under-utilized. In this paper, we consider the problem of reservation-based scheduling of mixed-criticality systems on a homogeneous multiprocessor platform to guarantee full service to the lower criticality tasks when one of the processors switches to the critical state. We explore the semi-partitioned scheduling model for dual-criticality systems in which the low criticality tasks executing on a processor are migrated to another processor upon mode switch to improve the service offered to them in the high criticality mode. We present the scheduling strategy of the proposed algorithm and derive its utilization bound. To evaluate the proposed algorithm, we use randomly generated task sets to compare the schedulability performance of the algorithm with the existing algorithms. Our results show that the proposed algorithm improves both schedulability and low criticality support when compared to existing algorithms for implicit-deadline task systems.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133179286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Alexakos, C. Anagnostopoulos, A. Fournaris, C. Koulamas, A. Kalogeras
{"title":"IoT Integration for Adaptive Manufacturing","authors":"C. Alexakos, C. Anagnostopoulos, A. Fournaris, C. Koulamas, A. Kalogeras","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00030","url":null,"abstract":"The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged as a concept for the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the industrial domain, posing a variety of challenges and emphasizing among others in interoperability and integration aspects with Shop Floor and Plant layer systems. Present work builds on top of previous work related to the integration of the different systems in the manufacturing environment automation pyramid. This classical hierarchy involves three layers: the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), the Manufacturing Execution System (MES) and the Shop Floor. A further issue is relevant to the semantic integration of IoT sensors with manufacturing systems. The present paper presents a complex system architecture which allows both the aggregation of data generated by IIoT devices, and the automated reaction of the manufacturing environment to either detected and diagnosed, or predicted events based on this data.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129813591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sidharta Andalam, Daniel Jun Xian Ng, A. Easwaran, K. Thangamariappan
{"title":"CLAIR: A Contract-Based Framework for Developing Resilient CPS Architectures","authors":"Sidharta Andalam, Daniel Jun Xian Ng, A. Easwaran, K. Thangamariappan","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00013","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial cyber-infrastructure is normally a multilayered architecture. The purpose of the layered architecture is to hide complexity and allow independent evolution of the layers. In this paper, we argue that this traditional strict layering results in poor transparency across layers affecting the ability to significantly improve resiliency. We propose a contract-based methodology where components across and within the layers of the cyber-infrastructure are associated with contracts and a light-weight resilience manager. This allows the system to detect faults (contract violation monitored using observers) and react (change contracts dynamically) effectively. It results in (1) improving transparency across layers; helps resiliency, (2) decoupling fault-handling code from application code; helps code maintenance, (3) systematically generate error-free fault handling code; reduces development time. Using an industrial case study, we demonstrate the proposed methodology.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114154945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gayashan Amarasinghe, M. Assunção, A. Harwood, S. Karunasekera
{"title":"A Data Stream Processing Optimisation Framework for Edge Computing Applications","authors":"Gayashan Amarasinghe, M. Assunção, A. Harwood, S. Karunasekera","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00020","url":null,"abstract":"Data Stream Processing (DSP) is a widely used programming paradigm to process an unbounded event stream. Often, DSP frameworks are deployed on the cloud with a scalable resource model. One of the key requirements of DSP is to produce results with low latency. With the emergence of IoT, many event sources have been located outside the cloud which can result in higher end-to-end latency due to communication overhead. However, due to the abundance of resources at the IoT layer, Edge computing has emerged as a viable computational paradigm. In this paper, we devise an optimisation framework, consisting of a constraint satisfaction formulation and a system model, that aims to minimise end-to-end latency through appropriate placement of DSP operators either on cloud nodes or edge devices, i.e. deployed in an edge-cloud integrated environment. We test our optimisation framework using OMNeT++, with realistic topologies and power consumption data, and show that it is capable of achieving approx 1.65 times reduction of latency compared to edge-only and cloud-only placements, which in turn also reduces the energy consumption per event by up to approx 4% at the edge layer. To the best of our knowledge our optimisation framework is the first of its kind to integrate power, bandwidth and CPU constraints with latency minimisation.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131549223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Ribeiro, A. Rettberg, C. Pereira, Charles Steinmetz, M. S. Soares
{"title":"An Approach to Formalization of Architectural Viewpoints Design in Real-Time and Embedded Domain","authors":"F. Ribeiro, A. Rettberg, C. Pereira, Charles Steinmetz, M. S. Soares","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00016","url":null,"abstract":"Development of Real-Time and Embedded Systems (RTES) involves a number of complex activities performed by a diversity of stakeholders. In most cases, RTES requires a number of different physical and logical components with numerous functional and non-functional constraints. Therefore, it is essential to ensure the representation, specification and analysis of quality activities of these systems since the early design activities. SPES (Software Platform Embedded Systems) methodology has been considered to describe a framework to develop RTES, but it does not specify directly how and which modeling languages should be adopted. Thus, this research adopts SPES guidelines and applies SysML and MARTE profiles to create models in the architectural viewpoints, while it highlights functional properties and different non-functional constraints of the system. A formalization of design viewpoints is presented in order to contribute to quantitative measurement to describe an analysis of the design complexity since the initial design activities. As contributions of this paper, it can be highlighted a proposal to formalize the RTES design activities (viewpoints), a measurement of the system design complexity since the initial design activities (in accordance with the design activities) and, also, the definition of a formalized manner to analyse RTES complexity without the interference of user external knowledge.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129693149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Zigbee Based Wireless Data Acquisition System for Underground Mines — A Feasibility Study","authors":"Amit Swain, Mahesh Bepari, N. Patnaik, H. B. Sahu","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00031","url":null,"abstract":"Underground mining involves miners working in a risky and constrained environment where issues like air quality, temperature, humidity, noxious gases etc. is a matter of great concern. To tackle these, wired telemonitoring systems are widely deployed in mines for continuous monitoring of mine environment. With the advent of wireless technology, wired data acquisition systems are becoming obsolete and are being replaced by their high speed wireless counterparts. In this paper, a data acquisition system has been proposed which uses a Zigbee based wireless sensor network to acquire real-time data from sensors placed at strategic points in an underground mine. To assess the feasibility of this system and ascertain packet delivery from a mobile node to the monitoring station, a field trial involving Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) modelling studies was carried out in an underground mine.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134071780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"tpIP: A Time-Predictable TCP/IP Stack for Cyber-Physical Systems","authors":"Martin Schoeberl, R. Pedersen","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00018","url":null,"abstract":"Cyber-physical systems are networks of computers connected to the physical world. Often the interaction with the physical world is time critical. In that case computation and communication must be performed in real time. However, a standard implementation of a network stack is hardly time predictable. This paper addresses the challenge of real-time communication for time-critical cyber-physical systems with a time-predictable network stack. We present tpIP, a real-time implementation of the TCP/IP stack. We achieve time predictability by two properties: (1) the application interface is based on polling functions, instead of blocking sockets, that fits for periodic real-time tasks; (2) the implementation is carefully crafted to enable static worst-case execution time analysis of all functions.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124019121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cost-Effective Redundancy Approach for Fail-Operational Autonomous Driving System","authors":"Tasuku Ishigooka, S. Honda, H. Takada","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2018.00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2018.00023","url":null,"abstract":"Driverless autonomous driving systems require cost-effective architecture satisfying design diversity and real-time performance to fulfill the fail-operational requirements that sustain system safety if a failure occurs during automated driving. However, conventional approaches cannot be applied to the systems due to design diversity. A key challenge in establishing a cost-effective multi-mode architecture is how to enhance the real-time capability of the mode switch. In this work, we propose three replication methods for fail-operational autonomous driving systems with design diversity: Input Backup Replication (IBR), Extended Primary Backup Replication (E-PBR), and Extended Leader Follower Replication (E-LFR). These methods enable accelerated recovery processing by utilizing input data and internal state backup in addition to partial hot standby. We implemented an autonomous driving prototype and found that (i) the proposed replication methods can satisfy the performance requirements for fail-operational systems, (ii) they can reduce 53.8 % of the CPU load compared with the hot standby approach in the normal mode, and (iii) the memory consumption ratio caused by the proposed methods is 0.01%. These results demonstrate that our proposed replication methods are feasible for fail-operational autonomous driving systems with design diversity.","PeriodicalId":395536,"journal":{"name":"2018 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC)","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116313767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}