{"title":"Quantitative characterisation of carotid atherosclerotic plaque neovascularisation using contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging: A feasibility study.","authors":"M Tian, N Mohamad, X Z Gao, N H Mohd Taib","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), an in vivo imaging tool for evaluating intraplaque neovascularisation (IPN), is an increasingly researched marker of susceptible atherosclerotic plaque. This study aims to assess the feasibility of quantifying carotid IPN using CEUS and to identify and characterise the neovascularisation in carotid plaques. The hospital's ethical committee approved the study, and the informed individual consent form of CEUS was obtained from all patients before the examination.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Seventy-one patients with carotid atherosclerotic plaques (95 plaques) were studied on CEUS. Contrast enhancement in the plaque was evaluated with visual interpretation and quantitative analysis. The intraplaque neovascularisation (IPN) test was graded on a 3- point scale. IPN was quantified using dedicated software for CEUS image analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>It was found that the CEUS quantitative parameters were significantly different for plaques with varying types of echoes. The quantitative parameters also differed in soft, hard, and mixed plaques. The quantification of carotid IPN using CEUS was found feasible. The quantitative parameters measured from CEUS provide multiple references for carotid IPN of different echo types. This can help identify and monitor unstable atherosclerotic plaques.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>CEUS has the potential to be an important tool in clinical application, specifically for diagnosing carotid atherosclerotic plaque features and vulnerability.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 1","pages":"88-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142984836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A R Dashuki, A N M Ruzlin, M A I A Zamzuri, X W Chen
{"title":"Proportions and determinants of successful tuberculosis treatment among tuberculosis patients with comorbidity registered in National Tuberculosis Registry in Negeri Sembilan from year 2018-2023.","authors":"A R Dashuki, A N M Ruzlin, M A I A Zamzuri, X W Chen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major global health challenges and concerns. Despite the availability of effective treatment in Malaysia, it remained a consistently high notification rate of TB cases. The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of successful TB treatment outcomes and its determinants among TB with comorbidities patients in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a retrospective cohort study among TB with Comorbidities cases in Negeri Sembilan using multiple secondary surveillance databases: National Tuberculosis Registry (NTBR), National Aids Registry (NAR) and National Diabetic Registry (NDR). The data review was from April 2024 until June 2024. All registered TB cases with comorbidities in Negeri Sembilan from the year 2018 to 2023 were analysed to determine the determinants of successful TB treatment among TB with comorbidities patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 712 TB cases with comorbidities, 541 (76.0%) achieved a successful TB treatment outcome, and 171 (24.0%) did not. The successful TB treatment among TB with comorbidities showed predominantly among male (72.5%), Malay ethnicity (65.4%), secondary education level (60.3%), and unemployed working status (70.1%). Diabetes mellitus (DM) was the most common comorbidity (70.4%), followed by hypertension (44.8%), dyslipidaemia (36.0%), HIV (19.5%), and viral hepatitis (18.1%). Factors significantly associated with successful TB treatment were those who had a secondary education level (AOR: 2.222; 95% CI: 1.129, 4.374) and a tertiary education level (AOR: 4.474; 95% CI: 1.428- 14.01), were diagnosed with TB in the government hospital (AOR: 0.053; 95% CI: 0.008-0.376), and were not done Acid- Fast Bacillus sputum in the intensive phase of treatment (AOR: 0.191; 95% CI: 0.046, 0.785), cases followed the Directly Observed Therapy at the intensive phase (AOR: 9.045; 95% CI: 4.604, 17.770), and the treatment duration was more than 6 months (AOR: 6.511; 95% CI: 3.383, 12.532).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The successful treatment outcome for TB with comorbidities still falls short of the target and, if not treated well, could potentially lead to prolonged disease transmission, higher mortality rates, and increased healthcare costs. Identifying the proportion of successful treatment rates and their determinants provides insight into the disease burden and helps the public health sector and medical professionals assess and take appropriate action to improve local integration and collaborative service approaches for TB patients with concurrent comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 1","pages":"50-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142984744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z Zakiman, A N Mat Ruzlin, X W Chen, R Muhamad Robat
{"title":"The ten-year cardiovascular disease risk prediction among primary healthcare workers using the office-based globorisk tool: A cross-sectional study.","authors":"Z Zakiman, A N Mat Ruzlin, X W Chen, R Muhamad Robat","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain to be the leading cause of premature mortality worldwide, and healthcare workers (HCWs) are potentially at risk for developing CVDs. Office-based Globorisk is a ten-year risk prediction tool for CVDs risk scores. This present study aims to determine the prevalence of CVDs risk and risk factors associated with moderate-high CVDs risk among primary HCWs in government health clinics in Selangor.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 543 HCWs from the KOSPEN WOW (\"Komuniti Sihat Pembina Negara\" or \"Healthy Community Builds the Nation-Wellness of Workers\") database in three district health offices (DHOs) under the Selangor State Health Department in Malaysia. To estimate the office-based Globorisk model, factors such as age, sex, current smoking status, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and body mass index (BMI) were included. Data analysis employed were Pearson chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Welch's t-test and binary logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 543 participants, 453 (83.4%) were female, 439 (80.8%) were Malay with mean (SD) age of 44.4 (4.38). Majority of moderate-high CVDs risk identified among primary HCWs was male with 26 (86.7%), Malay with 25 (83.3%), and non-clinical group with 17 (56.7%). The prevalence of low CVDs risk was 94.5% (95% CI: 92.2-96.2) and 5.5% (95% CI: 3.8-7.8) for the moderate-high risk category. Factors associated with moderate-high CVDs risk were job category with non-clinical group (95% CI: 1.43, 6.85), elevated blood glucose (95% CI: 3.25, 19.41) and anxiety symptom (95% CI: 1.46, 13.86).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The KOSPEN WOW platform is effective for screening and guiding implementation of intervention programmes to prevent CVDs.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 1","pages":"17-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142984911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S Sharma, S Rampal, A Jaiman, S L Saravanamuttu, A Jaiman, L Kamaruzaman, C A Lopes, M A Ikram
{"title":"Exploring musculoskeletal disorders in end-stage kidney disease: a systematic review.","authors":"S Sharma, S Rampal, A Jaiman, S L Saravanamuttu, A Jaiman, L Kamaruzaman, C A Lopes, M A Ikram","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study focuses on the association between musculoskeletal disorders and chronic kidney disease (CKD), specifically end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Its primary objective is to explore the spectrum of musculoskeletal disorders and to identify their prevalence rates and symptoms within diverse CKD subpopulations.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The screening process yielded 13 studies conducted in various countries and regions. These studies, employing designs such as cross-sectional, cohort, and clinical trials, focused on CKD patients across different stages, including early and late-stage CKD.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed that musculoskeletal disorders are a considerable concern within the CKD population but are insufficiently explored among ESKD patients. Common musculoskeletal disorders identified include osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, carpopedal spasm, and chronic musculoskeletal pain syndrome. The prevalence of these disorders varied, with sub-group analysis revealing higher prevalence among hemodialysis patients compared to preand non-dialysis patients. While musculoskeletal pain remains consistent across CKD stages, potential confounding factors, such as palliative care settings and mobility issues warrant careful consideration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study underscores the importance of understanding and addressing musculoskeletal disorders in the CKD population, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions and future research endeavors.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 1","pages":"102-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Recommendations for enhancing research outcomes and the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation in post-stroke motor rehabilitation for local settings.","authors":"S K Sim","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has emerged as a potential adjunct therapy for post-stroke motor rehabilitation. While conventional rehabilitation methods remain the primary approach to improving motor function after stroke, many patients experience incomplete recovery, necessitating the exploration of additional interventions. This commentary article examines the role of tDCS in poststroke motor recovery, focusing on its mechanisms, efficacy, and limitations. Herein, the variability in research findings and individual patient responses as well as the recommended methods for optimising tDCS use in local clinical settings are highlighted.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 1","pages":"108-110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142984837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K L Liew, J K Tan, C S Khoo, K Y Ng, C Wilbert, Y T Lew, C M Ting, O Hernando, Z Nursyazwana, Z Y Lee, H J Tan
{"title":"Exploring the role of quantitative electroencephalography in ischaemic stroke through spectral and topographic mapping.","authors":"K L Liew, J K Tan, C S Khoo, K Y Ng, C Wilbert, Y T Lew, C M Ting, O Hernando, Z Nursyazwana, Z Y Lee, H J Tan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While electroencephalography (EEG) offers valuable data on post-stroke brain activity, qualitative EEG assessments may be misinterpreted. Therefore, we examined the potential of quantitative EEG (qEEG) to identify key band frequencies that could serve as potential electrophysiological biomarkers in stroke patients.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A single-centre case-control study was conducted in which patients admitted with stroke and healthy controls were recruited with consent. EEG was performed within 48 hours of admission for stroke patients and during outpatient assessments for controls. The EEG signals were pre-processed, analysed for spectral power using MATLAB, and plotted as topoplots.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 194 participants were included and equally divided into patients with ischemic stroke and controls. The mean age of our study cohort was 55.11 years (SD±13.12), with a median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 6 (IQR 4-6) and lacunar stroke was the most common subtype (49.5%). Spectral analysis, with subsequent topographic brain mapping, highlighted clustering of important channels within the beta, alpha, and gamma bands.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>qEEG analysis identified significant band frequencies of interest in post-stroke patients, suggesting a role as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Topographic brain mapping provides a precise representation that can guide interventions and rehabilitation strategies. Future research should explore the use of machine learning for stroke detection and provide individualized treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N A C Rameli, S S Yaacob, N Ismail, M Azzani, T Harishah
{"title":"Determinants of unsuccessful treatment outcomes among relapse tuberculosis patients in selangor registered in National Tuberculosis Registry from year 2015 - 2019.","authors":"N A C Rameli, S S Yaacob, N Ismail, M Azzani, T Harishah","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Despite the availability of highly effective treatment for tuberculosis (TB), patients with TB may experience a relapse, which can be either a result of the disease reactivating or a new episode induced by reinfection. In Malaysia, there has been a noticeable rise in relapse TB cases, with a substantial rate of unsuccessful treatment outcomes among this population. This study seeks to examine the trends of unsuccessful treatment outcomes in relapse TB patients and explore how factors such as sociodemographic characteristics, TB disease profile, TB treatment profile, and comorbidities contribute to the outcomes.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This is a retrospective cohort study utilising secondary data from the National Tuberculosis Registry (NTBR). The study was conducted in Selangor among relapsed TB patients who were registered in NTBR from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2019. TB disease profile, TB treatment profile, comorbidities, and sociodemographic data were examined. The determinants of unsuccessful treatment outcomes among relapsed TB patients were identified using multiple (binary) logistic regression analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>896 patients who experienced relapsed tuberculosis were included in this study. 32.25% were reported to have unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Multiple (binary) logistic regression revealed that the absence of sputum smear examination at 5 months and beyond was a determinant of unsuccessful treatment outcome (AOR 1.70 (95% CI: 1.19, 2.44). Additionally, being treated in government facilities, such as government hospitals and government primary health clinics, was a protective factor (AOR 0.06 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.15) and AOR 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.04), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The high proportion of unsuccessful treatment outcomes among relapse TB patients stresses the importance of adherence to routine sputum monitoring and public-private partnerships.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 1","pages":"9-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142985105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A rare case of pigmented seborrhoeic keratosis of scalp.","authors":"D Arosish","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a prevalent hyperkeratotic dermatological condition characterized by benign proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes, typically occurring in the middle to advanced stages of life. While the trunk is the primary site for lesions, they can also manifest on the extremities, face, and scalp. Although SK is typically benign, there can be morphological overlap with malignant skin lesions, necessitating meticulous differentiation for an accurate diagnosis. This case report describes a 63-year-old male presenting with scalp swelling that was, initially suspected to be malignant. However, histopathological examination revealed pigmented seborrheic keratosis, prompting the need for a comprehensive management approach. Surgical excision with a rotational flap cover was performed successfully, highlighting the importance of precise diagnosis and management in addressing cutaneous lesions. The exact etiology of SK remains elusive, with potential genetic associations implicated in its pathogenesis. Although treatment may not always be necessary, various modalities are available for lesion removal or symptom management, with surgical intervention reserved for cases exhibiting signs of malignancy. Clinicians should be aware of the atypical presentations of SK and, emphasize the need for a multidisciplinary approach involving dermatologists, pathologists, and surgeons for optimal outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 Suppl 1","pages":"80-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Quorum quenching nanoparticles against wound pathogens - A scoping review.","authors":"A Jayasree, S Rajeshkumar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Quorum sensing (QS) enables bacteria to coordinate colony-wide activities, including those associated with infections. Quorum quenching (QQ) inhibits QS and is a promising method for controlling bacterial infections. Several In vitro experiments have been conducted to identify nanoparticles (NPs) as potential quorum quenching inhibitors. This review examines the potential of nanoparticles for quorum quenching, focusing on the QS-regulated pathogenicity of wound pathogens.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Observational studies were conducted to explore the capacity of nanoparticles to quorum quench wound pathogens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A review of observational studies indicated that nanoparticles exhibit significant quorum-quenching capabilities against wound pathogens. Numerous nanoparticles, including silver, gold, and zinc oxide, have been demonstrated to inhibit QS-regulated activities, thereby reducing bacterial virulence and biofilm formation. These results suggest that nanoparticles could serve as potent agents for mitigating bacterial infections and enhancing wound healing.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nanoparticles show considerable potential as quorum-quenching agents, effectively decreasing bacterial virulence and biofilm formation in wound pathogens. These results indicate promising applications of nanoparticles in managing bacterial infections and improving wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 Suppl 1","pages":"69-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D Prathiksha, S Rajeshkumar, J Lingaraj, M Pradeep
{"title":"Ocimum gratissimum mediated synthesis of AgNPs - An in vitro analysis of anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects.","authors":"D Prathiksha, S Rajeshkumar, J Lingaraj, M Pradeep","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are effective against almost all kinds of pathogenic organisms. The green synthesis of AgNPs utilizing extracts from medicinal plants is being researched to examine the therapeutic advantages of AgNPs because the chemical production of AgNPs is more toxic. In this study, the stem extract of Ocimum Gratissimum (OG) also known as Karunthulasi or wild basil for green synthesis of AgNPs and evaluating their antiinflammatory and antimicrobial effects.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The produced nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy. The Bovine Serum Assay (BSA) and Egg Albumin (EA) assays were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effects. The protein denaturation of AgNPs was calculated and compared to a standard to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of green synthesized AgNPs. Using varying concentrations of OGmediated AgNPs in Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA), the antimicrobial effects of OG have been investigated against E. coli, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas sp. Additionally, by measuring optical density, the time-kill curve analysis for E. Coli and S. Aureus has been examined from one hour for up to five hours.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The green synthesized AgNPs were developed successfully using a plant Ocimum gratissimum. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited a maximum absorption peak at 440 nm and SEM analysis revealed that the synthesized AgNPs were spherical and oval. The result findings of the anti-inflammatory activity reveal that AgNPs have great potential when compared to the standard. At the concentration of 50 μg/mL, AgNPs exhibit 76% in BSA assay and 74% in EA assay, where the standard shows 80% inhibition. The antimicrobial activity showed a zone of inhibition around 19mm for E. coli and a 20mm zone of inhibition for S. aureus and Pseudomonas sp., which shows the efficacy of AgNPs. The time-kill assay shows that the optical density of E. coli and S. aureus was reduced to 0.1 after 5 hours of incubation, which shows the potential of green synthesized AgNPs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>OG-mediated AgNPs have both antiinflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Anti-inflammatory effects are better when compared to standard drugs. Antimicrobial effects are better for Gram-negative bacteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":39388,"journal":{"name":"Medical Journal of Malaysia","volume":"80 Suppl 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142956483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}