Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh, Jeffrey B Ware, Ronald L Wolf
{"title":"Emerging Techniques in Imaging of Glioma Microenvironment.","authors":"Seyed Ali Nabavizadeh, Jeffrey B Ware, Ronald L Wolf","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been the cornerstone of imaging of brain tumors in the past 4 decades. Conventional MRI remains the workhorse for neuro-oncologic imaging, not only for basic information such as location, extent, and navigation but also able to provide information regarding proliferation and infiltration, angiogenesis, hemorrhage, and more. More sophisticated MRI sequences have extended the ability to assess and quantify these features; for example, permeability and perfusion acquisitions can assess blood-brain barrier disruption and angiogenesis, diffusion techniques can assess cellularity and infiltration, and spectroscopy can address metabolism. Techniques such as fMRI and diffusion fiber tracking can be helpful in diagnostic planning for resection and radiation therapy, and more sophisticated iterations of these techniques can extend our understanding of neurocognitive effects of these tumors and associated treatment responses and effects. More recently, MRI has been used to go beyond such morphological, physiological, and functional characteristics to assess the tumor microenvironment. The current review highlights multiple recent and emerging approaches in MRI to characterize the tumor microenvironment.</p>","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 2","pages":"103-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000232","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37817629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen J Bagley, Arati S Desai, MacLean P Nasrallah, Donald M O'Rourke
{"title":"Immunotherapy and Response Assessment in Malignant Glioma: Neuro-oncology Perspective.","authors":"Stephen J Bagley, Arati S Desai, MacLean P Nasrallah, Donald M O'Rourke","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000233","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is the deadliest form of brain cancer and recurs uniformly. Despite aggressive treatment with maximal safe surgical resection, adjuvant radiation with temozolomide chemotherapy, and alternating electrical field therapy, median survival for newly diagnosed GBM remains <2 years. Novel therapies are desperately needed. Immunotherapy, which has led to significant improvement in patient outcomes across many tumor types, is currently being studied in a large number of GBM clinical trials. One of the biggest challenges in immunotherapy trials in GBM has been accurate response assessment using currently available imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging. In this review, we will discuss the rationale for immunotherapy for GBM, immunotherapeutic modalities currently under clinical evaluation in GBM, and the challenges and recent advances in imaging response assessment in GBM immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 2","pages":"95-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000233","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37817687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Avraham Zlochower, Daniel S Chow, Peter Chang, Deepak Khatri, John A Boockvar, Christopher G Filippi
{"title":"Deep Learning AI Applications in the Imaging of Glioma.","authors":"Avraham Zlochower, Daniel S Chow, Peter Chang, Deepak Khatri, John A Boockvar, Christopher G Filippi","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000237","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This manuscript will review emerging applications of artificial intelligence, specifically deep learning, and its application to glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary malignant brain tumor. Current deep learning approaches, commonly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), that take input data from MR images to grade gliomas (high grade from low grade) and predict overall survival will be shown. There will be more in-depth review of recent articles that have applied different CNNs to predict the genetics of glioma on pre-operative MR images, specifically 1p19q codeletion, MGMT promoter, and IDH mutations, which are important criteria for the diagnosis, treatment management, and prognostication of patients with GBM. Finally, there will be a brief mention of current challenges with DL techniques and their application to image analysis in GBM.</p>","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 2","pages":"115-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000237","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37817628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adult Glioma WHO Classification Update, Genomics, and Imaging: What the Radiologists Need to Know.","authors":"James Bai, Jerrin Varghese, Rajan Jain","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000234","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent advances in the understanding of the genetic makeup of gliomas have led to a paradigm shift in the diagnosis and classification of these tumors. Driven by these changes, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced an update to its classification system of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in 2016. The updated glioma classification system incorporates molecular markers into tumor subgrouping, which has been shown to better correlate with tumor biology and behavior as well as patient prognosis than the previous purely histology-based classification system. Familiarity with this new classification scheme, the individual molecular markers, and corresponding imaging findings is critical for the radiologists who play an important role in diagnostic and surveillance imaging of patients with CNS tumors. The goals of this article are to review these updates to the WHO classification of CNS tumors with a focus on adult gliomas, provide an overview of key genomic markers of gliomas, and review imaging features pertaining to various genomic subgroups of adult gliomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 2","pages":"71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000234","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37817685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabrício Guimarães Gonçalves, César Augusto Pinheiro Ferreira Alves, Arastoo Vossough
{"title":"Updates in Pediatric Malignant Gliomas.","authors":"Fabrício Guimarães Gonçalves, César Augusto Pinheiro Ferreira Alves, Arastoo Vossough","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000235","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malignant gliomas constitute a smaller portion of brain tumors in children compared with adults. Nevertheless, they can be devastating tumors with poor prognosis. Recent advances and improved understanding of the genetic and molecular characterization of pediatric brain tumors, including those of malignant gliomas, have led to the reclassification of many pediatric brain tumors and new entities have been defined. In this paper, we will present some of the more recent characterization and pertinent changes in pediatric high-grade gliomas, along with the conventional and advanced imaging features associated with these entities. Implications of the recent changes in pediatric malignant glioma classifications will also be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 2","pages":"83-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000235","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37817686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Update: MRI in Malignant Glioma.","authors":"Ronald L Wolf","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000236","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 2","pages":"69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37817684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natally Horvat, Marcelo Gusmao, Fernando Morbeck Almeida Coelho, Adriano Basso Dias, Andre Leopoldino Bordini, Pedro Sergio Brito Panizza, Leonardo Cardili, Joao Vicente Horvat, Publio Cesar Cavalcante Viana
{"title":"Uncommon Prostate Malignant Neoplasms.","authors":"Natally Horvat, Marcelo Gusmao, Fernando Morbeck Almeida Coelho, Adriano Basso Dias, Andre Leopoldino Bordini, Pedro Sergio Brito Panizza, Leonardo Cardili, Joao Vicente Horvat, Publio Cesar Cavalcante Viana","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000230","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common prostate cancer; however, there are several other malignant neoplasms that radiologists should be familiar with. The histological classification of malignant prostate neoplasms includes epithelial tumors, mesenchymal tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, hematolymphoid tumors, and stromal tumors. Knowledge of the main clinical and prostate magnetic resonance imaging features of uncommon tumors beyond adenocarcinoma is important for radiologists to enlarge their diagnostic ability and guide referring physician regarding the appropriate patient workup.The aim of this review article is to (1) review the main anatomical and histological concepts of the prostate gland and (2) provide an overview of uncommon prostate malignant neoplasms, emphasizing the key clinical, pathological, and imaging findings that may help radiologists in their daily interpretation of prostate magnetic resonance imaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 1","pages":"31-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000230","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37606181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anna G M M Koopman, Sjoerd F M Jenniskens, Jurgen J Fütterer
{"title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment After Therapy in Prostate Cancer.","authors":"Anna G M M Koopman, Sjoerd F M Jenniskens, Jurgen J Fütterer","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide. A variety of treatment options is available for localized prostate cancer and may range from active surveillance to focal therapy or whole gland treatment, that is, surgery or radiotherapy. Serum prostate-specific antigen levels are an important tool to monitor treatment success after whole gland treatment, unfortunately prostate-specific antigen is unreliable after focal therapy. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate is rapidly gaining field in the management of prostate cancer and may play a crucial role in the evaluation of recurrent prostate cancer. This article will focus on postprocedural magnetic resonance imaging after different forms of local therapy in patients with prostate cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 1","pages":"47-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37606182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prostate Cancer: Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron-emission Tomography/Computed Tomography or Positron-emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Staging.","authors":"Daniela A Ferraro, Irene A Burger","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000229","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Positron-emission tomography (PET) with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been increasingly used to image prostate cancer in the last decade. In the staging setting several studies have already been published suggesting PSMA PET can be a valuable tool. They, however, did not translate into recommendations by guidelines. Both PSMA PET/computed tomography (CT) and PET/magnetic resonance imaging have been investigated in the staging setting, showing higher detection rate of prostate cancer lesions over the conventional imaging work-up and some studies already showed an impact on disease management. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the existing published data regarding PSMA PET for staging prostate cancer, with emphasis on PET/magnetic resonance imaging. Despite the fact that PSMA is a relatively new tool and not officially recommended for staging yet, there are >50 original studies in the literature assessing PSMA PET performance in the staging setting of prostate cancer, and some meta-analyses.</p>","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 1","pages":"59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000229","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37606581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Functional Connectivity in Neurodegenerative Disorders.","authors":"","doi":"10.1097/RMR.0000000000000228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000228","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39381,"journal":{"name":"Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"29 1","pages":"67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37606582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}