Waterlines最新文献

{"title":"Are ceramic water filters effective in preventing diarrhoea and acute malnutrition among under-five children in Sudan?","authors":"Bonface Okotch, Elsir Gadir Ahmmed Elsimat, L. Gonzalez, J. Heeger, J. Dodos","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.19-00014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.19-00014","url":null,"abstract":"Access to safe drinking-water at home is essential during the outpatient treatment of children with acute malnutrition due to their increased vulnerability to infections and disease. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ceramic water filters with safe storage in preventing diarrhoea and acute malnutrition among under-five children in Kassala state, Sudan. It was designed as an open-label randomized controlled trial, comparing two study groups. Data was collected through face-to-face interviews and direct observations, then processed and analysed using Epi Info 7.2.0.1. Use of water filters is a potential predictor of number of diarrhoea episodes per child (P < 0.001). The intervention group had a lower diarrhoea occurrence (P < 0.001), better monthly average weight gain (P = 0.012) and average mid-upper arm circumference increase (P = 0.001), and lower prevalence of acute malnutrition at the end of the study (P = 0.001) compared with the control group. Ceramic water filters with safe storage can be effective in preventing diarrhoea and acute malnutrition, and beneficial to children admitted to Community Management of Acute Malnutrition programmes in Kassala state. More research is needed to understand the pathways to achieving these outcomes. Other WASH interventions may be needed to interrupt the primary vectors of diarrhoea disease transmission in this setting.","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"39 1","pages":"116-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44800426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Providing municipal faecal sludge management services: lessons from Bangladesh","authors":"Mariam Zaqout","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.20-00002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.20-00002","url":null,"abstract":"Faecal sludge management (FSM) is a rising priority in the WASH sector, and governments and development agencies are increasing their investments in faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs). In Bangladesh there are plans to build 100 FSTPs in secondary municipalities. However, lessons from past experiences are not widely understood or considered. This article aims to fill that gap, shedding light on the drivers of success and challenges in the provision of municipal FSM services, analysing the cases of older FSTPs in four secondary towns in Bangladesh. Only one of these plants was fully operational, one was not operating, and two were partially operational. A challenge identified was that the faecal sludge treatment plants were not part of an integral and well-thought-out plan considering the whole sanitation service chain. Unbalanced partnerships between stakeholders was a crucial barrier to the long-term success of FSTPs, as it hindered the empowerment of the municipal governments to take ownership of FSM service provision. The financing and technical capacities of the municipalities were another barrier, which was covered by NGOs in the most successful plant. The study suggests that future investment in FSM services in secondary towns in Bangladesh and similar contexts should 1) put municipalities in the driving seat, 2) ensure adequate financing, 3) consider the whole sanitation service chain, and 4) strengthen the capacities of the local actors to deliver FSM services.","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"39 1","pages":"166-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42351267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing women’s needs in water access for economic use: the case of Wukro town, Ethiopia","authors":"Z. Zerihun","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.19-00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.19-00015","url":null,"abstract":"In urban areas where water is not adequately supplied, women’s efforts to make a living out of water-intensive businesses face many challenges. The study examined how small-scale businesses run by women in Wukro town, Ethiopia are impacted by inadequate supply of water, and what coping strategies are employed. The lived experiences of women involved in small-scale water-intensive businesses, such as traditional beer brewing and coffee shops, were examined. In addition to these women, the perspectives and experiences of selected key informants as well as the officers at the local water utility have been assessed. Whether or not these women secure support from the social networks in their neighbourhood has also been considered. The study revealed that the unreliable supply of water in the town has impacted women involved in small business. It was indicated that some women manage to do well either by borrowing water from neighbours or purchasing from providers. In contrast, others who run businesses in rented houses with limited social networks expressed that they are struggling. Suggestions are made for the water utility to revise its working guidelines related to the provision of water services and to implement a gendered perspective in water management practices.","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"39 1","pages":"102-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43114930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A promising approach for motivating handwashing in Tanzania","authors":"María Florencia Rieiro, J. Wandera, S. Cavill","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.19-00007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.19-00007","url":null,"abstract":"Behaviour-centred design can be used to trigger changes in sanitation and hygiene practices. SNV Netherlands Development Organization used behaviour-centred design in an intervention to address the motivators of washing hands with soap in its Sustainable Sanitation and Hygiene For All (SSH4A) programme. This paper describes the use of emotional demonstrations (emo-demos) for triggering handwashing behaviour changes. The targets were the caregivers of children. Emo-demos focused on the motives of nurture (desire to care for one’s offspring) and disgust (a feeling of revulsion to avoid disease vectors and contamination). The paper provides practical information for implementing a small-scale handwashing promotion emo-demo within a WASH programme intervention. It concludes with lessons learned for wider practice.","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"39 1","pages":"90-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69470272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minding the gap: viability gap funding for private rural water operators in Cambodia","authors":"K. Fogelberg","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.18-00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.18-00031","url":null,"abstract":"The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals has led to an increased interest in blended finance, recognition of pluralistic service delivery models, and ambition for safer, more convenient, a...","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"39 1","pages":"73-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69469720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensions of water insecurity in pastoralist households in Kenya","authors":"N. Balfour, J. Obando, D. Gohil","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.19-00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.19-00016","url":null,"abstract":"Pastoralist communities in Northern Kenya face increasing water security risks attributable to disruptions in their socio-ecological environments. Sedentarized pastoralists, women, and children are...","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"39 1","pages":"24-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69470341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Securing a conducive environment for WASH markets: the role of local government","authors":"A. Gero, J. Willetts","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.18-00026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.18-00026","url":null,"abstract":"Local governments play critical, yet under-recognized, roles in supporting or constraining the development of emerging water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) markets. The focus of market approaches to date has been primarily on small-scale businesses and social enterprises themselves, rather than on addressing the broader institutional environment.\u0000This study, drawing on experiences in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia, examined the political economy affecting support to WASH market actors, including the perspective and role of local governments. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with rural water supply enterprises and sanitation entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, and government officials. Qualitative analysis yielded key themes as regards political economy dynamics and identification of a breadth of pertinent roles for local governments. This study formed part of a larger research initiative funded through the Australian aid programme, focused on small-scale enterprise and led by the University of Technology Sydney.\u0000The findings demonstrate important local government roles, including: training and business development support to enterprises; linking demand and supply by promoting local enterprises; supporting associations of entrepreneurs; providing targeted subsidies or financing to catalyse private sector engagement or to facilitate access for the poor and disadvantaged; and setting and monitoring quality standards and accreditation of products and services. In particular, balancing an enabling or supporting role with the need to ensure appropriate regulatory functions are in place provided a point of tension (and sometimes confusion) for local governments. Key motivators driving local government engagement with enterprises included coverage targets. Various constraints limited their support, including lack of clarity on their role, availability of relevant skills, and perceptions that WASH market systems and private sector engagement should arise spontaneously.\u0000These findings inform gaps in development agency programming when it comes to WASH markets in terms of the need to work more strategically with local government actors, rather than solely directing efforts towards enterprises themselves. This study suggests a way forward in progressing more systemic interventions to support WASH markets in ways that facilitate local governments and related stakeholders to play more effective roles and achieve greater and more equitable development outcomes.","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44871313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Return to learn: recommendations from revisited rural ecosan projects in Burkina Faso","authors":"Linus Dagerskog, S. Dickin, K. Savadogo","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.19-00008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.19-00008","url":null,"abstract":"Burkina Faso has extensive experience with urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) and the reuse of human excreta in agriculture in line with the ecological sanitation (ecosan) principles of containment, treatment, and reuse. Around 30 such ecosan projects have been implemented over the past 15 years, including installation of approximately 13,500 household UDDTs, accompanied by awareness-building and training on toilet use, emptying, and reuse. Recently, efforts have been made to revisit former and current project sites in the spirit of ‘return to learn’. We identified four such learning initiatives (studies/events), from which we draw recommendations to improve the sustainability of future implementation of ecosan in Burkina Faso and similar contexts. Key recommendations include increased attention to different user needs, handwashing and training on emptying/reuse as well as research and innovation on toilet design, urine collection/handling, menstrual management, and cost reduction/financing. Burkina Faso has set up the ambitious goal of 100 per cent toilet coverage and optimal reuse in the national sanitation programme by 2030, with UDDTs projected to make up 15 per cent of the 2 million toilets needed in rural areas. It is therefore timely to take stock and learn from past interventions. In addition, to enable resource recovery and reuse at scale, it will be important to develop a supportive policy and legal framework with collaboration between the WASH, agriculture, health, and environmental sectors.","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"39 1","pages":"61-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69470333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Bridging the funding gap in rural community water services","authors":"R. Carter","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.2020.39-1ed","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.2020.39-1ed","url":null,"abstract":"These days, with the exception of sewered urban sanitation, it is taken for granted that households will meet the full cost of first providing, then maintaining and upgrading, their sanitation serv...","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69472014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Swiss cheese failure model of self-supply hand-dug wells in developing nations: review and implications for water safety planning","authors":"G. Oluwasanya","doi":"10.3362/1756-3488.19-00006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3362/1756-3488.19-00006","url":null,"abstract":"Self-supply systems are privately owned household-based water sources that generally serve people beyond the asset owners. The system’s yielding safe water is crucial to achieving provision of safe...","PeriodicalId":39265,"journal":{"name":"Waterlines","volume":"17 1","pages":"3-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69470262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}