International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
“Apacin” Learning Model in Writing Poetry for Elementary School 小学诗歌写作的“阿帕辛”学习模式
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-12-30 DOI: 10.23887/ijee.v5i4.40763
Henny Dewi Koeswanti
{"title":"“Apacin” Learning Model in Writing Poetry for Elementary School","authors":"Henny Dewi Koeswanti","doi":"10.23887/ijee.v5i4.40763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v5i4.40763","url":null,"abstract":"Students have difficulty understanding the learning material, which has an impact on students' low abilities. It will have an impact on low student learning outcomes. Many factors cause students difficulty in understanding the learning material. One of the influencing factors is the learning model. This research aims to produce a new learning model development called APACIN, an acronym for the learning syntax Observe, Think, Analyze, Create, and Information. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with a case study approach to elementary school students. The result of this study is that the APACIN learning model can provide alternative solutions to learning problems faced by teachers and students. Through this APACIN learning model, teachers and students can interact more, and students individually and in groups can provide solutions to contextual problems discussed in learning. In addition, the application of the APACIN learning model can build critical thinking, creative thinking, reflective thinking, and decision making in students. The APACIN learning model will make it easier for students to learn so that it will impact increasing student learning outcomes.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72632082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Role of Teachers in Digital-Based Thematic Learning at Elementary School 教师在小学数字化主题学习中的作用
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-12-18 DOI: 10.53088/eej.v1i1.172
Windri Maryana, A. L. A. D. Torre
{"title":"The Role of Teachers in Digital-Based Thematic Learning at Elementary School","authors":"Windri Maryana, A. L. A. D. Torre","doi":"10.53088/eej.v1i1.172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53088/eej.v1i1.172","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aimed to describe the (1)  implementation of digital-based thematic learning activities at SD IT Nur Hidayah Surakarta, (2) role of the teacher in the thematic learning activities carried out digitally at SD IT Nur Hidayak Surakarta, and (3) Factors that are driving and inhibiting the implementation of digital-based thematic learning activities. \u0000Method: This is qualitative research with a qualitative descriptive design. The subjects in this study were principals, teachers, and students in grades II and IV. The data collection techniques used were interviews, observation, and documentation. The research used primary and secondary data. To determine the validity of the data, the researchers used triangulation of sources and techniques. \u0000Result: The results showed that: (1) learning activities at SD IT Nur Hidayah Surakarta class II and IV were carried out online, while still applying a scientific approach to provide meaningful learning to students implementing learning activities applications such as Whatsapp, zoom meeting, and google drive, (2) Teachers have an essential role in the learning activities carried out, being educators, teachers, facilitators, services, designers, managers, assessors, example, and reformer in providing learning modules to help students learn through PowerPoint and videos, (3) The driving factors for the implementation of digital learning activities were the cooperation of all schools, wifi for teachers, training for teachers, flash drives for students, textbooks, modules, availability of devices while the inhibiting factors were wifi limitations, signal difficulties, and device limitations.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83086124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Internalization of Moslem Characteristic in Elementary School: A Self-determination Theory Perspective 小学穆斯林特征的内化:一个自我决定理论的视角
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-12-18 DOI: 10.53088/eej.v1i1.147
Lilis Kurniawati, Muhammad Rafdi Al Huda
{"title":"Internalization of Moslem Characteristic in Elementary School: A Self-determination Theory Perspective","authors":"Lilis Kurniawati, Muhammad Rafdi Al Huda","doi":"10.53088/eej.v1i1.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53088/eej.v1i1.147","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aims to reveal (1) the values ​​of religious characters that are integrated into the learning process, (2) the teacher's strategy in integrating religious values ​​in the learning process, (3) the driving and inhibiting factors in integrating religious values ​​in the learning process at Elementary School (MI) Muhammadiyah Bloran. \u0000Method: This is a qualitative case study design. The subjects of this study are teachers and students. Data collection technique used through interview and documentation techniques. Validation of data using triangulation techniques and sources. Data analysis techniques using interactive analysis techniques. \u0000Result: The study of result shows that (1) the integration of religious values ​​in the learning process is carried out through the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages. Ten religious values are integrated into the learning process. (2) The strategy of integrating religious values ​​is carried out by giving assignments, observing students in doing assignments, imitating teachers, translating the vision and mission of school with Islamic values ​​in mind in the learning environment, implementing learning programs with Islamic values, providing motivation, giving advice, sanctions, and rewards. (3) The driving factors for integrating values ​​include teachers, parents, and the community in the school environment. While the inhibiting factors are the limitations of infrastructure, the diversity of student characteristics, the presence of provocateurs as well as social interaction in the home environment of students who are not controlled so that it has a bad effect.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89040094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Strategies Used by Teachers in Instilling Religious Values in Elementary School Students 教师对小学生宗教价值观灌输的策略
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-12-18 DOI: 10.53088/eej.v1i1.148
Jepri Wulandari, Rais Aqmaril Abdurrasyid
{"title":"Strategies Used by Teachers in Instilling Religious Values in Elementary School Students","authors":"Jepri Wulandari, Rais Aqmaril Abdurrasyid","doi":"10.53088/eej.v1i1.148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53088/eej.v1i1.148","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aims to reveal the strategies used by teachers in instilling religious values ​​in SD Karanganyar district and reveal what are the obstacles experienced by teachers in instilling religious values ​​in SD Karanganyar district. The research subjects in this study are; principals, religious teachers, students, and guardians of students.\u0000Method: Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. Data validation using source triangulation. The data analysis technique uses source triangulation. Data analysis techniques use data reduction, presentation of data, and concluding.\u0000Results: The study results indicate that the strategies used by teachers in instilling religious values ​​include: (1) Familiarizing students with religious activities every day. (2) Provide good examples/examples for students. (3) Accompanying students in carrying out religious values. (4) Controlling student activities, controlling student worship activities by checking control books or mutabaah books owned by students. (5) Give awards to students who want to carry out a program of activities to inculcate religious values. (6) sanctions for students who violate or do not want to carry out the program for inculcating religious values. At the same time, the obstacles experienced by teachers in instilling religious values ​​in students are (1) Lack of facilities and infrastructure to support the implementation of the program for inculcating religious values. (2) diverse student characteristics. (3) Substitute teachers who have not mastered the reading. (4) parents who do not supervise their children's activities at home.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75066542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
English Club to Develop English Language Skills: A Case Study of An Elementary School in Indonesia 英语俱乐部培养英语语言技能:以印尼一所小学为例
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-12-18 DOI: 10.53088/eej.v1i1.159
Rendra Ari Ekawati, Rina Febrina Sarie
{"title":"English Club to Develop English Language Skills: A Case Study of An Elementary School in Indonesia","authors":"Rendra Ari Ekawati, Rina Febrina Sarie","doi":"10.53088/eej.v1i1.159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.53088/eej.v1i1.159","url":null,"abstract":"Background: This study aims to describe: (1) English Club background at SDIT (Islamic Elementary School) Az-Zahra Sragen (2) English Club planning, (3) English Club implementation, (4) English Club implementation constraints, (5) Solutions to overcome English Club implementation constraints, (6) Evaluation of English Club at SDIT Az-Zahra Sragen.\u0000Method: Types of research this is qualitative descriptive research with a case study design. The informants of this research are the principal, English Club supervisor, English teacher class 3,4,5, English Club students. Data collection techniques used are interviews, observation, and documentation. The technique of checking the validity of the data is done by triangulation of sources. The data were analyzed through data collection, reduction, display, and conclusion.\u0000Results: This shows various information about the English Club at SDIT Az-Zahra Sragen in developing English language skills. The data obtained include The background of the English Club, namely so that students can speak English fluently and communicate correctly using English. In addition, it is also motivated for competition. English Club planning includes socialization, ideas and financing, planning before implementation, and student preparation. Implementation of the English Club includes materials, media, techniques, and activities. Meanwhile, English skills that are more prominent are speaking skills. There are still obstacles to be faced. The obstacles and solutions include: when making materials, designing activities, media, implementation, in developing English skills.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73900542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Improving Creative Thinking Through Creative Responsibility Based Learning (CRBL) Model 通过创造性责任学习(CRBL)模式提高创造性思维
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41277
I. Agustiana, I. N. Tika, Made Citra Wibawa
{"title":"Improving Creative Thinking Through Creative Responsibility Based Learning (CRBL) Model","authors":"I. Agustiana, I. N. Tika, Made Citra Wibawa","doi":"10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41277","url":null,"abstract":"The use of various models and approaches still shows that students have difficulties understanding science content. This obstacle causes psychological barriers for students, so creative thinking skills are needed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in creative thinking skills between students who follow the Creative Responsibility Based Learning (CRBL) learning model and students who follow the conventional learning model in terms of students' self-efficacy in learning science. This type of research is an experimental study with a Non-Randomized Post-test Only Control Group Design. In this design, the subject is not taken randomly. The number of population members is 184 students. The techniques used to analyze the data are qualitative descriptive analysis, quantitative, and inferential statistics. The result of the research is that the science learning outcomes of students who follow the CRBL learning model are higher than students who follow the conventional learning model with a significance value of 0.044 < 0.005. There is a difference in creative thinking ability between fourth grade elementary school students who have high self-efficacy and low self-efficacy in science learning with a significance value of 0.00 <0.05). There is a significant interaction effect between the learning model and self-efficacy on students' creative thinking skills with a significance value of 0.00 < 0.05). It can be concluded that this learning model provides direct learning experiences to students in building self-efficacy and creative thinking skills in learning basic science concepts so that teachers can apply them.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"45 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78025141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Improving High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Through the Trikaya Parisudha Learning Model 通过三语学习模式提高高阶思维技能
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-12-15 DOI: 10.23887/ijee.v5i4.40989
Gede Astawan, N. M. Anggreni, S. E. Atmojo, A. Ardiansyah
{"title":"Improving High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Through the Trikaya Parisudha Learning Model","authors":"Gede Astawan, N. M. Anggreni, S. E. Atmojo, A. Ardiansyah","doi":"10.23887/ijee.v5i4.40989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v5i4.40989","url":null,"abstract":"Problems in education have always been an essential issue in every country, including Indonesia. Almost all Indonesian students only master the lessons up to level 3 only. Meanwhile, many students from developed and developing countries have mastered lessons up to 4, 5, and even 6. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) between the groups given the Trikaya Parisudha Learning Model (MPTP) and those given the Conventional Learning Model. (MPK). This research is a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. The research population is PGSD students in 7 classes. From the 7 classes, 4 classes were selected using random cluster sampling two classes as the experimental group and the other two classes as the control group. MPTP taught the experimental group. Meanwhile, the control group was taught with MPK. The methods used to collect data are observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The instrument used to collect data is the observation sheet. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results showed differences in student HOTS between the group given MPTP and the group given MPK. There is a difference in Critical Thinking Skills between the group given MPTP and the group given MPK. There are differences in Creative Thinking Skills between the group receiving MPTP and the group receiving MPK. It can be concluded that the Trikaya Parisudha Learning Model can improve students' higher order thinking.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83124588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Online Geoboard Media Improves Understanding of Two-dimensional Flat Shape Concepts in Elementary School Students 在线Geoboard媒体提高小学生对二维平面形状概念的理解
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-12-05 DOI: 10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41785
Husni Sabil, A. Asrial, Syahrial Syahrial, M. A. Robiansah, Muhammad Dewa Zulkhi, Latipia Damayanti, N. Kiska, Ninda Silvia, U. Ubaidillah
{"title":"Online Geoboard Media Improves Understanding of Two-dimensional Flat Shape Concepts in Elementary School Students","authors":"Husni Sabil, A. Asrial, Syahrial Syahrial, M. A. Robiansah, Muhammad Dewa Zulkhi, Latipia Damayanti, N. Kiska, Ninda Silvia, U. Ubaidillah","doi":"10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41785","url":null,"abstract":"In learning mathematics, 78.5% of students do not understand the material concepts taught by the teacher on geometry material. It is because the media used by the teacher in learning mathematics is not appropriate. Inappropriate media will make it difficult for students to understand the learning material, so that it has an impact on low student learning outcomes. This study aims to analyze the effect of using Geoboard online in improving students' understanding of mathematical concepts in the fourth-grade elementary school's Bangun Datar learning. This type of research uses the Mix method, namely data collection using qualitative and quantitative. Sampling using purposive sampling with a total of 28 students. The research design uses Explanatory Sequential Design. This study involves several variables as research categories, namely Student responses and Concept Understanding. Data analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics. The study results are that the variable of response and Concept Understanding has a significant influence, with a value of sig <0.05, and on each dominant variable in the excellent category, so that online geoboard media affects students' understanding of the flat wake concept. Therefore, Geoboard online media can be used as an alternative learning that is fun and suiTablefor children in elementary school. The implication of this research is to use learning media in helping students understand technology-based concepts.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"34 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72585187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Efforts to Improve Learning Motivation and Understanding in Early Children Through Serial Picture And Hand Puppet 通过连环画和手偶提高幼儿的学习动机和理解能力
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-11-25 DOI: 10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41143
Rini Kristiantari
{"title":"Efforts to Improve Learning Motivation and Understanding in Early Children Through Serial Picture And Hand Puppet","authors":"Rini Kristiantari","doi":"10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41143","url":null,"abstract":"The learning process that occurs at this time is not optimal. The provision of stimulation to improve children's development is carried out in a straightforward, general way, without enjoyable media stimulation. Students tend to be left to play alone in the schoolyard. It causes students to feel bored in following the lesson. This study aims to develop hand puppets and serial pictures as stimulation media for early childhood. This type of research is development. The research design used research development (R&D) about Borg and Gall with modified stages. The product test subjects studied were kindergarten students individually. The research data was collected using a questionnaire method, then the data collected was analyzed descriptively qualitatively concerning the theory of Miles and Huberman. The results of the media expert test on the five components/indicators rated for serial image media 89.2%, hand puppets 97.2%. The results of the material expert test on five elements/valuable indicators of hand puppets are 100%, and the picture series is 100%. Design expert test results obtained 93% for hand puppets and 80% for serial images. The percentage received shows that both media are feasible to be used to stimulate the growth and development of early childhood language skills. This research implies that teachers can apply the media of hand puppets and serial pictures to increase motivation and learning outcomes of early childhood.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"51 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72395332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Differences in Students' Creative Problem-Solving Ability with and without Realistic Methematics Comic Video 有无写实数学漫画录像对学生创造性解决问题能力的影响
International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education Pub Date : 2021-11-23 DOI: 10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41073
T. N. Sipayung, Imelda Imelda, T. Siswono, M. Masriyah
{"title":"The Differences in Students' Creative Problem-Solving Ability with and without Realistic Methematics Comic Video","authors":"T. N. Sipayung, Imelda Imelda, T. Siswono, M. Masriyah","doi":"10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v5i4.41073","url":null,"abstract":"Mathematics achievement of students in Indonesia is still lower than students in other countries. It is because the creative ability of students is still low. This study aimed to analyze students' creative problem-solving abilities after using realistic math comics videos. This type of research is quantitative research. A quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest comparison design was conducted in this study. The population of this study were all seventh-grade students of SMP, which consisted of four parallel classes. The sample was selected using a random sampling technique so that there were two classes of research samples, namely the control class sample and the experimental class sample. This study used a pretest and posttest instrument for creative problem-solving abilities. In this study, the pretest and posttest score data were normally distributed and homogeneous. Based on the research data analysis using the independent sample t-test, it was concluded that there were differences in the creative problem-solving abilities of students who were taught using real math comics videos with groups of students who were taught not to use fundamental math comics videos. So, it can be concluded that the creative problem-solving abilities of students who are taught using real math comic videos are better than those who are not taught using real math comic videos.","PeriodicalId":39088,"journal":{"name":"International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88758952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信
小红书