Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology最新文献

{"title":"Method for assessing structural gender barriers in an organization: Development and assessment of psychometric properties","authors":"Olga E. Gundelakh, S. Gurieva, T. Kazantseva, L. Mararitsa","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2023.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.106","url":null,"abstract":"In gender studies, there is a lack of instruments to assess the severity of gender inequality in an organization. Gender inequality at the structural level of the organization manifests itself as gender asymmetry in an organization and in certain status positions. It is indicated by metaphors of “glass” phenomena: “glass ceiling”, “sticky floor”, “glass walls”, “glass escalator”, “glass rock”, “glass box”. The article is devoted to the development and testing of the author’s methodology for assessing structural gender barriers in an organization. The study was conducted using an online survey in 2020, with a sample of 273 employees aged 18 to 62 years (median 34 years) from various organizations. The survey included, in addition to the developed questionnaire for assessing structural gender barriers, a methodology for assessing gen- der inequality at the individual-behavioral and normative levels in an organization (“Doing gender” and “Undoing gender” scales, “Scale for the severity of norms that support gender inequality” (author’s development), “Perceptions of Politics Scale” (author’s modification of the methodology of K.Kacmar and D.Carlson). The survey also included questions about the characteristics of the organization to assess the criterion validity. Reliability analysis, correla- tion analysis, and structural modeling were used. The results of the study showed good reli- ability of the scales, the results of SEM analysis show that the obtained data do not correspond to the six-factor model. An exploratory factor analysis was carried out, the resulting one- factor solution explains 54% of the variance. A positive correlation was found between the severity of structural gender barriers and the severity of norms that support gender inequality, with the presence of unfair policies in the organization and with the use of the “Undoing gender” individual behavioral strategy. A negative correlation was obtained with the number of women in high leadership positions in the organization. The obtained results testify in favor of the reliability, constructive and criterion validity of the new instrument. It is planned to further test the properties of the questionnaire on a larger sample.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116394707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological analysis of the means and conditions for the formation of elementary mathematical representations in preschoolers","authors":"A. Sidneva, V. Plotnikova, Yu.V. Solovyova, Liudmila N. Lyutsko","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2021.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2021.407","url":null,"abstract":"The article aims to identify and describe the conditions as well as means of teaching that form the zone of proximal development when mastering elementary mathematical concepts (EMC) at an older preschool age (first of all, ideas about quantities: length, area, mass, volume, etc.). Also, the work analyzes the representation of these conditions and means of teaching in modern Russian preschool education programs developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard for Preschool Education. The selection of programs was carried out on the basis of the PRISMA procedure, as a result of which 8 programs were selected out of 43 for analysis according to the selected criteria. Three types of the most common teaching tools were identified in situations when introducing new EMC: samples (visual or verbal instructions, rules), models (schematic representation of essential relations between objects) and symbols (symbolic representation of essential relations between objects). For the main learning conditions, the content and characteristics of those actions in which EMC data are assimilated were analyzed. It was shown that when organizing the formation of ideas about values in older preschoolers, it is psychologically more appropriate to select conditions that require the implementation of actions of selection by magnitude, indirect comparison, as well as measurement using conditional measures that is necessary in situations of representation of modeling or symbolization tools. The obtained results of the analysis of modern Russian preschool education programs indicate that most often they use only one tool — a visual sample or instruction, and the formation of ideas about the values is carried out solely on the basis of the action of direct comparison. The conducted research will make it possible to provide psychologically sound recommendations to teachers, educators and the administration of preschool educational institutions on the choice and implementation of EMC training programs.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124733288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategy or local control? Interaction of Gratton effect and proportion’s effect in the Stroop test","authors":"Alexei S. Starodubtsev, Anastasia Sladkoshtieva, Aleksandr Zemlyanov","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2023.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.207","url":null,"abstract":"Models of cognitive control contain the mechanism of the general strategy of solving a task and control of specific stimuli special mechanisms. There is an ongoing discussion as to which control is responsible for the Gratton effect and the Stroop test’s proportion effect. The Gratton effect consists in decreasing the Stroop effect after an incongruent stimulus, the proportion effect is to increase interference when incongruent stimuli predominate among other types of stimuli. In this study, we set out to test whether there would be an interaction between these effects. If it is detected, we can say that both effects of study are produced by a general cognitive mechanism. Similar studies of general strategy using the Stroop task include congruent and incongruent stimuli. Congruent stimuli produce a response facilitation effect that is mixed with an interference effect, making final interpretation difficult. To avoid this, we used different proportions of incongruent and neutral stimuli. We conducted three experiments using different proportions of incongruent versus neutral stimuli (66:33/33:66 and 80:20/20:80), as well as the type of design (intragroup and intergroup plans). Only the Gratton effect was detected in the experiments performed — no proportion effect or significant interaction between the Gratton and proportion effects was found. In three experiments (N=70), only indirect evidence was found for the effect of proportion on the Gratton effect. These results are difficult to explain in terms of “strategic” interference model who explain both effects by a change in the global strategy for solving the task. Given the systematic lack of interaction between the Gratton effect and other effects in the literature, we can say that the Gratton effect is caused by a local control system, which the proportion effect influences, if at all, only slightly. The connection between the proportion effect and strategic control and the factors that mediate it are discussed.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116088871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cultural and psychological transformations of modernity in light of the methodology of latent changes: subcultures","authors":"M. Guseltseva","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2019.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2019.301","url":null,"abstract":"cuses on the lability, inconsistency and ambiguity of identity and subculture. The forms and ways of organizing subcultures today are changing. Subcultures can be represented in the social space by small patches, dispersed, virtual and therefore not visible, not obvious, dif-ficult to recognize. These transformations are referred to as the phenomena of transitive and dispersed subcultures.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116175110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"System approach to psychological concepts analysis: Cоntribution of Professor V.A.Ganzen to Russian psychology development","authors":"Tatiana Ronginska","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2022.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2022.105","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the principle for constructing the method of a systemic analysis of objects, pentabasis SPTEI, as proposed by V. A. Ganzen, as well as the basic points of the system approach to the study of psychological objects. The study takes four lines of analysis lines: time, space, energy, and information are stressed. The time category is correlated with repeatability of the functioning of objects. The space description reflects the interaction balance of objects. The energy component determines the subordination of the description of objects. The information line of the analysis corresponds to the principle of object proportionality. The dichotomous division of four pentabasis components on the basis of opposite tendencies to object functioning is presented. The examples of various objects descriptive characteristics corresponding to two stressed tendencies within the framework of each analysis line are given. The method of system analysis suggested by V. A.Ganzen allows an analysis of the objects of various contents and conceptual origins. The method presented has an interdisciplinary character that corresponds to the provisions of system approach to describe psychological categories involved in functional relationship with the environment. The method of pentabasis can be used to design diagnostic tools, as its scientific validity and descriptive accuracy are high. Examples of the application of pentabasis for describing creativity and loyalty are provided. The application of the method to analyze contents of these categories of a clearly defined system character are validated. The diagnostic potential of the method of pentabasis and facilities for its further development to study and arrange the description of objects in complex and contradictory relations by means of pentabasis components dichotomous division allows the presentation of objects in all the complexity of their interaction.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115217192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural-level organization of conflict competence in the professional activities of a manager","authors":"M. Kashapov, A. Lukina, Sergey Makhnovets","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2023.209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.209","url":null,"abstract":"A high level of conflictogenicity in the educational environment, an increase of objective and subjective causes of conflicts, necessitate the formation and development of conflict competence among the heads of educational institutions. The relevance of research in this direction is due to a certain contradiction between the demands of practice for the prevention and resolution of conflicts and the real lack of a description and theoretical justification for the patterns of the structural-level organization of conflict competence. The starting point is the position of the scientific school of V.D. Shadrikov, according to which the implementation of the metasystem approach in line with the theory of systemogenesis makes it possible to explain the features of the development and functioning of complex systems, as well as their structural-level organization. This approach is a development and transformation of the system approach and describes qualitatively different properties of complex psychological systems, which include conflict competence. The purpose of the study is to identify the essential properties and features of the manifestation of the structural-level organization of the manager’s conflict competence. In the course of the study, the methodology “Complex Questionnaire of Metacognitive Potential” (A.A.Karpov) was used. To establish the basic qualities of the leader’s conflict competence, the following methods were used: “Diagnostics of the leading type of response (M.M.Kashapov, T.G.Kiseleva); “Conflict competence” (M.V.Bashkin, V.A.Gorshkova, A.M.Voskresensky). The research was carried out on a sample of 240 directors of educational organizations. For the first time, the essential properties and features of the functional content of conflict competence subsystems were discovered, the interrelationships of the composition of the structural and functional components of conflict competence at the subsystem level of its organization were revealed, the natural relations of the severity of the leading type of response in a conflict situation and the subsystems of metacognitive potential were characterized, and the features of the system-wide level of the structural organization of conflict competence were determined. Taking into account the results obtained contribute to the development of measures to support the heads of educational institutions for the purpose of psychoprophylaxis of their professional destructions.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129387894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interrelation between parents’ and children’s cognitive styles in primary school and early adolescence","authors":"Ekaterina Bydrina","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2021.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2021.405","url":null,"abstract":"The study aims to test the following hypothesis: cognitive styles (CS) of a mother and father are selectively associated with the severity of a child’s CS in primary school and early adolescence. As part of research for children’s CS (carried out by the method of longitudinal sections), data was collected on the problem of conjugation between parents’ and children’s style characteris- tics. CS were analyzed: impulsiveness — reflexivity (using the method “Comparison of similar drawings” by J.Kagan), field dependence — field independence (method “Gottschaldt’s Fig- ures”), rigid — flexible cognitive control (method “Verbal-color interference” by J. Stroop), narrow-wide range of equivalence (method “Free sorting of words” by V.Kolga). The sample consisted of 24 full families (48 parents) and their children (12 sons and 12 daughters); the hypothesis was tested using factor analysis of CS indicators. The obtained results indicate that in primary school and junior adolescence a child’s CS impulsiveness — reflexivity maintains a connection with the father’s CS, and in the CS field dependence — field independence in younger adolescence — with the mother’s CS, and in both styles this relationship has a positive character. In CS flexible-rigid cognitive control and in CS narrow — wide range of equivalence at the primary school age, both parents influence the formation of a child’s CS. In regard to CS in early adolescence, children and parents are no longer interconnected. It can be assumed that this indicates a different nature of СS: some styles are basic, and the connection with that this indicates a different nature of СS: some styles are basic, and the connection with the father or mother will, to one degree or another, persist in the future. And other styles are social, and with age their formation will be influenced by their social environment. Thus, this study raises questions about the need to clarify mechanisms for the formation of style behavior in ontogenesis, in particular, the influence of the family microenvironment factor. This factor can expand opportunities in the study of individual characteristics of mental activity, and also be taken into account in practical areas such as education, pedagogy, child psychology, etc.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126299308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of values and involvement of young people in various forms of activity in the preference of the online/offline environment","authors":"R. Shamionov, N. Suzdaltsev, E. Bocharova, Yulia Akaemova","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2023.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.103","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyzes the role of values and involvement of young people in various forms of social activity in the preference of online or online environment. The relevance of such a research design is related to the need to determine the determinants of the preference for the environment of social activity in a situation of total digitalization of society. The purpose of the study is to analyze the role of values and realized forms of social activity of young people in the preference of the online/offline environment. The study involved 442 people, average age M = 21.82; SD = 6.23 (men — 33.5 %, women — 64.5 %). We have suggested that the preference for an online or offline environment may be due to involvement in various forms of activity and values, as well as their joint effect. The design of the study assumed the use of the regression method and the method of structural modeling. The following techniques were used. To identify the degree of involvement in various forms of activity, a modified questionnaire was used, built according to the type of direct scaling (Shamionov et al.), the analysis of values was carried out using the Schwartz’s technique “Portrait value questionnaire”, the degree of trust was revealed using the technique “Scale of social trust” by I. Yu. Leonova and I. N. Leonova. The determining role of the Internet-network and Internet search, leisure and subcultural (positive) and religious and sports and wellness (negative) has been established activity in preference to the online environment; sports and recreation, family, and household, cultural and mass, Internet search (positive) and protest (negative) activity in the offline environment preferences. The values of stimulation, power-dominance (positive) and tradition (negative) determine the preference for the online environment, and independence-actions, stimulation, tradition (positive) and interpersonal conformity (negative) — the preference for the offline environment. The joint effect of values and involvement in different forms of activity in the preference of the online/offline environment is revealed. The preference of the online environment in the implementation of social activity is associated with social distrust. The research results can be used to develop programs to balance the preferences of the activity environment.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126330740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of instrument for identifying conflict in working team","authors":"A. Redlich, S. Gurieva","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2023.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.107","url":null,"abstract":"In modern society all spheres of our work and life are permeated with communications, which influence, determine and construct our indicators of success, satisfaction. The process of communication can be transformed in different directions, from the formation of long-term, trusting relationships, to conflict confrontation, resistance. In this regard, it is important to expand the knowledge of effective tools for identifying, regulating and forming constructive relationships between teams, groups, neutralizing the negative consequences of incipient or existing conflict. In this article, we present the problem of studying the different communication styles between members of work groups, which often leads to an increase in intergroup conflicts. This is detrimental to interpersonal relationships and work productivity. The subject of the study is the study of team interaction styles that are predictors of tensions leading to inter-group conflict. The task for developing this instrument is based on the assumption that different communication styles between group members lead to group dynamic tensions that may be stimulating and helpful for the team development, but also for generating conflict. The main research question is: “How can team developers and conflict counselors identify different communication styles in work groups and treat conflicts at a very early stage?” The purpose of this paper is to develop a tool for examining communication styles in work groups. The construction of the instrument and quality control is described, from theoretical justification to factor-analytic reduction of 12 items into 4 scales and quality control of the scales. The result is an easy-to-use tool with satisfactory quality that can be applied to groups with many members. It allows group members to carefully evaluate different communication styles and identify relevant differences. Based on it, group members can directly discuss the differences between communication styles and, if a tense situation or conflict arises, deal with them constructively. As a result, this will indicate better group work, trainings, examinations and further optimization of interaction tools.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130066500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specifics of perception of conscience and life values of two generations (on the example of Russia and Georgia)","authors":"E. Korjova, Eka Kaznina","doi":"10.21638/spbu16.2023.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu16.2023.104","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the perception of conscience and life values of two generations of Georgians and Russians, which allows one to look at the events taking place in the current reality, not only from a theoretical point of view. In addition to the identified ethno-cultural and intergenerational differences, the paper presents the results of an empirical identification of the invariant of perception of conscience in two cultures. With the help of comparative and correlation analysis of empirical data, it was shown that conscience is actualized mainly in the area of normative or realizable significant life values. The interrelationships between the indicators of a person’s life values and perception of conscience established in the study can be interpreted as zones in which the work of conscience is carried out, also it can be supposed what the features of a conscientious act will be. The spiritual and moral sphere is inseparable from personal functioning, which is realized by each person in the process of life in order to fulfill his predestination. The study used both domestic and Western methods, which complicated the interpretation of the results and required additional analysis. We are talking about the results of processing the MJT method by G. Lind. In addition to this technique, the study used the Questionnaire of the Properties and States of Conscience by V. Kh. Manerov and “The Study of Value Orientations” by S. Schwartz.","PeriodicalId":388528,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Psychology","volume":"579 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134398901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}