Advances in Neuroimmune Biology最新文献

{"title":"Erythropoietin and Platelet Function","authors":"C. Tsompos, I. Bérczi","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140076","url":null,"abstract":"There is ample evidence that indeed, erythropoietin regulates platelets. It also regulates megakaryocytes which produce platelets. Endothelial cells, blood clotting, and calcium (Ca ++ ) which regulates blood pressure are also regulated. A number of diseases and clinical conditions may be favorably treated by erythropoietin therapy as listed below. Uremia, aplastic anemia, refractory anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, bone marrow transplants, post-hepatitic aplastic anemia, extremely low birth weight infants, uremic thromboembolism, hemodialysis and thrombocytopenia patients are benefited from erythropoietin therapy. Erythropoietin does not support platelet production during antiviral therapy. The response to erythropoietin is dose dependent both in men and in mice and rats. If high dose of recombinant human erythropoietin is used, it will stimulate platelet production, which is a transient effect. Expanded erythropoiesis exerts a negative impact on platelet production. Secondary thrombocytopenia was not related to splenic pooling, and its very slow correction after cessation of erythropoietin therapy was not compatible with changes in platelet survival. Rather, it is consistent with stem cell competition between erythroid and megakaryocytic development. Low dose erythropoietin administration improved platelet adhesion/aggregation and ameliorated prolongation of bleeding time in chronic renal failure rats. Long-term erythropoietin (150 U/kg, twice weekly for 6 weeks) administration led to Ca ++ levels normalization. Detailed studies revealed that improved Ca ++ signaling with erythropoietin is associated with increased Ca ++ uptake and expanded Ca ++ stores in platelets.","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"243-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140076","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70144591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innate Immunity Post-Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Focus on Epigenetics.","authors":"Racquel Domingo-Gonzalez, B. Moore","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140079","url":null,"abstract":"Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is important for normal biological processes like immune cell development, immune responses, and differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells. Furthermore, it is well understood that epigenetic mechanisms can include methylation, histone modification, and more recently, microRNAs. Interestingly, aberrant epigenetic modification can also promote pathology in many diseases like cancer. The effects of methylation on gene expression and its resulting phenotype have been extensively studied. In this review, we discuss the inhibition of innate immunity that occurs in humans and animal models post-stem cell transplant. In addition, we highlight the changes methylation and microRNA profiles have on regulating pulmonary innate immune responses in the context of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in experimental animal models.","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 3 1","pages":"189-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70145174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Orexin A and B on Two Forms of Immobility Responses and on Analgesia","authors":"Abraham Miranda-Páez, Priscila Vázquez-León, L. Martínez-Mota, Vicente Sandoval-Herrera, Ivan Villanueva-Becerril, S. Zamudio","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140092","url":null,"abstract":"The orexins are important for the regulation of several behavioral patterns, including feeding, arousal state, drug seeking, voluntary locomotion and nociception. Two orexins (A and B), and two different orexin receptors are known, which have differential distribution. This suggests that orexins and distinct orexin receptors may regulate specific behaviors such as immobility associated analgesia. The periaqueductal gray (PAG) is considered to be the main center for the analgesia and immobility responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we compared the effect of orexin A (OX-A) and orexin B (OX-B) after intracerebroventricular (ICV) or the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vl-PAG) injection. Two forms of immobility responses were studied: cataleptic (CAT) and tonic (TI) responses. The latter was associated with analgesia as part of a defensive response in several species. We observed that OX-A was more effective than OX-B to reduce CAT; OX-B was slightly more potent than OX-A to decrease TI and neither orexins were able to induce analgesia when orexins were injected ICV. After microinjection into vl-PAG CAT was unaffected by orexins and both orexins significantly decrease TI. Microinjected OX-A did not show analgesic activity but OX-B produced significant analgesic effect assessed by tail-flick test.","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70145662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress Related Hormonal Circuitry in Chagas Disease","authors":"A. Lepletier, S. Villar, A. Pérez, A. Morrot, W. Savino","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140094","url":null,"abstract":"During stressful processes, for example infectious diseases, neuroendocrine and immune networks act multidirectionally facilitating the host response. However in exacerbated settings, this homeostatic mechanism may be lost. Recent findings unravelled an imbalance of the immunoneuroendocrine network during Chagas disease, the infection caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. During the acute immune response against T. cruzi, inflammatory and neuroendocrine responses become dysregulated with harmful effects for the host. One target organ is the thymus. In acutely-infected mice, it undergoes a severe atrophy, with massive depletion of immature double positive CD4+CD8+ (DP) thymocytes, which seems to be linked to a systemic and intrathymic cytokine/hormonal imbalance, involving TNF- , glucocorticoids and prolactin. In addition, there is an abnormal export of potentially autoreactive DP cells to the periphery of the immune system, which is apparently regulated by the prolactin levels. Furthermore, TNF- is able to differentially modulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: while having stimulatory effects at the HP unit at the adrenal it is inhibitory. Interestingly, chronically infected humans with chagasic myocardiopathy also showed alterations in HPA axis. Understanding of how T. cruzi infection lead to neuroendocrine immune-associated disturbances will provide important clues to better dissect the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of Chagas disease.","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70145716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Neurosteroid Analog LMM102 Enhances Host Resistance to T. solium Infection","authors":"R. Loria, Angélica Luna-Nophal, Saé Muňiz-Henández, J. Morales-Montor","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140095","url":null,"abstract":"Carriers of the tapeworm Taenia solium are the main risk factor in the transmission of both human neurocysticercosis and porcine cysticercosis. One quarter of the world’s human population is exposed to intestinal helminthic parasites; consequently, agents that can eliminate and/or reduce the incidence of carriers could significantly enhance human and animal health. Neurosteroid hormones up regulate host resistance to infections by viruses, bacteria and parasites. An analogue (LMM102) devoid of androgenic or estrogenic activity was tested in vitro and in vivo for its ability to modulate T. solium reproduction, growth, viability, and infectivity. Three groups of female adult hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were tested; the first were injected subcutaneously (SC) with 2 mg/kg of LMM102, while the other two served as vehicles and untreated control groups, respectively. After two weeks, all animals were orally infected with 4 viable T. solium cysticerci. At 2 weeks post infection, LMM102 -treated hamsters showed an 80% reduction in adult worm recovery with a 75% reduced length as compared to either vehicle or untreated infected controls. Only in LMM102 treated, infected animals, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were increased with 5-fold elevation of leukocyte proliferation. Duodenal mucosa cytokine IL-4, IL-6 and TNFwere also elevated. These results show that LMM102 protects hamsters from T. solium adult tapeworm establishment by improving intestinal mucosal immunity, suggesting the potential use of this hormone analogue as novel enhancer of the gut immune response against intestinal helminthic infections and other gastrointestinal tract-related disorders.","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"99-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70145774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epigenetics in T-cell Development and Function","authors":"T. Naito","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140090","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"161-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140090","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70145466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autonomous or Integrated Immune System is Right for Biology","authors":"I. Bérczi","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140098","url":null,"abstract":"Several authors professed in favor of an autonomous Immune System, which is capable of defending the host. This argument is debated here at length. The existence of the Neuroimmune Supersystem, where immune participation is obligatory, mitigate autonomy. Also, the immune system is involved in physiology: it regulates reproduction, menstrual cycle, neonatal development, brain development and function, exerts neuroprotection, sleep, pain, stress, ageing, and glucose homeostasis are all regulated by immune mechanisms. Recently it has been proposed that gut microbiota affects brain function. Abnormal microbes led to disease, when normal bacteria were given, the disease subsided. What is the meaning of this observation? Would the brain notice the bacteria in the gut? Yes indeed, brain cells and the associated nerves express toll-like receptors (TLR) and for this reason will directly sense intestinal bacteria. We do not know what are the consequences of such sensations? The immune system is also stimulated by gut bacteria. The immune system owes its existence to this stimulus. Would the immune system communicate this event to the brain? Most certainly! Finally mucosal epithelial cells, which represent an army of effector cells, also express TLR. These mucosal cells have tremendous value in host defense. They become activated, defend, and produce cytokines and chemokines, through which they communicate with the entire Neuroimmune Supersytem. We conclude that the entire Neuroimmune Supesystem is involved in the regulation of intestinal microbes. This is most powerful and very effective regulation indeed.","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"133-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70145538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inflammatory Mechanisms as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Stroke","authors":"M. Mir, R. Al-Baradie","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140082","url":null,"abstract":"Stroke is an important public health issue due to high rates of disability, morbidity/mortality and is now the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer affecting 15 million people worldwide each year. In spite of extensive research in the field of stroke during past decade the current therapeutic strategies have been largely unsuccessful. One possible explanation is that research and pharmacological management have focused on very early events in brain ischemia. Two important pathophysiological mechanisms involved during ischemic stroke are oxidative stress and inflammation. Brain tissue is not well equipped with antioxidant defenses, so reactive oxygen species and other free radicals/oxidants, released by inflammatory cells, threaten tissue viability in the vicinity of the ischemic core. Recent studies have shown that brain ischemia and trauma elicit strong inflammatory reactions driven by both external and brain cells. Clinical observations suggest that patients with stroke have higher plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines or soluble adhesion molecules and anti-inflammatory therapy is effective at reducing stroke incidence in not only animal models, but in humans as well. This suggests that inflammation might directly affect the onset of stroke. The recognition of inflammation as a fundamental response to brain ischemia provides novel opportunities for new anti-inflammatory therapies. Currently, little is known about endogenous counter regulatory immune mechanisms. Statins have been shown to decrease the stroke incidence via anti-inflammatory effects that are both dependent and independent of their cholesterol-lowering effects. Here in this review we will discuss the molecular aspects of oxidative stress and inflammation in ischemic stroke. We will also present the latest findings about the cellular and humoral aspects of immune and inflammatory reactions in the brain. This will increase our understanding regarding neuro-injuries and role immune reactions play in the brain milieu. This all may have an impact on the potential therapeutic strategies that target neuro-inflammation and the innate immune system.","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"199-216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70145051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological, Immunological and Evolutionary Perspectives of Labor as an Inflammatory Process","authors":"J. Reyes-Lagos, Juan Carlos Echeverría-Arjonilla, M. A. Peña-Castillo, A. J. Montiel-Castro, G. Pacheco-López","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140085","url":null,"abstract":"Los mecanismos precisos para el inicio del trabajo de parto a termino siguen siendo desconocidos, sin embargo, varios estudios en humanos revelan el papel de las citocinas en el inicio y el mantenimiento del trabajo de parto, mostrando muchas de las caracteristicas de la inflamacion. Los hallazgos recientes sugieren una posible relacion entre la actividad del sistema nervioso autonomo (SNA) y la respuesta antiinflamatoria vagal durante el trabajo de parto. Ademas, el papel de la microbiota vaginal es particularmente importante durante el embarazo porque el dismicrobismo vaginal es uno de los mecanismos mas importantes asociados con el parto prematuro. En esta revision, presentamos evidencia que sugiere que se manifiesta una respuesta antiinflamatoria esteril para atenuar la inflamacion excesiva introducida por el parto de bajo riesgo a termino, que involucra la accion de una via colinergica, mioquinas uterinas o el microbioma vaginal.","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"75-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70145317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morpho-Functional Characteristics of Hypothalamic Orexin Neurons During Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis","authors":"S. Perekrest, Anna D. Shteintcaig, N. Kawakami, H. Wekerle, H. Korneva","doi":"10.3233/NIB-140089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/NIB-140089","url":null,"abstract":"Background/Aim: There is growing interest in the possible role of orexin in pathophysiological processes of multiple sclerosis (MS) for these patients frequently complain of fatigue and sleep disturbances and orexin is a neuropeptide known to play the crucial role in sleep/wakefulness regulation as well as in many other physiological functions. The present study was aimed to investigate morpho-functional characteristics of hypothalamic orexin system during adoptive transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (atEAE). Method: Immunohistochemical detection of orexin-containing neurons was carried out on frontal brain sections of intact and atEAE Lewis rats. Quantity and relative transmission density (RTD) of orexin-positive neurons were assessed in definite hypothalamic structures on different brain levels (Swanson’s atlas). Preproorexin gene expression in hypothalamic cells was","PeriodicalId":38645,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Neuroimmune Biology","volume":"5 1","pages":"171-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3233/NIB-140089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70145208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}