Applied and Environmental Soil Science最新文献

{"title":"Prioritization of Erosion Hotspot Microwatersheds for Conservation Planning Using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques in Antsokia-Gemiza District of North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Estifanos Lemma, Yitea Seneshaw Getahun, Tadesse Getachew","doi":"10.1155/2022/7869581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7869581","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is one of the most severe forms of land degradation, which has a wide range of adverse on-site and off-site impacts in the highlands of Ethiopia in general and in the study area in particular. The objective of this study was to estimate soil erosion, identify and prioritize erosion hotspot microwatersheds in Antsokia-Gemiza district. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was used to estimate the potential annual soil loss. Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques were used to delineate the microwatersheds, produce the spatial map of all parameters and outputs, and prioritize microwatersheds. Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss of the district ranges from 0 to 240 t·ha−1year−1 with a mean annual soil loss of 43.21 t·ha−1year−1. About 12442.86 ha (33.18%) of the district falls under low and moderate severity classes, and it has a total soil loss not exceeding 11 t·ha−1year−1 (which is an acceptable or tolerable range of soil loss). The rest of the land, which covers 25046.32 ha (66.82%) of the area, falls under high to extremely severe classes (which need prime attention), with soil loss amounts ranging from 11.01 to 240 t·ha−1year−1. For prioritization purposes, the estimated potential soil loss of the district was reclassified into 12 microwatersheds. Based on the amount of soil loss across each microwatershed, MW10, MW9, and MW11 ranked 1st, 2nd, and 3rd with a percentage of 96.3%, 94.36%, and 89.28%, respectively. On the other hand, the total area covered by the existing soil and water conservation practices in the district was 5606.10 ha, of which 3808.06 ha was covered by physical conservation measures, 1305.67 ha of the area was covered by biological conservation measures and 492.37 ha was covered by area closure. Most of the existing soil and water conservation measures were implemented under high to extremely severe erosion classes. The hotspot microwatersheds with higher severity percentages will get higher priority for soil and water conservation intervention. Hence, the integrated results will provide useful information for the decision-making process concerning the erosion susceptibility of microwatersheds. Besides, GIS and remote sensing approaches in the identification and prioritization of erosion hotspot microwatersheds using RUSLE parameters are found to be more appropriate.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49390713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical Properties of Bottom Sediments in Maruba Dam Reservoir, Machakos, Kenya","authors":"A. Luvai, J.P.O Obiero, C. Omuto","doi":"10.1155/2022/2382277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2382277","url":null,"abstract":"Bottom sediments form an integral part of the aquatic ecosystem, where they serve as important sinks for contaminants. However, management options for bottom sediments require an analysis of the physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the physicochemical properties of bottom sediments in the Maruba dam reservoir in order to inform their potential use. The bottom sediments were obtained from three sampling points using a vibe-coring device. The samples were analyzed for grain size, sediment bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, and nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium) using standard laboratory procedures. The results of the study revealed that the bottom sediments were predominantly clay (56%). The mean pH value of the sediments was 6.63, which was found to be slightly acidic. The concentration of cations and anions in the bottom sediments was found to be quite high, with a mean value of 0.225 dS⋅m−1. The bottom sediments in the reservoir were found to be quite rich in the organic matter content (2.10%) and had a mean bulk density of 0.620 g·cm−3. The macronutrients (nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous) had mean values of 0.12%, 0.46%, and 12.81 mg·kg−1, respectively. The study established that finely grained particles together with organic matter had a potential effect on the availability of macronutrients in bottom sediments. The concentration of the macronutrients of the bottom sediments evaluated in this study points to their potential use in agricultural activities or even in land reclamation.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49474134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land Suitability Assessment for Apple (Malus domestica) Production in Sentele Watershed in Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Beyene Getachew, D. Nigussie, Regasa Alemayehu, W. Lemma","doi":"10.1155/2022/4436417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4436417","url":null,"abstract":"Apple (Malus domestica) is cultivated in Southern Ethiopia. However, the crop is being grown in without affirming the suitability of the land for its cultivation. Therefore, this research was conducted to assess the suitability of the land of Sentele Watershed for apple production in Southern Ethiopia. Integrating GIS and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, which is widely used in multi-criteria decision-making for tackling multi-attribute decision-making problems in real situations, was used in this study. In the application techniques, most attributes that determine apple growth, climate, edaphic, topography, and current land use/land cover were combined. In determining the weights of the attributes, the opinions of experts and experienced apple orchard workers were considered, and an agricultural land suitability map was produced as highly suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable, and least suitable. The methodology was based on the land evaluation developed by FAO (1976) that suggests biophysical diagnostic factors, which most strongly influenced the cultivation of apples. Criteria were defined, background information was gathered, and a raster surface was created. The layers are reclassified, weighed, and then the output layers are overlaid with the background information such as a map of topography to see the best potential sites and to prepare the final suitability map. The final apple suitability map showed that only 2.2% of the total land is highly suitable, 32% is moderately suitable, and 52.1% is marginally suitable, and it requires detailed investigation and careful decision over other land uses to invest in it. 13.7% is the least suitable for apple cultivation. It is concluded that about 34% of the total land of the study area is suitable for apple production, and about 66% is unsuitable. The results imply that it is necessary to take improvement measures such as irrigation, species selection, removing leaves (defoliation), and appropriate land-use planning in most of the land of the watershed before investing in apple cultivation and production, and it is necessary to expand apple production in the future only in areas that are highly and moderately suitable for producing the crop in the study area.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48512853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon Stock Potential across Different Land Covers in Tropical Ecosystems of Damota Natural Vegetation, Eastern Ethiopia","authors":"A. Hussein","doi":"10.1155/2022/8414027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8414027","url":null,"abstract":"The research was carried out in Damota kebele, in the Oromia regional state of Ethiopia, to examine the carbon sequestration potentials under three land covers (i.e., farmland (FL); bushland (BL), and woodland (WL)). In the three land covers, 60 squares of 20 m × 20 m, 5 m × 5 m, and 1 m × 1 m with six horizontal transect lines were employed to gather data on tree, shrub, herbaceous, and soil, respectively. To estimate organic carbon percentage, soil parameters were collected from three soil profiles (i.e., 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm). The results showed that MA had significantly higher above-ground carbon (AGC) with 67.9 ± 11.4 Mg ha−1, whereas BL had significantly higher below-ground carbon (BGC) stocks with 16.32 ± 5.5 Mg ha−1, compared to other gradients. However, FL had the lowest AGC (53.2 ± 4.5 Mg ha−1) and BGC (8.04 ± 2.9 Mg ha−1). FL exhibited a significantly higher SOC value than the other two land covers followed by WL. The BL had the lowest SOC value. SOC across the three soil profiles follows a reduction trend from topsoil depth to lower soil depth with significant variation. WL had relatively higher TC than the other gradients. But FL had the lowest TC stock. Due to a high amount of human and animal interference in FL, weak security, and law enforcement measures, it has low TC. In conclusion, FL should embrace the better ecological, policy, and socioeconomic considerations than the other land covers.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46750449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidecadal Land Use Patterns and Land Surface Temperature Variation in Sri Lanka","authors":"Randika K. Makumbura, Jayanga T. Samarasinghe, Upaka S. Rathnayake","doi":"10.1155/2022/2796637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2796637","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural land conversion due to urbanization, industrialization, and many other factors is one of the significant concerns to food production. Therefore, analyzing the temporal and spatial variation of agricultural lands is an emerging topic in the research world. However, an agrarian country like Sri Lanka was given weaker attention to the temporal and spatial variation of the land use, including the agricultural lands. This study presents an extended analysis of temporal and spatial variation of land use patterns in Sri Lanka, specifically looking at the agricultural land conversion and land surface temperature (LST) change. Remote sensing techniques and geographic information system (GIS) were used for the presented work. The satellite images from three Landsat’s were analyzed for 2000, 2010, and 2020 to identify the potential land use conversions. In addition, LSTs were extracted for the same period. Significant and continuous increases can be seen in the agricultural lands from 33.94% (of total area) in 2000 to 43.2% in 2020. In contrast, the forest areas showcase a relative decrease from 38.51% to 33.82% (of total area) during the analyzed period. In addition, the rate of conversion from agriculture to settlements is higher in the latter decade (2010–2020) compared to the earlier decade (2000–2010). Only general conclusions were drafted based on the LSTs results as they were not extracted in the same months of the year due to high cloud cover. Therefore, the results and conclusions of this study can be effectively used to improve the land use policies in Sri Lanka and lead to a sustainable land use culture.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42534332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomics Shows That Termite Activities Influence the Diversity and Composition of Soil Invertebrates in Termite Mound Soils","authors":"B. J. Enagbonma, O. Babalola","doi":"10.1155/2022/7111775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7111775","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Soil invertebrates are a significant part of the functioning and biodiversity of engineered soil. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how termite bioturbation that promotes soil nutrients affects the diversity and composition of invertebrates that dwell in soils from termite mounds. Therefore, we tested the premise that the rich nutrients accrued in soils from termite mounds encourage a complex variety of soil invertebrates. Methods. Whole DNA was extracted from soils from termite mounds and adjacent soils that were 10 m away from the mound. The soil samples were then sequenced using metagenomics. Results. Disparity in the composition of the soil invertebrate communities between the termite mound and their adjacent soils was clear from the results. Also, principal coordinate analysis showed that the structure of the soil invertebrate communities in termite mound soils was distinctive from that of the adjacent soils. The canonical correspondence analysis showed that phosphorus, soil pH, and soil organic carbon were the environmental factors that significantly explained the variation in the composition and diversity of the soil invertebrate communities between the two habitats. Conclusion. Metagenomics and chemical analysis jointly offered a route to examine the compositional and diversity variations in soil invertebrate communities in relation to termite bioturbation.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49137495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Phosphogypsum Amendment on Chemical Properties of Sodic Soils at Different Incubation Periods","authors":"Haile Hasana, S. Beyene, Alemayehu Kifilu, S. Kidanu","doi":"10.1155/2022/9097994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9097994","url":null,"abstract":"The application of phosphogypsum (PG) on sodic soils provides nutrients to the soil, reduces the toxic effect of Na+, and improves soil properties. Laboratory experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of PG on the chemical properties of sodic soils. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications. The treatments included 0% GR (control), 50% GR (28.18 g·kg−1), 100% GR (56.37 g·kg−1), 150% GR (84.50 g·kg−1), and 200% GR (112.74 g·kg−1) rates that were thoroughly mixed with soil under incubation, whereas PG was mixed with topsoil before leaching at the same application rates under the leaching experiment. Soil and leachate samples from each pot were collected in 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days and subjected to spectrometric analysis. Results indicated that there was a highly significant (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ) effect on soil pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), available P, exchangeable Na+, and Ca+2 under 35-day incubation compared with control. In a closed incubation system, most of the nutrients were released after 7 days of incubation and inconstantly released after 14 days of incubation. Furthermore, the removal of Na+ and SAR increased in initial leachate collection and decreased with the subsequent application of irrigation water (PV). Because of the high contents of Ca+2 released from PG and the residual effect of H2SO4, soil pH and ESP were rapidly reduced compared with control. Post leachate analysis also revealed that available P and extractable S-SO4−2 were significantly (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ) increased in soil solutions. However, available P was decreased during incubations compared with the value of post leachate analysis. During a closed incubation, displaced Na+ replaces Ca+2 on exchange sites, resulting in increased Ca-P precipitation. Thus, the combined application of PG and irrigation water in 7 to 14 days would allow chemical reaction with the soils and reduce sodicity problems to crop planting.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49214805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Effectiveness of Biophysical Soil and Water Conservation Structures: A Case Study of Offa Woreda, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Elias Bojago, M. Senapathy, I. Ngare, Tsegeye Bojago Dado","doi":"10.1155/2022/6910901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6910901","url":null,"abstract":"Soil erosion is a serious environmental and natural resource issue in Ethiopia, posing a significant threat to agricultural productivity and being one of the principal drivers of land degradation and soil fertility reduction. Evaluating the biophysical soil and water conservation structures’ effectiveness in Offa Woreda, Wolaita Zone, was the focus of the study. Purposive sampling was used to select the three kebeles that make up this watershed. W/Dekeya, Wareza, and Yakima are the three watersheds chosen for the selected study area. To meet the objective of this study, 504, 325, and 442 family heads were sampled. They comprised the overall 17% (227) of the study participants that were selected. Those who knew how to conserve soil and water, causes of degradation, and sensitive areas of their own plots of land in the study area received preference. The lack of capital, a short stretch of land, and various socioeconomic and physical conditions impeded the use of soil and water conservation systems. As a result, farmers have a reasonable position of the current biophysical soil and water conservation systems. Farmers in the study communities are aware of some traditional soil and water conservation practices as a measure to protect and restore the fertility and productivity of their farmlands. Community participation in encouraging farmers to participate in soil and water conservation practices is critical to resolving the issue of cutting-edge poverty, food insecurity, and environmental deterioration. From the study, we recommend that the government implements specific coverage and techniques as well as corrective intervention from nongovernmental organizations.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44425914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Spatial Variability of Soil Properties to Delineate Nutrient Management Zones in Smallholder Maize-Based System of Nigeria","authors":"Helen Peter-Jerome, Julius B. Adewopo, A. Kamara, K. Aliyu, M. U. Dawaki","doi":"10.1155/2022/5111635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5111635","url":null,"abstract":"Spatially explicit information on soil variability is relevant for agronomic decisions; however, such information is limited in the northern Guinea savanna (NGS) agroecological zone of Nigeria. This study was conducted to delineate soil nutrient management zones (MZs), based on spatial variability of soils in the smallholder maize-based farming system within the NGS. Two hundred and eighty-nine soil samples were analyzed for some physical and chemical properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to aggregate the soil properties into four principal components, which accounted for about 60% of the variation in the data, and spatial variability was assessed with a semivariogram. The ordinary kriging technique was used to predict soil properties at unsampled locations, while weighted overlay analysis was conducted to delineate nutrient management zones. Results showed that total nitrogen (0.06%), available phosphorus (5.6 mg kg−1), organic carbon (0.66%), and effective cation exchange capacity (5.6 cmol(+) kg−1) are below optimal requirement for maize production. Four MZs were identifiable in the region with the highest fertility (MZ3 and MZ4) associated with the northern area but covering a relatively small part (9.1%). The differences observed in soil properties among the MZs suggest that each zone requires different agronomic management, especially in relation to fertilizer application.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45687784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and Evaluation of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) for Yield and Related Traits in Asosa Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Mesay Paulos, G. Loha, Mesfin Kassa","doi":"10.1155/2022/8533233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8533233","url":null,"abstract":"Bambara groundnut, a future emerging legume, is usually known as a poor man’s crop or as “women’s crop” and newly noted as crop for new millennium. In this context, a field experiment was conducted during 2019/20 cropping season at Sonka testing site of Asosa zone in northwestern Ethiopia with objective to estimate the variability of Bambara groundnut genotypes with respect to important quantitative and qualitative traits. Treatments consisted in 20 accessions collected from five distracts of Benishangul Gumuz province in northwestern Ethiopia. The treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. All the qualitative characteristics recorded for genotypes showed different modalities and frequencies at vegetative stage with 70.12% of the fully expanded leaflet colour, 74.26% oval terminal leaflet shape, 76.24% petiole green colour, 78.22% stem green colour, 88.27% sparse hair on their stems, 70.41% spreading types, 81.33% rounded base with a point at the top, 90.11% yellowish brown pods at harvest, and 90.06% oval shaped seeds. With respect to quantitative traits, genotypes AMN/04/013, AMN/04/014, AMN/04/015, AMN/04/019, and AMN/04/020 gave relatively higher grain yield (>2000 kg/ha) with the highest grain yield recorded for genotype AMN/04/016. Thus, these genotypes showed relatively better adaptation at tested location. Higher correlation values were observed for days to maturity, plant height, number of stems per plant, pods per plant, seed per pod, and HSW, indicating that these traits are very important to be used in selection for the crop improvement. Agronomic and morphological evaluations have provided more accurate estimation of genetic diversity, the raw material of plant breeding. In general, this study enabled to determine how the influential traits direct to improve Bambara groundnut genotypes.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46391520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}