Applied and Environmental Soil Science最新文献

{"title":"Soil Physical Characteristics and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in the Landform of Barito Delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia","authors":"D. Arisanty, Novi Rahmawati, D. Rosadi","doi":"10.1155/2022/9118461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9118461","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the soil physical characteristics in wetland of Barito Delta from primary data of soil sample and electrical resistivity measurement with the support from some secondary data. We also estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) in Barito Delta from soil physical characteristics applying Saxton and Rawls (1986) and Weynants et al. (2009). Soil texture profile is determined from interpolation of soil fraction in each layer applying Bayesian statistics to analyze soil physical characteristics in the landforms of Delta. Clay is the dominant soil fraction in the soil of Barito Delta. Clay fraction percentage decrease along the depth of soil profile as it reaches fine sand particles deriving from ancient sedimentation from the past. It is an opposite with soil organic matter content that has contrast value from 1st to 2nd soil depth, but a few discrepancy from 3rd depth to downward direction. The content of clay in the soil depends on the sedimentation activity in the landform. Clay is dominant soil particle in the Delta; in case, it is in flat area and there is no intensive of sea water sedimentation such as in Basin of Peat Anticline and Natural Levee. In more than 2 m depth of soil, loamy sand and silty clay textures are mostly in the landform that is influenced by sea water activity, while by river water is clay loam. Ks values from Saxton and Rawls (1986) are close to Ks values from the measurement of previous studies. Ks values are generally small in Barito Delta that is mostly ranging from 1.10−7 to 2 m s−1. Ks values are larger following the depth of soil profile. The values of Ks are smaller in Basin of Peat Anticline and Natural Levee than in Tidal Flat and Beach Ridge. It is because both landforms have clay as dominant soil particles.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48632568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Nutrient Balance and Soil Fertility Status under the Influence of Fertilization in Maize-Wheat Cropping System in Nepal","authors":"N. Rawal, K. R. Pande, R. Shrestha, S. Vista","doi":"10.1155/2022/2607468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2607468","url":null,"abstract":"Soil nutrient balance is affected by nutrient management in crops. A poor nutrient management technique results in an imbalance in the soil nutrient status which could have a long-term negative impact on crop production. The current study was carried out to assess the effect of different rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) on soil nutrient balance in a maize-wheat cropping system in Cambisols of Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal during 2019/20 and 2020/21. The experiment included three-factor randomized complete block design with three doses of each N, P, and K which was replicated three times. There was a remarkable change in soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total N, P, and K contents of soil over a period of time with the application of different doses of NPK. Soil pH changed from 5.98 to 5.53, SOC increased from 11.7 to 16.8 g·kg−1, total N decreased from 1264 to 1177 mg·kg−1, available P2O5 declined from 214 to 63.6 mg·kg−1, and available K2O decreased from 71.7 to 24.8 mg·kg−1 with varying rates of NPK after four cropping seasons. Furthermore, partial, apparent, and net N, P, K balance were predominantly negative in all the fertilizer treatments, but the magnitude was lower under higher nutrient rates and positive partial N balance was noticed in higher N levels. The depletion of native P and K pools even at higher application rates was attributed to higher crop removal over time as compared to inputs. Therefore, continuous application of balanced fertilizers is crucial in maintaining the fertility of soil and productivity of crops.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46114275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of the Emergence and Challenges of Land Reclamation: Issues and Prospect","authors":"K. Ukhurebor, U. Aigbe, R. B. Onyancha, J. Ndunagu, O. A. Osibote, J. Emegha, V. Balogun, H. Kusuma, H. Darmokoesoemo","doi":"10.1155/2022/5889823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5889823","url":null,"abstract":"The issues of land degradation are directly or indirectly influenced by human and/or natural actions, and it is one of the most challenging issues confronting several regions of the world, especially developing nations. Notwithstanding the importance of land, its degradation consequences, possibly as a result of the various biological, physical, and chemical processes caused by some activities (both natural and man-induced) that diminish viable yield, result in a long-term, enduring devaluation of land. Hence, this present review study is dedicated to some of the most emerging and challenging issues in monitoring, rehabilitation, prevention, and management of land (land reclamation) drawn from existing publications. Also, the description of some of the most extreme procedures of land reclamation in some natural environments with distinct consideration to their positive features is discussed. Some illustrations and instances of the emergence and challenging issues in land reclamation and nature protection, as well as the possibilities and prospects of their resolutions, are discussed and presented.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46239571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Bags by Fungi Isolated from Waste Disposal Soil","authors":"Saira, Abdullah, Lalina Maroof, Madiha Iqbal, S. Farman, Lubna, S. Faisal","doi":"10.1155/2022/8286344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8286344","url":null,"abstract":"Plastics are available in different shapes nowadays in order to enhance the living standard. But unfortunately, most of these plastics are synthetic in nature that is why they show resistance to physical and chemical degradation processes and enhance environmental hazards. The aim of the present research study was to isolate and identify beneficial fungal species from soil that have the capability to degrade plastic. Soil samples from a waste disposal site at Peshawar district were diluted and inoculated on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungus isolation. After isolation, the identifications of fungal species were done using standard identification techniques such as colony morphology and microscopic examination. The isolated fungal species that were identified were Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium, white rot, and brown rot fungi. After isolation, a degradation experiment was conducted to evaluate the capability of fungal isolates towards degradation of plastic. For this purpose, a 2 cm2 plastic piece was treated with fungal isolates for one month in a liquid culture system. The weight loss percentage was estimated at 22.9%, 16.1%, 18.4%, and 22.7% by Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, brown rot, and white rot, respectively, which was confirmed by the Fourier transform analysis. The obtained FTIR peaks revealed the C–H bond deformation in alkenes, ketones, and esters. It has been concluded from the study that fungal species play a significant role in the degradation of synthetic plastic which can be used in bioreactors in future studies for the degradation of complex plastic materials.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47440107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pedometric Mapping of Soil Classes: A Case Study of San Mateo de Otao, Peru","authors":"Carlos J. Mestanza, Julio C. Nazario","doi":"10.1155/2022/7939894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7939894","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional soil maps are designed based on expert criteria, a characteristic that reduces their reproducibility and generates subjective uncertainty. Pedometric mapping uses mathematical and statistical principles, which makes it the opposite of conventional mapping. It was proposed to apply the pedometric mapping in San Mateo de Otao and find out its characteristics against the conventional one. Satellite and field data were used to extract covariables (soil-forming factors) and soil classes. The data were modeled with Naïve Bayes, global uncertainty was calculated by resubstitution, cross-validation and retention, and local uncertainty with the confusion and Shannon indices. A low uncertainty map was obtained with six identified soil classes, relief, and parent material having the most important covariates. We conclude that pedometric mapping has considerable advantages over conventional mapping and its application is possible under the context of soil survey in Peru.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49253660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Land Use on Soil Infiltration Rate in a Tropical West African Watershed (Ouriyori, Benin)","authors":"Quentin Fiacre Togbévi, M. J. van der Ploeg, Kéhounbiova Audrey Tohoun, S. Agodzo, K. Preko","doi":"10.1155/2022/8565571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8565571","url":null,"abstract":"Soil infiltration at a watershed scale is important for understanding and predicting the hydrological process in soil-water-plant systems. This study investigated the effects of land use (LU) conversion on the infiltration rate in the Ouriyori watershed. To that end, in situ infiltration was carried out over the watershed under thirty-six pairs of adjacent cropland-fallow plots using the hood infiltrometer. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), soil properties, and soil classes were further compared. Results showed a high variability of Ks following the LU classes with a coefficient of variation greater than 60%. After data log transformation, the mean values of Ks showed high infiltration and ranged between 2.59 and 2.42 cm d−1, respectively, for fallow land and cropland. Thus, Ks was relatively lower in cropland compared to fallow land. Hence, the low infiltration recorded in croplands indicated the degradative impacts of unceasing tillage operations for crop production without crop residue incorporation into the soil during tillage. There was no significant difference in bulk density and soil texture in both types of land use. Considering soil classes, the highest infiltration rate was found in Ferric Luvisol and the lowest rate in Dystric Gleysol, meaning that the high infiltration observed in Ferric Luvisol was due to the abundance of soil macropores. Change in natural vegetation to croplands induced a low infiltration rate and macropore connectivity. Moreover, fallow lands tend to provide water storage capacity through the improvement of mesopores, while soil compaction through agricultural activities reduces soil porosity and therefore soil infiltration. In addition, the paired Student’s t-test performed on the transformed data was statistically significant, indicating a difference between Ks under cropland and Ks under fallow land. To improve soil and water conservation for crop production as well as for sustainable rural populations’ livelihoods in the watershed, occasional fallowing may be observed to dampen infiltration hindering soil surface conditions.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45310601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Rhizobium Inoculation and P Fertilizer Levels on Selected Soil Properties, Yield, and Yield Components of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.): The Case of Abuna Gindeberat, West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"A. Chimdi, Dereje Negasa, G. Chala","doi":"10.1155/2022/3635989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3635989","url":null,"abstract":"Poor soil fertility status and inappropriate agronomic practices are the major factors for low crop productivity like legumes. Thus, the experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the P fertilizer rate and rhizobium inoculation on selected soil properties and yield of faba bean. In order to achieve this objective, a field experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in a factorial arrangement with replication. The treatments consisted of five P levels (0, 23, 46, 69, and 92 kg P2O5 ha−1) and two rhizobium inoculants (Fb17 and Fb18). Faba bean (Moti variety) was used as the test crop. Soil samples were collected before and after planting for laboratory analysis. All soil and agronomic data were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) using statistical analysis software version 9.2. The main effect of strain positively improved soil porosity, but soil bulk density was negatively influenced. Soil chemical parameters such as organic carbon, total N, available P, available sulfur, Ca, Mg, and K were positively influenced. The interaction effects of the P fertilizer rate and rhizobium inoculation significantly influenced organic carbon, total N, available P, and yield parameters (pod per plant, numbers of nodules per plant, biomass yield, straw yield, and grain yields). The combined application of 69 kg P2O5 ha−1 and Fb18 rhizobium inoculants gave the highest grain yield (4.4 t ha−1) of faba bean. Thus, the integrated application of strain and P2O5 fertilizer improved soil fertility and faba bean crop yield. Therefore, reducing soil fertility constrains of the soils through the integrated application of strain and P2O5 fertilizer could be a possible option to reduce the yield gap seen between smallholder farmers and experimental fields. So as to maintain soil fertility and sustain faba bean crop production, farmers of the study area are advised to make integrated use of strain type Fb18 and P2O5 fertilizer at 69 kg/ha−1 with appropriate agronomic practices.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48172733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decomposition Dynamics of Leaf Litter Mixtures Enriched with Nps Fertilizer and Resultant Effects on Common Bean Productivity in Nutrient Depleted Soil","authors":"F. Laekemariam, Ermias Elka","doi":"10.1155/2022/6888235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6888235","url":null,"abstract":"Organic materials have a nonreplaceable role to improve soil quality and productivity. Yet, processes related to decomposition and nutrient supply capacity are restricted under nutrient-depleted soils. Thus, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the decomposition rate of leaf litter mixtures treated with mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and sulfur (S) fertilizer in the form of NPS (19N38P2O57S), and their effects on agronomic performance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The mixtures of croton (Croton macrostachyus) and erythrina (Erythrina brucei) leaf litters (LLs) were placed at 20 cm depth in a litterbag at a rate equivalent to 2.5 and 5 t/ha, and treated with four NPS rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg/ha). The leaf litters have low carbon (C) to N ratio. The experiments (litterbag and crop response) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The decomposition pattern was monitored at a two week interval (15, 30, 45, and 56 days after application) and assessed for daily decomposition rate (k), weight loss, and time required to decompose half of the residue (t50). For the crop response experiment, selected growth and yield component parameters, and grain yield data were recorded. The results indicated that NPS fertilizer and the amount of LL were significantly (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.01\u0000 \u0000 ) influenced the k values and weight loss. The k at 14 days varied from 4.47% day−1 (150 NPS kg/ha × 2.5 t LL/ha) and 2.75% day−1 (sole 2.5 t/ha LL) in which application of mineral NPS fertilizer enhanced k by 62.5%. The k values, averaged over 56 days, revealed 2.68% day−1 (150 kg NPS/ha × 2.5 t LL/ha), and 1.78% day−1 in the unfertilized 2.5 LL. The decay rate was faster within 14 days and declined afterward. Over 56 days, 60.4% and 46.6% of the original mass remained in litters without NPS fertilizer, and 150 NPS kg/ha x 2.5 t LL/ha, respectively. The residue weight loss also significantly decreased with time (r2 > 0.98). Half-lifetime was significantly (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.001\u0000 \u0000 ) decreased with the increasing rate of NPS application (r = −0.86). The t50 values, averaged over 56 days, were between 38.9 days (nontreated LL) and 27.8 days (150 kg NPS/ha), respectively. The result regarding agronomic performance indicated that the application of NPS fertilizer on the leaf litters significantly (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.01\u0000 \u0000 ) increased the growth, yield component, and grain yield of common bean. For instance, 150 kg NPS/ha on 2.5 t/ha LL has resulted in a 79% grain yield advantage over LL without NPS. Grain yield also showed significant relationship (\u0000 \u0000 p\u0000 <\u0000 0.01\u0000 \u0000 ) with k (r = 0.67), mass loss (r = −0.67), and t50 (r = −0.66). The finding suggests that for plant residues with a narrow C/N ratio in nutrient-depleted soils, the addition of mineral NPS fertilizer is advantageous for increased decomposition and yield of legume crops.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41603848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Quality and Porosity Aspects of Amazon Anthropogenic Soils under Different Management Systems","authors":"M. D. R. Soares, Z. M. Souza, M. Campos, M. Cooper, R. Tavares, L. H. Lovera, C. V. V. Farhate, J. M. Cunha","doi":"10.1155/2022/6132322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6132322","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological Dark Earth (ADE) soils are rich in organic matter and highly fertile, but when used for farming or grazing activities, they generally lose chemical and physical quality, becoming more susceptible to erosion. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the changes in physical properties of the soil in different management systems adopted in ADE areas of the Amazon. The study area is located in the municipality of Novo Aripuanã, in the mesoregion of Madeira, south of the state of Amazonas. Three ADE areas were selected: 1—native forest (Amazon forest fragment); 2—area covered with Brachiaria (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), without the addition of fertilizers or soil improvers; and 3—area covered with pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and other commercial crops (corn, beans, and watermelon). The following soil characteristics were evaluated: soil resistance to penetration, soil bulk density, macroporosity and microporosity, and total soil porosity in the 0–0.20 m and 0.20–0.40 m layers. The results showed that the pasture area presented a smaller amount of total pores and complex pores, which are important for water flow in the soil. The areas analyzed in this study presented no critical obstacle to plant root development with the low value of resistance to penetration (<2.00 MPa) in all areas.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42472844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial Variability of Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Gurje Subwatershed, Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Temesgen Addise, B. Bedadi, A. Regassa, Lemma Wogi, Samuel Feyissa","doi":"10.1155/2022/5274482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5274482","url":null,"abstract":"Soil organic carbon contents are expected to vary from place to place because of variation in soil properties. However, the extent of variability has not been explored in the study area. This study has, therefore, been initiated to assess the spatial variability of soil organic carbon stock in Gurje subwatershed Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 40 randomly predefined sampling points were identified for soil sampling using GIS and a total of 80 composite soil samples and 80 core samples were collected from those points at two sampling soil depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm). The ordinary kriging (OK) method was used as a geostatistical tool and applied to model the spatial variability of soil organic carbon in this study. With respect to soil depth, the coefficient of variation (CV%) for SOC and SOCS varied from 40.87 to 51.36%, which indicated moderate variability in the study area. For the land use types, the CV% varied from 7.94 to 42.06%, indicating low to moderate variability for the variables in the study area. The exponential semivariogram model described the spatial structure of SOC at 0–20 cm depth while the spherical one was used for SOCS. Moreover, the exponential model was best suited for SOCS at a soil depth of 20–40 cm, while the circular model was appropriate for SOC at this depth. The nugget/sill ratio (C0/C0 + C) of SOC and SOCS varied from nil to 15.58, reflecting a strong spatial dependence, which could be mainly due to the influence of intrinsic factors (e.g., natural variations in soils) in the study area. Overall, the spatial distributions of SOC and SOCS were higher in the northwestern and eastern parts of the subwatershed.","PeriodicalId":38438,"journal":{"name":"Applied and Environmental Soil Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46099363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}