Biomolecular Concepts最新文献

{"title":"Patterns of spike-specific IgG subclasses after different types of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency.","authors":"Hanga Réka Horváth, Petra Kiszel, János Miklós, György Sinkovits, Zoltán Prohászka, Henriette Farkas","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2025-0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2025-0060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objectives</i>: Different forms of vaccines have been introduced to reduce hospitalizations and prevent the risk of serious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Monitoring of the SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG subclasses after COVID-19 vaccinations will provide additional details about specific long-term immune memory in patients with hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency (HAE-C1INH). <i>Methods</i>: We examined four HAE-C1INH patients vaccinated with primary vector (Sputnik), mRNA-based (Pfizer-BioNTech), or inactivated (Sinopharm) vaccines and one booster mRNA-based vaccine in the Hungarian Angioedema Centre of Reference and Excellence. The levels of each spike-specific IgG subclass and the total spike-specific IgG were determined by in-house ELISA. Total serum IgG and IgG subclasses were measured by nephelometry. <i>Results</i>: Patient 1 who was infected after mRNA-based vaccination had high spike-specific IgG4 to total spike-specific IgG ratio (41 %). Two patients who had vector-based vaccination without infection and the patient with inactivated vaccination had low spike-specific IgG4 to total spike-specific IgG ratios. The patient with slightly higher total serum IgG4 has also had high total serum IgG4 before the COVID-19 pandemic. <i>Conclusion</i>: Taken together, our study was an individual-level observation, where spike-specific IgG4 antibody response appeared several months after mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 immunization in a HAE-C1INH type I patient. Further investigations are planned to examine the <i>in vitro</i> complement activation of spike-specific IgG4 after mRNA-based vaccinations.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148406191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research highlights in bacteriophages of fermented soybean foods.","authors":"Ekachai Chukeatirote, Dong-Qin Dai, Samantha C Karunarathna, Saowaluck Tibpromma","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2025-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2025-0061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since their discovery, bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacteria - have fascinated scientists due to their ubiquity and potential applications in fields ranging from molecular biology to biotechnology and medicine. However, in fermentation processes that depend on bacterial activity, bacteriophages can pose a major threat by infecting and disrupting key microbial populations, leading to delayed or failed fermentations and resulting in economic losses. While the impact of bacteriophages on fermented dairy foods, such as yogurt and cheese, is well-documented, such knowledge is comparatively limited for fermented soybean foods (FSFs). Most FSFs (such as Cheonggukjang, Miso, Thua Nao, and soy sauce) are traditionally produced using natural microbiota under less controlled conditions. This makes them more susceptible to unpredictable microbial dynamics, including phage interference. In this review, we examine the diversity and occurrence of bacteriophages associated with FSFs. Finally, the potential roles of bacteriophages in FSFs - ranging from fermentation disruption to possible microbial modulation - are also discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148413403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular, genetic, and pharmacological advances in type 2 diabetes (2015-2025).","authors":"Ricardo Romero","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2025-0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2025-0059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder driven by the interplay of insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and complex genetic and epigenetic factors. Over the past decade (2015-2025), advances in molecular biology, genomics, and pharmacology have reshaped our understanding of its pathogenesis and treatment. Large-scale GWAS and functional genomics have clarified genetic risk loci and epigenetic mechanisms, while novel biomarkers, including circulating microRNAs and metabolomic signatures, offer potential for early detection and risk stratification. Therapeutically, incretin-based drugs, especially GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual agonists, as well as SGLT2 inhibitors, have transformed outcomes by targeting both glycemic control and cardiovascular-renal protection. These insights have also informed prevention strategies, emphasizing weight reduction, microbiome modulation, and precision interventions based on genetic risk. Yet major gaps remain, including functional annotation of risk loci, understanding of β-cell dedifferentiation and recovery, and equitable implementation across diverse populations. This review synthesizes molecular, genetic, and pharmacological progress from 2015 to 2025, highlights clinical translation, and identifies priorities for the next decade of research.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148399513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical spectrum of COVID-19 patients and decreased serum level of miR-146a as a sign of inflammation.","authors":"Lucy Baldeón Rojas, Jorge Pérez-Galarza, Valeria Alulema, Yosselin Vicuña-Almeida, Marco Salinas-Pinta, Cristina Cañadas Herrera, Jorge Luis Vélez-Paez, Brenda Ruiz Borja, César Prócel Ramírez, Juan Heredia, Diego Barahona, Fernando Sempértegui Ontaneda","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2025-0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2025-0052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is increasing evidence that inflammation is an important determinant in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Several studies describe cytokines and microRNAs as important regulators of immune and inflammatory responses in other diseases, regarding them as valuable biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>Identify a potential relationship between cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8) and microRNAs (miR-146a-5p, miR-155-5p) and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients, focusing on disease severity and mortality risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Serum expression levels of miR-146a, miR-155, IL-6, IL-8, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, of 25 mild, 73 moderate, and 39 severe COVID-19 patients from Quito-Ecuador, were determined to correlate outcomes with clinical parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In all groups, overweight and obesity were the most prevalent comorbidities (75.91%). Serum levels of IL-6 were significantly elevated in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 (analysis of variance [ANOVA] <i>p</i> ≤ 0.000). miR-146a was significantly decreased in moderate and severe COVID-19 patients when compared with mild cases (ANOVA <i>p</i> = 0.002). ROC curve analysis showed that selected cut-off values for miR-146a > 3.999 ΔCt for mild vs moderate condition (sensitivity 83.56%, specificity 48%) and miR-146a > 3.999 ΔCt for mild vs severe condition (sensitivity 84.62%, specificity 40%), and IL-6 ≥ 72.25 pg/mL (sensitivity 78.95%, specificity 60.61%) when combined with clinical pretest probability, can be used to predict aggravation and death in COVID-19 patients. Odds ratios (ORs) of miR-146a (OR = 4.322) and IL-6 (OR = 3.198) indicate an increased risk of worsening and death, respectively, when cut-off points were taken into consideration.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows that elevated inflammatory IL-6 and decreased serum levels of anti-inflammatory miR-146a-5p can be discriminatory markers of COVID-19 severity and mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145348951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bio-based hydrogel patches made of κ-carrageenan enriched with degalactosylated xyloglucan for wound dressing applications.","authors":"Emanuela Muscolino, Clelia Dispenza","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2025-0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2025-0056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrogels have become popular for biomedical applications, such as patches and scaffolds for tissue engineering, due to their high-water content, biocompatibility, and tunable physico-chemical and mechanical properties. For instance, chronic wounds remain one of the major global healthcare burdens and, therefore, demand sophisticated ways of managing dressings for fast wound healing to reduce pain, prevent infection, and accelerate healing. κ-Carrageenan (kC) is a polysaccharide extracted from red seaweeds and has been widely considered a promising wound dressing material owing to its biocompatibility and hemostatic properties. Degalactosylated xyloglucan (dXG), obtained through the partial enzymatic removal of galactose from xyloglucan, has demonstrated biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory activity, and excellent scaffolding potential for cells. Both polymers show temperature-induced sol-to-gel transition; however, none of the two form hydrogels that can be used as wound dressings; dXG is too soft, while kC is too brittle, lacking adhesiveness and interconnected porosity. To address these limitations, this study explores interpenetrating hydrogel networks composed of kC and dXG. The resulting kC/dXG hydrogels demonstrate improved mechanical integrity due to the structural contribution of kC, while dXG imparts enhanced swelling capacity and surface adhesiveness. Together, these features make the kC/dXG hydrogel films promising candidates for bioactive wound dressings, yielding hydrogels with good mechanical stability due to kC and enhanced biological properties attributed to dXG.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145151374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.","authors":"Diana Marisol Abrego-Guandique, Nalia Mercedes Aguilera Rojas, Aldo Chiari, Filippo Luciani, Erika Cione, Roberto Cannataro","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2025-0055","DOIUrl":"10.1515/bmc-2025-0055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interaction between exercise and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle is fundamental to human physiology, with important implications for health and athletic performance. While exercise is known to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis, the effectiveness of varying-intensity exercise remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of physical activity on mitochondrial biogenesis pathways in skeletal muscle and identify key biomolecular markers in healthy individuals. Among these, PGC-1α emerged as the most consistently reported marker. The meta-analysis showed a significant increase in PGC-1α expression following endurance exercise, with a pooled effect size of Hedge's <i>g</i> = 1.17 (95% confidence interval: 0.14-2.19, <i>I</i> ² = 84.5%), indicating a large effect with substantial heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses revealed that both interval and continuous endurance training produced large effects (Hedge's <i>g</i> = 1.29 and 1.01, respectively), with no significant difference between modalities (<i>p</i> > 0.05). These findings confirm that exercise induces significant molecular and structural mitochondrial adaptations, with responses influenced by exercise type, intensity, and duration. This underscores exercise as a potent stimulus for mitochondrial biogenesis, supporting its role in promoting metabolic health and physical performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144209814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quest for space: Tenacity of DNA, Protein, and Lipid macromolecules in intracellular crowded environment.","authors":"Priyanka Phogat, Aparna Bansal, Nishu Nain, Shoaib Khan, Luciano Saso, Shrikant Kukreti","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2025-0053","DOIUrl":"10.1515/bmc-2025-0053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The biochemical processes in the cellular milieu involving biomacromolecular interaction usually occur in crowded and heterogeneous environments, impacting their structure, stability, and reactivity. The crowded environment <i>in vivo</i> is typically ignored for experimental investigations since the studies get complex due to intracellular biophysical interactions between nucleic acids, proteins, cellular membranes, and various cations/anions present in the cell. Thus, being a ubiquitous property of all cells, studying those biophysical aspects affecting biochemical processes under realistically crowded conditions is of prime importance. Crowders or crowding agents are usually exploited to mimic the in vivo conditions on interacting with such genomic species, revealing structural and functional changes resulting from excluded volume and soft interactions. In the last few years, studies including crowders of varied sizes have gained attention concerning the consequences of crowding agents on biomolecular structural transitions and stability. This review comprehensively summarizes macromolecular crowding, emphasizing the biophysical effects and contribution of soft interactions in the heterogeneous cellular environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143531989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-arthritic potential of crude sulfated polysaccharide from marine macroalgae <i>Sargassum ilicifolium</i> (Turner) C. Agardh: Regulation of cytokine cascade.","authors":"Lavanya Ramamoorthi, Srikanth Jeyabalan, Seethalakshmi Sankar, M Yasmin Begum, Chamundeeswari Duraipandian, Mahendran Sekar, Ling Shing Wong, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2022-0050","DOIUrl":"10.1515/bmc-2022-0050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seaweeds have been utilized as food, fodder, fertilizer, and medicine since ancient times; nevertheless, they have received only a little attention. In the current work, we extracted the sulfated polysaccharide from a marine source and investigated its anti-arthritic potential <i>in vivo</i>. The isolated and freeze-dried polysaccharide was tested for acute oral toxicity based on OECD 423. This step was followed by investigations on clinical signs and gross pathological alterations seen. A complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis was used to test the <i>in vivo</i> activity in female Sprague-Dawley rats, which were divided into five groups: (1) normal control, (2) arthritic control, (3) methotrexate treatment (0.1 mg/kg), (4) crude sulfated polysaccharide (CSP) (5 mg/kg), and (5) CSP (10 mg/kg). CSP was from the marine brown algae <i>Sargassum ilicifolium</i> from the Gulf of Mannar. The body weight, paw volume, and biochemical markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, and C-reactive protein levels) were also measured for each group coupled with histopathological and immunohistochemistry studies. The acute toxicity investigation indicated that the lethal dose of 50% (LD₅₀) of the polysaccharide was more than 2,000 mg/kg. In addition, animals from the methotrexate and CSP (5 mg/kg, p.o.) groups had a substantial reduction in paw volume compared to other treatment groups. Methotrexate and CSP treatment dramatically decreased the levels of the investigated marker enzymes. Histopathology revealed that low-dose CSP (5 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the severity of synovitis, panniculitis, liver necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cortical and paracortical necrotic foci in node, compared to the high dose (10 mg/kg, p.o.). Immunohistochemical studies revealed that CSP (5 mg/kg) significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2, and CD4 cells. Overall, it can be concluded that a low-dose CSP (5 mg/kg) is an efficient anti-arthritic agent that confers its effects via the cytokine pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143024935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring cardiovascular implications in systemic lupus erythematosus: A holistic analysis of complications, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic modalities, encompassing pharmacological and adjuvant approaches.","authors":"John Dawi, Scarlet Affa, Yura Misakyan, Sabrina Fardeheb, Samuel Kades, Anthony Kiriaki, Aishvaryaa Shree Mohan, Brandon Norris, Sonyeol Yoon, Vishwanath Venketaraman","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2022-0051","DOIUrl":"10.1515/bmc-2022-0051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) poses a diagnostic challenge due to its heterogeneity. This study examines the cardiac complications of SLE comprehensively, covering pericarditis, myocarditis, pleural effusion, valvular disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiac arrhythmias. Nearly one-third of SLE-related deaths are attributed to cardiovascular diseases, necessitating a deeper understanding of cardiac pathophysiology. The impact of SLE on the cardiovascular system manifests in various ways, including recurrent and resistant pericarditis, severe myocarditis, and pleural effusion. Valvular diseases, atherosclerosis, and cardiac arrhythmias are prevalent, with immune complex deposition playing a role in atherosclerosis. Diagnostic criteria involve clinical features, laboratory findings, and autoantibodies, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach. The review explores pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities for managing cardiac manifestations in SLE. Recommendations include NSAIDs, colchicine, and proton pump inhibitors for acute pericarditis, while selective immunosuppressive therapy is emerging for myocarditis. Valvular diseases require individualized treatment approaches, and careful corticosteroid management is crucial to avoid increased cardiovascular events. Anti-malarial therapy, particularly hydroxychloroquine, shows promise in mitigating cardiovascular risk factors. Non-pharmacological modifications, such as diet, exercise, and smoke cessation, significantly contribute to cardiovascular health in SLE patients. Adjuvant therapies involving glutathione and glutathione peroxidase focus on redox balance, offering potential interventions. This integrated approach combines diagnostic insights with diverse treatment modalities, providing a holistic strategy for managing cardiac complications in SLE. Ongoing research is essential to refine these strategies and optimize individualized treatment plans for improved patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11994118/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142740887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of bisphenol A and <i>p</i>-nitrophenol on tomato plants: Morpho-physiological, ionomic profile, and antioxidants/defense-related gene expression studies.","authors":"Mahmoud S Abdelmoneim, Elsayed E Hafez, Mona F A Dawood, Sherif F Hammad, Mohamed A Ghazy","doi":"10.1515/bmc-2022-0049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2022-0049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bisphenol A (BPA) and <i>p</i>-nitrophenol (PNP) are emerging contaminants of soils due to their wide presence in agricultural and industrial products. Thus, the present study aimed to integrate morpho-physiological, ionic homeostasis, and defense- and antioxidant-related genes in the response of tomato plants to BPA or PNP stress, an area of research that has been scarcely studied. In this work, increasing the levels of BPA and PNP in the soil intensified their drastic effects on the biomass and photosynthetic pigments of tomato plants. Moreover, BPA and PNP induced osmotic stress on tomato plants by reducing soluble sugars and soluble proteins relative to control. The soil contamination with BPA and PNP treatments caused a decline in the levels of macro- and micro-elements in the foliar tissues of tomatoes while simultaneously increasing the contents of non-essential micronutrients. The Fourier transform infrared analysis of the active components in tomato leaves revealed that BPA influenced the presence of certain functional groups, resulting in the absence of some functional groups, while on PNP treatment, there was a shift observed in certain functional groups compared to the control. At the molecular level, BPA and PNP induced an increase in the gene expression of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase, with the exception of POD gene expression under BPA stress. The expression of the thaumatin-like protein gene increased at the highest level of PNP and a moderate level of BPA without any significant effect of both pollutants on the expression of the tubulin (TUB) gene. The comprehensive analysis of biochemical responses in tomato plants subjected to BPA and PNP stress illustrates valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying tolerance to these pollutants.</p>","PeriodicalId":38392,"journal":{"name":"Biomolecular Concepts","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141459723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}