Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing最新文献

{"title":"Visual color inspection with a hyperspectral camera: inline application for automotive parts production","authors":"E. Assunção, Magno Guedes, Fábio Miranda","doi":"10.58286/28125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28125","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The development of cars is becoming increasingly focused on colour, which is a major challenge for both suppliers and manufacturers. Manufacturers must establish strict colour tolerances for each coloured component and specify both colour and appearance. On the other hand, suppliers must maintain colour accuracy in part production, regardless of the type of material used, to ensure acceptance of colour by automotive manufacturers. In the colour industry, colour difference formulas are used to make unbiased judgments about whether manufactured goods should be approved or disapproved. These objective judgments are based on instrumental colour measurements that must accurately predict subjective colour variations. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has proven to provide helpful data for a variety of applications in numerous industries, including colour science. To measure and analyse colour differences between automotive parts, we proposed to use conventional colour science algorithms in conjunction with the Specim FX10 hyperspectral camera, which has a flexible infrastructure that can receive data from a Generic Interface for Cameras (GenICam) compatible with the Gigabyte Ethernet interface. The results showed that the use of hyperspectral imaging in production offers great potential for providing real-time colour information so that colour shifts can be detected early and costly errors in the production line can be avoided.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129554050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital radiography by counting photons: innovative solution for testing very thick parts","authors":"A. Peterzol, Olga Joulie, Sébastien Marol, Pascal Brun, M. Urech, N. Weber, C. Ullberg","doi":"10.58286/28210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28210","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In 2019 we presented the first prototype of a photon counting detector (PCD) specially designed for the inspection of very thick parts requiring the use of high energy (HE) sources (E > 200keV). HE PCD differs from the standard model by the following characteristics: 1) Photoconductor CdTe active layer thickness optimized for HE, with about 30% increased detection efficiency; 2) Completely renewed ASIC allowing selection of energy threshold up to 1300keV. Modification 2) allows to reduce scattered radiation when using gamma sources such as Iridium 192 and Cobalt 60; or pulsed sources like linear accelerators and betatrons. The object-contrast results from this considerably improved. Image quality is comparable to, if not better than, film. We present energy threshold optimization study and performance evaluation results in terms of ISO 19232 IQI (wire and hole), signal-to-noise ratio, and spatial resolution (via duplex IQI) according to ISO 17636_2 (class B). Focus is given to HE PCD/film comparison, which was carried out by means of mock-ups containing artificial and/or real flaws; and, in 2020, for the first time in a nuclear power plant site, for the examination of primary circuit dissimilar welds. Photons energy thresholding successfully addressed also the presence of background radiation. The latter represented 2% of counted photons, while with film, background was responsible of 13% of optical density.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126470783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eddy Current False Indications in Austenitic Steel and Titanium Alloys Heat Exchanger Tubes Activated by Stress","authors":"G. Nardoni, D. Nardoni, V. Uchanin, Marco Feroldi","doi":"10.58286/28185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28185","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Eddy current non-destructive examination with the internal bobbin type probes is a mandatory test for heat exchanger tube manufacturing due to its high sensitivity to the different type discontinuities. In this paper, we want to highlight the problems related to the false indications in the nonmagnetic austenitic steel and titanium alloys due to magnetic inclusions. There are known origins for magnetic inclusions in stainless steel like chips or filings as a result of ferrous tool application, alloy depletion concerned with oxidation or corrosion, and magnetite deposits. The little-known origin of magnetic inclusions is concerned with stress induced martensitic transformation is shortly analyzed in this report as a possible mechanism for the creation of the magnetic inclusion in austenitic steel as in titanium alloy tubes. The phase transformation and as the result the presence of magnetic inclusions is generated by the activation of the spin magnetic moments of the free electrons under stress influence. These inclusions can radically influence the eddy current signal due to quite large difference in relative magnetic permeability but can be differentiated from real defects by re-inspection of the suspicious tubes at reduced operational frequency. During the eddy current examinations of stainless steel and titanium tubes by an internal probe, the false indications in tubes have been detected. The presence of these isolated indications is located always in the same length of the tested tube. The indications were detected in each tube and the signal amplitude was estimated in the range of 40-50% of the acceptance reference level. In stainless steels, the false indications generated are higher than in titanium alloys.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122952086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of AI based analysis tools for online monitoring of steel-making process","authors":"R. Miorelli, A. Skarlatos, C. Reboud, Marco Vanucci, C. Mocci, V. Colla, Haibing Yang, D. Fintelman, Bernard P. Ennis, F. van den Berg","doi":"10.58286/28191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28191","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Mechanical properties of steel are closely monitored during the manufacturing process through various non-destructive techniques. The IMPOC device implements one of them and is used by steel manufacturers at several locations of the production line. It provides a fast electromagnetic measurement that is strongly correlated with the microstructural state of the steel, hence its use to check online the uniformity of the semi-final or final product. Tata Steel, CEA LIST and SSSA have worked together to analyse IMPOC datasets corresponding to various situations in terms of steel coils and process conditions. A data driven model has been built from field measurements using a specific neural network architecture. This model proves useful to investigate the complex relations between numerous process parameters and the IMPOC value. This communication presents the approach followed to build the data driven model using neural networks and to check its relevance. The relationship between the measurement on one side and the process parameters and material composition on the other side are then investigated by means of several sensitivity analysis and feature importance techniques.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122952926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Control Using Ultrasonic Phased Array Inspection of Components Produced by Directed Energy Deposition in Ti6Al4V Alloy","authors":"C. S. Proença, A. M. Cabral, P. R. Rodriguez, E. Vaamonde","doi":"10.58286/28147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28147","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly becoming a viable manufacturing method for\u0000\u0000industrial metallic parts. This is related to the benefits achieved, such as reducing material\u0000\u0000wastage, an increase in design freedom and weight savings. But, to guarantee the highquality of the components produced, the non-destructive methods of inspection need to\u0000\u0000be optimised or developed.\u0000\u0000In this study, a Ti6Al4V 3D coupon was produced by the Laser Wire Directed Energy\u0000\u0000Deposition process (w-DED-LB), in which artificial holes of different diameters\u0000\u0000simulating defects were machined. To validate the quality control method after\u0000\u0000production by means of Ultrasonic Phased Array Techniques, the component was\u0000\u0000inspected using the Gekko equipment from Eddyfi Technologies, through the\u0000\u0000methodologies of the phased-array conventional mode and the Total Focusing Method\u0000\u0000(TFM). The probe used was a 5L64-64X7-NW1-P-5-OM, with a 5.0 MHz frequency\u0000\u0000system with 64 elements, with dimensions of length 64 mm, width 7 mm, and pitch of 1.0\u0000\u0000mm. The results obtained showed that the TFM mode provides better detection of the\u0000\u0000defects, resolution, and measurement capabilities when compared with the conventional\u0000\u0000phased array mode.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124270441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air-coupled Ultrasonic Inspection of Thermoplastic Composite Structures for Aerospace Vehicles","authors":"Armin M A Huber","doi":"10.58286/28105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28105","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Composites have become the most important type of material used in the manufacturing of aerospace vehicle components. One focus of the German Aerospace Center is to develop cost-efficient manufacturing processes for large-scale composite components such as liquid hydrogen tanks, rocket booster pressure vessels, and aircraft fuselages. To enable a high degree of automation in the manufacturing, robot-assisted tape-laying processes with flash lamp consolidation of thermoplastic prepregs are preferred. Nondestructive inspection is crucial to monitor manufacturing quality, and various forms of ultrasonic inspection have become standard. Air-coupled ultrasonic inspection is applied at the German Aerospace Center, and since access to the component is usually available only from one side, Lamb waves are excited and detected in focused slanted reflection mode. Like the manufacturing process, air-coupled ultrasonic inspection has been automated as well to avoid a significant pause during or after manufacturing. The paper demonstrates the robot-assisted air-coupled ultrasonic inspection of a liquid hydrogen tank. The robotic program is generated using offline programming software, based on the topography of a CAD model of the hydrogen tank. The inspection is carried out by scanning the component while ultrasonic pulses are triggered on a regular grid. The ultrasonic A-scans together with the measurement coordinates are monitored simultaneously. The data are used to generate and evaluate a three-dimensional C-scan.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117325270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated woven background removal for enhanced infrared thermographic inspection of fabric composites","authors":"G. Poelman, S. Hedayatrasa, M. Kersemans","doi":"10.58286/28129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28129","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Infrared thermography is a promising non-destructive testing methodology for the inspection of composite materials. While there are many accounts in literature that report an excellent performance on unidirectional composite laminates, this is not the case for woven fabric composites. Their inspection is typically characterised by the presence of an imprint of the weave pattern in the thermographic recordings, which is most-often found to be disturbing for reliable anomaly detection. In this contribution, it is proposed to evaluate the thermographic data in ????-space in order to separate the weave pattern from the defect information. To this end, an algorithm is introduced to automatically perform this decomposition. The efficiency of the proposed methodology is demonstrated for several weave patterns with different defect cases.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115215921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative Measurement and Evaluation of High-Resolution Ultrasonic Sound Fields using a Novel Automated Ultrasonic Immersion Scanner","authors":"S. Kolkoori, R. Koch, Martin Sperreuter","doi":"10.58286/28213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28213","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Ultrasonic probes are an integral part of the automated ultrasonic non-destructive inspection machines to detect and size the defects in a wide range of materials in production lines. A complete quantitative assessment of the performance characteristics of an application-specific ultrasonic probe is needed to be evaluated on the basis of the European Standard DIN EN ISO 22232-2. This requirement not only improves the quality assurance of the manufactured probes but also provides the useful technical data to the end-user to optimize the ultrasonic testing on-site. In addition, the evaluation of probe characteristics should be carried periodically throughout their service life. The main aim of this work is to develop and validate a novel ultrasonic immersion scanner for the quantitative measurement and evaluation of ultrasonic sound beam characteristics of an application-specific UT Probe. A novel ultrasonic immersion scanner integrated with high-precision motion control unit (Hexapod) with six axes is developed to measure the full ultrasonic probe characteristics, which include the squint angle measurement in three different planes (XY, XZ, and YZ), RF-signal and its frequency spectrum at watersteel interface and sound beam parameters including the angle of beam divergence in different directions. The automated scanning, data acquisition, evaluation, visualization and test report generation are performed based on DIN EN ISO 22232-2. The measured sound beam characteristics of both focused and non-focused applicationspecific ultrasonic probes with center frequencies ranging from 0.2 - 15 MHz using the pulse-echo technique on a 3 mm half-ball steel reflector are presented. The quantitative analysis of the measured sound field parameters and the acceptance criteria in accordance with DIN EN ISO 22232-2 are discussed. By using the newly developed automated immersion scanner, we achieved a few micrometer (~15 µm) spatial resolution in the measured sound field patterns and a good angular resolution (~0.05°) in the squint angle measurement of a wide range of UT probes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124616922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Guided Waves Propagation in Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessel","authors":"S. Mustapha, Bengi Yılmaz, J. Heimann, J. Prager, Blaz Brence","doi":"10.58286/28068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28068","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The application of composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPV) to store hydrogen and other compressed gases, especially when operating at high pressures, imposed the need for an innovative and reliable approach to ensure the safe operation of the system. Continuous structural health monitoring (SHM) based on ultrasonic guided waves (GWs) is a promising approach due to the ability of the wave to propagate for long distances and go around complex structures, moreover the high sensitivity to various failure modes such as delamination, matrix cracking and debonding. In this study, we scrutinize the behavior of (GWs) within the COPV using a network of PZT elements that are used for excitation and sensing. A laser doppler vibrometer (LDV) was also used to scan the surface of the vessel in various directions. L(0,1) and L(0,2) were observed in the captured signal. The L(0, 2) appeared to be a dominant mode in the COPV and was capable of propagating along the entire length and maintaining a good signal-to-noise ratio. The L(0,2) mode maintained the same phase velocity when it is captured at various excitation angles (0, 45, and 90 degrees). The reduced effect of the orthotropy of the materials on the propagating waves is an important result as it will reduce the complexity in data processing when performing damage identification.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124661215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact localization in composite structures with guided wave and 1D convolutional neural network","authors":"Bo Feng, Jikai Zhang, Shukai Chen, Hanjie Liang, Yihua Kang","doi":"10.58286/28083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.58286/28083","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Low velocity impacts may cause damages to the composite material. Piezoelectric transducers can be mounted onto the plate surface to monitor the impact by recording the impact induced guided waves. In this study, an impact localization algorithm based on 1D convolutional neural network is proposed. To test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, 4 PZTs were glued to a composite plate to monitor a region of 200 mm × 200 mm, and an impact experiment was conducted by dropping a glass ball at 117 different locations on the plate. The time-domain guided wave signals obtained by 4 PZTs were used as input to the 1D convolutional neural network. The output of the network was the coordinates of impact. The trained network was afterwards applied to locate impacts at unseen locations, and the mean localization error is 15.2 mm.\u0000","PeriodicalId":383798,"journal":{"name":"Research and Review Journal of Nondestructive Testing","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126081445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}