SAE Technical Papers最新文献

{"title":"Design of an Efficient Bidirectional Buck Boost Converter for V2G and G2V Operation in Electric Vehicles","authors":"Uthra R, Swetaparna Jena, Salman Majeed, Janvhi Agarwal","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0176","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Electric vehicles (EV) are an effective eco-friendly means of transportation due to the increased use of batteries for energy storage. Additionally, they connect with electricity grids by supplying power and managing the charging rate to achieve quicker charging times. Owing to their ability to operate in a Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) mode, electric vehicles can fulfil this task by supplying bidirectional power flow to tackle the various challenges associated with faster charging and introducing additional services to the grid. Maintaining a stable output voltage and current during the energy exchange process is a crucial factor in these systems. To overcome this challenge, the proposed system employs a bi-directional buck-boost converter (BBBC) with a sophisticated control strategy that considers the current State of Charge (SoC) of the storage system. This BBBC enables bidirectional energy transfer between the power grid and the vehicle's energy storage system, which is typically a battery. The output voltage and the corresponding current can be precisely regulated in accordance with the energy levels in the system using this strategy, ensuring a smooth and efficient energy exchange process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electric Bikes as Exercise Equipment: A Technical Study on Design and Energy Recovery for Home and Fitness Center Use","authors":"Bharanitharan P R, Rajalakshmi Anbalagan, Thanigaivel Mani, Velmurugan Arumugam","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0104","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Sustainable transportation has been a focus area for over a decade, and the recent pandemic-induced lockdowns have witnessed a substantial increase in the demand for fitness equipment. Several studies have proposed different techniques for harvesting energy from human motion, such as piezoelectric footwear, backpacks, and wearable lightweight systems. This research aims to develop a low-cost and efficient technique for harvesting energy from a custom-built electric bike that can be used as a stationary exercise bike. Integrating electric bicycles as exercise bikes has become a viable solution to promote physical fitness and environmental responsibility. This technical paper explores the mechanical and electrical design of e-bikes as exercise bikes and the technical considerations required to create a functional and efficient hybrid machine. The technical aspects of integrating an electric bicycle with an exercise bike include modifying the frame to allow for a stationary position using high-quality materials to ensure durability, stability and long-term use. Secondly, designing a reliable drive system that allows for adjusting the resistance system, selecting appropriate batteries and control systems to manage energy consumption and recovery, including regenerative braking systems to store energy for later use. Lastly, incorporating a digital display for tracking performance metrics. The paper evaluates the benefits of using an electric bicycle as an exercise bike, including reducing carbon emissions, energy consumption, and economical strain on the user. The paper also evaluates the quantum of energy recovery possible from exercising, which depends on various factors such as the duration and intensity of the exercise and the efficiency of the energy recovery system. The paper analyzes the potential market for such a hybrid machine, including gyms, fitness centers, and personal use. Finally, a detailed cost study is performed to assess the return on investment. The findings presented in this paper suggest that e-bikes have the potential to offer a convenient and effective option for individuals seeking to improve their physical fitness and overall health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Briquettes Made from Ideal Municipal Waste: An Alternate Fuel”","authors":"Sowndharya G, Praveena V","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0060","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Energy demand climbs as a consequence of the inherent relationship between the rate of consumption of energy and the growth of the economy. In light of the depletion of fossil fuels, it is necessary to implement energy efficiency techniques and policies that support sustainable development. Globally, researchers show more interest in discovering fossil fuel alternatives, as a result of fuel crisis. This research elaborates on the production and experimental investigation of briquettes made from ideal municipal solid waste (MSW), such as food waste and garden waste, as a feasible choice for alternate fossil fuels. From Municipal, agricultural, and food waste, we can get biomass waste. Municipal solid and agricultural waste is extensively dispersed, but their potential for converting biomass into energy generation still needs to be explored. This study was carried out based on the information gathered from various studies published in the scientific literature. It also details the methodology of valorizing wastes into energy by densification, such as briquetting. At different ratios, the physical and chemical characteristics of food waste/ garden waste briquettes have been examined and contrasted with commercially available ordinary coal. The results also revealed that increasing sawdust ratios would boost the briquettes compressive strength and calorific value. In addition to being a viable biomass fuel, food waste/garden waste briquettes have proven that they may be utilized to manage MSW. The carbon footprint and global environmental consequences can be reduced using waste-based briquettes. The finding of this research is considered a satisfactory alternate fuel and can be used for sustainable development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling and Simulation of Solar Powered Thermoelectric Generator for Electric Food Delivery Pick-Up Truck","authors":"Amjad Shaik, Suresh Devunuri, Pampadiga Jayanth, Srinivasa Rao Talluri","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0096","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">With the shift towards electric vehicles in the present world scenario, pick-up trucks play a significant role in providing much commercial and private transportation of goods. Focusing on the application of food delivery by electric pick-up trucks, by using solar powered thermoelectric generators, the food temperature and texture can be maintained that increases customer satisfaction. The power generated by the solar panels can be utilized for this purpose without increasing the load on the battery. Also, the additional solar energy that can be used to charge the battery is a way to increase efficiency and decrease the dependency on non-renewable sources. In this basic research, the electric powertrain mathematical model is developed in MATLAB and Simulink. Using the solar panel model the size of the solar panel needed in order to acquire the power needed to run the thermoelectric generator and charge the battery is calculated. The solar module is developed using a photovoltaic array and connected with a battery pack module and the parameters that determine the output of this subsystem are noted. Results revealed that thermoelectric generator needs 150 W power to keep the food hygienic and to compensate for this energy a 20 by 12 solar panel array with a 250 W power output is needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135141771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IoT Integrated Advanced Mor-Sockets for Smart Devices","authors":"Rajarajeswari R, Suchitra D, Praveena V, Sriram Karthik","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0150","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Internet of Thing (IoT) is the connecting network for applications like vehicles, smart devices, buildings etc., with the build in sensors to gather and share information for the user specific needs. The IoT platform offers prospects for a broad and direct integration of the manual world and the digital world by enabling things to be sensed and controlled remotely through existing network infrastructure. Self-contained programs can also be executed on it. This work projects on the integration of the IoT concept to the MOR-socket to manage, monitor and control the energy consumption of smart devices in a smart building. To achieve this, a simulation using Proteus 8.0 professional is made to obtain a virtual MOR-socket. This system is modeled with three prioritized loads of different current rating. The first priority load is the lighting load, second is the motor load and the final one is a load of higher current rating than the other two. The control and monitoring of these loads are performed through a IoT open source webpage (ADAFRUIT) by inculcating Demand Response (DR) strategies. The load connected are monitored and controlled in three modes such as automatic, manual and constraint mode. To facilitate the manual mode touch sensors are provided with each load and in automatic mode current consumption patterns are absorbed for remote connection and disconnection of devices using IoT during emergency and non-mandatory scenarios. In constraint mode the loads can be connected or disconnected based on the power consumption pattern of each load using sensors with a comparison made using a defined threshold value as per DR strategy. Thus the energy conservation during peak load duration is also achieved using MOR socket. A hardware setup for the same is made along with a temperature sensor along with power management for monitoring and curbing the building temperature and power usage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machinability Studies and the Evolution of Hybrid Artificial Intelligent Tools for Advanced Machining of Nickel Alloy for Aerospace Applications","authors":"Manikandan Natarajan, Thejasree Pasupuleti, Gnana Sagaya Raj, V Kumar, Lakshmi Narasimhamu Katta, Jothi Kiruthika","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0065","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Nickel-based superalloys are frequently adopted in various engineering applications, such as the production of food processing equipment, aerospace parts, and chemical processing equipment. Because of higher strength and thermal conductivity, they are often regarded as difficult-to-machine materials in certain processes. Various methods were evolved for machining the hard materials such as Nickel-based superalloys more effective. One of these is wire electrical discharge machining. In this paper, we will discuss the development of an artificial neural network model and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system that can be used to predict the future performance of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM). The paper uses the Taguchi and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) design techniques to analyze the model’s variable input. It aims to simulate the various characteristics of the process and its predicted values. A comparison of the two was then performed, and it was revealed that the prophesied values are close to the actual results. The findings of the investigation support the manufacturer’s decision-making process and demonstrate the evolved capability of the process.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Concurrent Scheduling of Machines and Tools in a Flexible Manufacturing System with Alternating Machines Using the Flower Pollination Algorithm","authors":"Padma Lalitha Mareddy, Venkatesh Vakucherla, Lakshmi Narasimhamu Katta, Narapureddy Siva Rami Reddy","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0141","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This paper examines the concurrent scheduling of machines and tools with machines in a multi-machine flexible manufacturing system (FMS) with the aim of minimizing the makespan in automobile manufacturing industry. Due to the high cost of tools in FMS, each type of tool has only one duplicate in circulation. To reduce the cost of duplicating tools on each machine, a central tool magazine (CTM) is used to store and share tools among several machines. The main challenge in this scenario is to allocate machines from alternate machines and tools to job operations in a way that minimizes the make span. To address this problem, the article proposes a mixed nonlinear integer programming formulation and a Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA). The results show that the FPA outperforms existing algorithms and using alternate machines for operations can reduce the make span. Therefore, this paper suggests that the FPA-based approach can be effectively utilized in real-world FMS applications, particularly in the automobile manufacturing industry, to achieve efficient scheduling and production planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Analysis on Corrosion Behavior on Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steel Weldments for Car Parts","authors":"Palanisamy D, Gnanarathinam A, Thejasree Pasupuleti, Manikandan Natarajan, Jothi Kiruthika, Vamsinath Polanki","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0149","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steel (PHSS) is one of the martensitic steels that possess exceptional strength and corrosion resistance. Because of its characteristics, this PHSS is exclusively adopted in numerous engineering uses such as nuclear, chemical and marine industries. Welding is one of the important methods of joining that helps to make weldments with better performance characteristics. Corrosion behaviour is one of the important characteristics that contribute hugely to marine and other corrosion-related environments and also this is the most common problem for most of the manufacturing industries. The goal of this study was to analyze the PHSS weldments’ corrosive behavior and compare it with that of the two commonly used welding processes, namely MIG and TIG. The corrosive properties of the weldments were evaluated using various mediums, such as nitric acid, ferric chloride, and Oxalic acid. The weight loss procedure was utilized to calculate the PHSS weldments’ corrosion rate. The results of the study revealed that the corrosion rate has increased with time. Temperature variations were identified as the primary cause of this phenomenon.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":" 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation and Analysis of Quarter Car Model for Low Cost Suspension Test Rig","authors":"V Sudhir Kumar, Balamurugan R, Raja Thiagarajan, Sadhasivam Deepan Kumar, Rinish R","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0164","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">This paper focuses on a low-cost simulation of a control device that automates the operation of an existing suspension test rig. The rig has a few limitations: it must be manually controlled, the load applied</div><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">cannot be specified, and the deflection must be manually measured. A suspension setup can't be checked for different road profiles, either. The proposed control system in this paper effectively automates the process of suspension spring load testing at a cost that is comparable to that of a fully automated test rig on the market, while also expanding the scope of its capabilities. SIMSCAPE was used to map simulation models of both the actual test rig and the updated test rig control system. On both rigs, the results of evaluating suspension components were simulated, and the resulting graphs were compared.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"84 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135087573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Analysis and Optimization of Heat Transfer for FSAE Radiator for Various Sidepod Designs","authors":"Sankar Suresh, Mahima Sundar, Lokavarapu Bhaskara Rao","doi":"10.4271/2023-28-0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-0055","url":null,"abstract":"<div class=\"section abstract\"><div class=\"htmlview paragraph\">Heat transfer optimization is a crucial aspect of the design process for Formula Student race cars, particularly for the radiator, usually housed in a side pod. For the car to operate at peak performance, a well-designed radiator-sidepod system is essential such that it can dissipate heat generated by the engine faster, for the car to run in optimal performance. Testing the car physically for various radiator-sidepod design iterations is a very difficult task, also considering the costs to manufacture the radiator-sidepod setup. The objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive methodology for analysing heat transfer through radiator setup using Computational Fluid Dynamics and to validate it through experimental investigations, to enhance performance and efficiency of the radiator setup. It further explains how to find out its heat transfer efficiency, and to choose the right radiator-sidepod setup, giving optimal performance. The flow of coolant inside the radiator, as well as external air flow through sidepod, is considered for realistic results in numerical analysis. Various radiator dimensions and sidepod designs are considered in the scope of this paper. The heat transfer simulation is performed in ANSYS Fluent, and their results compared. The final radiator-sidepod setup concluded as optimal setup in this study provided an average temperature drop of 2.9 °C through experiment and 2.72 °C through numerical analysis, providing uniform airflow through the radiator face with less dirty air.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38377,"journal":{"name":"SAE Technical Papers","volume":"22 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135091410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}