{"title":"The Creative Individual in Industrial Research","authors":"S. Jones, J. Arnold","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007660","url":null,"abstract":"A project was undertaken to analyze the processes associated with individual creativity in industrial research organizations and the effects of the company environment and management policies on the results of research and development (R and D) activities. Interviews were held with two hundred and nine technical researchers drawn from the fundamental, applied, and development staffs of seventeen private industrial firms, one research institute, one university laboratory, and the members of a creative engineering seminar for industry held at Stanford. One aspect of the study concerned the dichotomy of research specialist vs generalist. Most of the men participating in this study had broad technical and personal interests even though their current job assignments might each involve a definite specialization. Data on a wide range of characteristics and attitudes of research people are presented.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125707017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Periodical Readership of Scientists and Engineers in Research and Development Laboratories","authors":"J. Hoyt","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007663","url":null,"abstract":"The reading habits of scientists and engineers engaged in research and development are shown to be readily differentiated by academic attainment and field of academic discipline. Lesser but important influences on readership appear to be pay level and general type of work (research, test, or development). From these data, advertising programs appealing to definite categories of research and development personnel can be shaped. An important attitudinal question as to the usefulness of journal advertising as a source of employment information was clearly answered in the affirmative. Junior scientists and engineers seem to rely on employment advertising to a somewhat greater extent than those in more senior positions.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116633305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Hensley, T. R. Savage, A. J. Sowarby, A. Resnick
{"title":"Selective dissemination of information-a new approach to effective communication","authors":"C. Hensley, T. R. Savage, A. J. Sowarby, A. Resnick","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007661","url":null,"abstract":"A first pilot test of a system to disseminate pertinent documents to individual persons selectively has been tried using IBM Research personnel and a variety of document sources. A detailed study of the user populations was made by means of diaries, interviews, and a mail survey. The effectiveness of the system is measured by 1) the percentage of unwanted or \"trash\" documents sent to the user, and 2) the percentage of documents the user wants but are not sent by the system. User responses to systematically and randomly selected documents, both integral parts of the system, were used to estimate these parameters.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132571528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Manual Information Retrieval System","authors":"P. Constant, P. C. Patton","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007665","url":null,"abstract":"A manual information retrieval system which is applicable to a library or bibliography of a few thousands of documents is described. It was designed for an engineering research program and has been used successfully on several relatively small research programs in the past few years. The system uses a Royal-McBee Keysort (KS-3718) card as the medium of information storage. The coding system is described in detail. The ``keyword'' concept is discussed and an example is given.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126981469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Decision Making as It Affects Long-Range Planning","authors":"William J. Stolze","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007648","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis is made, by means of a flow diagram, of the various steps in the evolution of a military contract with a private firm. A second flow diagram traces the decisions involved in the utilization of the scientific and engineering staff in a military electronics company. Several important decision areas in the firm are highlighted and related to long-range planning.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127786914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Survey of the Intra-Company Impact of Weapon System Management","authors":"F. Kast, J. Rosenzweig","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007649","url":null,"abstract":"A survey was made on the internal organizational and administrative adjustments made by companies in the weapon systems business. A questionnaire was returned by more than 40 top executives and was followed up by interviews with 23. The effects of weapon system management on industry responsibility, skill requirements, acceleration of R & D and other factors are discussed.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114282853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Research Orientations and Attitudes Toward Teamwork","authors":"N. Storer","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007647","url":null,"abstract":"Data was collected by questionnaire on the motivations and attitudes of 88 research workers in a major state agricultural station. The data tend to support these hypotheses: 1) the basic scientist will be more ``deeply involved'' in his work than the applied scientist; 2) he will demonstrate a greater allegiance to the social system of science; and 3) he will tend to view teamwork as acceptable only when his co-workers help to increase his enjoyment of the research. Some cautions are given by the author about the dangers of generalizing from this limited study to all situations involving teamwork in research.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127467586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Utilization of ``Normalized'' Data for Defense Contracts","authors":"D. W. Kornreich","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007644","url":null,"abstract":"``Normalized curves'' represent a means of evaluating the relationships of time, total expenditures, subcontract expenditures, and a number of activities and events. They represent data on previous contracts that have been categorized and reduced to common scales. ``Normalized curves'' can be used either to evaluate a summary of the detailed planning and progress on current contracts or to forecast the probable requirements and performance on anticipated contracts. Many of these calculations have been performed on a digital computer since March, 1960. ``Normalized curves'' have proven to be a valid analytical tool for predicting overruns, schedule slippages, and poor planning. Since the relationships of the values of time, resources, and milestones are based upon actual previous contracts, the acceptance of ``normalized curves'' has increased to the point where they are now being used in the preparation of proposals for new contracts.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"EM-9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129658661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Method for Evaluation of Defensive Weapon Delivery Systems","authors":"M. Heembrock","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007646","url":null,"abstract":"A procedure is given for the application of a measure of value of radar and defensive weapon control systems. Value, as distinguished from performance, is defined herein as the sum of the weighted integrals of a system's cumulative probability of detection, per unit cost, with respect to detection range over an appropriate interval. The problem boundaries are established as the minimum required detection range and the maximum usable detection range, subject to a restriction on the minimum performance acceptable. An orderly array of such parameters as aspect angle, closing rate, target size, and scan limits is given as a spectrum of conditions of use. The result is a table of the value function which serves to relate what is needed from an electronic system to what is provided by the system. The method is illustraed in a specific example. By permitting a coherent treatment of the entire set of factors which characterize a system and the environment in which it operates, the procedure is a decision-making aid for rejection of systems which give inadequate performance and evaluation of those which are found adequate.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129598297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Applied Business Research","authors":"W. Hahn","doi":"10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IRET-EM.1962.5007643","url":null,"abstract":"An enterprise, financially oriented or otherwise, needs managers and management scientists. Persons with differing skills, attitudes, and incentive reward systems fulfill these two roles respectively. The manager is identified as a single individual and the management scientist as a team. The ``traditional'' approach of identifying the differences in the two classifications is presented. A method of selecting problems is described that appears to be meaningful to both the manager and management scientists and which serves as a basis for research portfolio selection. The usual scheme for allocating research effort between short- and long-range payoffs is analyzed. This single distribution of effort with little real time contribution and little ``way out work'' creates a negative relationship situation, and generates comparatively low payoffs to the enterprise as well as to the managers and management scientists. A second, bi-modal scheme is outlined involving real time help to operating managers by management scientists, a significant ``way out'' contribution, and an area of cooperative work. This scheme seems to generate a positive atmosphere of mutual respect, interdependence, and cooperative action. This approach takes the same personal and professional differences as the first approach, but uses them to their mutual advantage rather than as points of conflict. An attempt is made to suggest a general hypothesis for cooperative team business research wherein the line manager is a participating member of the research group.","PeriodicalId":382847,"journal":{"name":"IRE Transactions on Engineering Management","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1962-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124514488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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