The Auk最新文献

{"title":"2023 AOS Elliott Coues Award to Gregory F. Ball and Jacques Balthazart","authors":"Marty Leonard, Mark E. Hauber, H. James, Tony D. Williams, Karen Wiebe","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad040","url":null,"abstract":"1Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 2Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA 3Division of Birds, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA 4Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada 5Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Corresponding author: mleonard@dal.ca","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130393909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2023 AOS Florence Merriam Bailey Award to Allison E. Huysman","authors":"S. Oyler‐McCance, Brooke Bateman, Nathan W Cooper, K. Fraser, E. MacDougall-Shackleton, C. Guglielmo, J. M. Cardoso da Silva, A. Tossas, Casey Youngflesh","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad043","url":null,"abstract":"1U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA 2National Audubon Society, Madison, Wisconsin, USA 3Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA 4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 5Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada 6University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada 7Department of Geography, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA 8Urb Los Versalles, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, USA 9Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Corresponding author: soyler@usgs.gov","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116543018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Walter J. Bock, 1933–2022","authors":"D. Homberger","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124453081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Bird Name Book: A History of English Bird Names","authors":"K. Arnold","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125550217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive roles as likely drivers of sexual dimorphism in New Zealand's endangered mountain parrot, the Kea","authors":"Lydia R. W. McLean, T. Horton, B. Robertson, F. Robertson, Amanda L. Greer, Ximena J. Nelson","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad038","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT New Zealand's endangered mountain parrot, the Kea (Nestor notabilis), exhibits moderate male-biased sexual size dimorphism in linear body measurements (∼5%) and a pronounced dimorphism in bill size (12–14%). Using stable isotope analyses of carbon and nitrogen in Kea feathers and blood sampled from a significant portion (∼10%) of the extant population, we determined that Kea bill dimorphism may be an ecologically selected trait that enhances male Kea's ability to forage at a higher trophic level in order to provision females and offspring during nesting. Sexual dimorphism can arise through sexual selection, ecological drivers, or a combination of both. Ecological selection is associated with foraging niche divergence between the sexes to reduce inter-sexual competition or due to differing dietary needs associated with reproductive role. Despite the widespread occurrence of sexual dimorphism throughout the animal kingdom, empirical evidence for ecological causation is rare. We conducted the first molecular confirmation of sexual size dimorphism in Kea. We then employed Bayesian mixing models to explore potential correlations between diet and bill size to determine whether the dimorphism is linked to diet partitioning throughout all age classes (fledgling, juvenile, subadult, and adult). Female Kea foraged at a consistent, relatively low, trophic level throughout their lifetime, whereas male trophic level increased with age to a maximum at subadult stage, prior to breeding for the first time—a time in which males may have been actively learning extractive foraging techniques associated with a high protein diet. Adult males foraged at a high trophic level relative to all groups except subadult males. As males provision females on the nest, which in turn provision young, these results highlight that the evolution of morphology and reproductive output may be linked in circuitous ways. LAY SUMMARY Males and females of a species commonly differ in size and shape. This may be due to selection for features that enhance reproductive success through their role in courtship and mating. Sexual dimorphism can also result from differing ecological needs enhancing survivability per se, such as reducing food competition between the sexes, or due to differing reproductive roles. Male and female Kea parrots differ in bill and body size. The cause of bill size difference may be linked to dietary differences. We compared stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in Kea feathers and blood to potential food sources to determine Kea diet. Adult male Kea eat more animal matter than females and younger males. The male's larger bill may facilitate extracting high protein (animal) food sources needed for nest provisioning during the reproductive season, leading to selection for a larger bill size. RESUMEN Nestor notabilis, el loro de montaña en peligro de extinción de Nueva Zelanda, muestra un moderado dimorfismo sexual con un sesgo hacia los machos en las medidas lin","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124461262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similar parasite communities but dissimilar infection patterns in two closely related chickadee species","authors":"Angela N. Theodosopoulos, Kathryn C. Grabenstein, Mia E Larrieu, Vanessa Arnold, S. Taylor","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad033","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hemosporidian parasite communities are broadly similar in Boulder County, Colorado, between two common songbirds––the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) and Mountain Chickadee (Poecile gambeli). However, Mountain Chickadees appear more likely to be infected with Plasmodium and potentially experience higher infection burdens with Leucocytozoon in contrast to Black-capped Chickadees. We found that elevation change (and associated ecology) drives the distributions of these parasite genera. For Boulder County chickadees, environmental factors play a more important role in structuring hemosporidian communities than host evolutionary differences. However, evolutionary differences are likely key to shaping the probability of infection, infection burden, and whether an infection remains detectable over time. We found that for recaptured birds, their infection status (i.e. presence or absence of detectable parasite infection) tends to remain consistent across capture periods. We sampled 235 chickadees between 2017 and 2021 across a ∼1,500-m elevation gradient from low elevation (i.e. the city of Boulder) to comparatively high elevation (i.e. the CU Boulder Mountain Research Station). It is unknown whether long-term hemosporidian abundance trends have changed over time in our sampling region. However, we ask whether potentially disparate patterns of Plasmodium susceptibility and Leucocytozoon infection burden could be playing a role in the negative population trends of Mountain Chickadees. LAY SUMMARY Hemosporidians are a diverse group of vector-transmitted parasites that infect birds and include the genera Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium (the cause of avian malaria). Whether the diversity of these parasites is shaped more by avian evolutionary history or environment is still unclear. We therefore surveyed two closely related avian species, the Black-capped Chickadee and Mountain Chickadee, for these parasites spanning a gradient of habitats shaped by elevation. We found that parasite communities differed more from elevation change than between Black-capped and Mountain Chickadees. Mountain Chickadees sampled at low elevation were more likely to be infected with Plasmodium parasites than Black-capped Chickadees. Mountain Chickadees also might experience a higher infection burden from Leucocytozoon parasites. Elevation change appears to be a strong driver of parasite community diversity, but chickadee evolutionary history might influence the probability of infection, infection burden, and whether infections remain detectable over time. RESUMEN Las comunidades de parásitos haemosporidianos son muy similares en el Condado de Boulder, Colorado, entre dos aves canoras comunes: Poecile atricapillus y P. gambeli. Sin embargo, los individuos de P. gambeli parecen tener más probabilidades de estar infectados con Plasmodium y potencialmente experimentan cargas de infección más altas con Leucocytozoon en contraste con los individuos de","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121181930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change outpaces adaptive potential via hybridization in nesting female Saltmarsh and Nelson's Sparrows","authors":"Logan M. Maxwell, J. Walsh, Brian J. Olsen, A. Kovach","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad037","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hybridization and introgression can promote adaptive potential and evolutionary resilience in response to increased pressures of climate change; they can also disrupt local adaptation and lead to outbreeding depression. We investigated female fitness consequences of hybridization in two sister species that are endemic to a threatened tidal marsh ecosystem: Saltmarsh (Ammospiza caudacutus) and Nelson's (Ammospiza nelsoni) sparrows. We found increasing nest flooding rates due to rising sea levels are outpacing potential adaptive benefits of hybridization due to very low overall nesting success in both the Nelson's and Saltmarsh sparrows. In the center of the hybrid zone across two years, we determined the success of 201 nests of 104 pure and admixed Saltmarsh and Nelson's Sparrow females, genotyped using a panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from double digest restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. We evaluated 5 metrics of female fitness and modeled nesting success in relation to genotypic, environmental, and nesting characteristics. We found differential fitness among Saltmarsh, Nelson's, and hybrid females, such that birds with predominantly Saltmarsh Sparrow alleles had higher reproductive success than birds with predominantly Nelson's Sparrows alleles, and hybrids were intermediate. Fledging success increased with two known tidal marsh nesting adaptations: nest height and nesting synchrony with tidal cycles. We found a positive relationship between hybrid index and fitness in daily nest survival in 2016, but not in 2017, likely due to differing levels of precipitation and nest flooding between years. The strongest and most consistent predictors of daily nest survival were nesting synchrony with lunar tidal flooding cycles and daily maximum tide height. Fitness patterns suggest that there may be an adaptive benefit of interspecific geneflow for the Nelson's Sparrow at the detriment of the Saltmarsh Sparrow; however, flooding rates are so high in many years they mask any fitness differences between the species, and all females had poor nesting success, regardless of genetic makeup. LAY SUMMARY This study explores female fitness consequences of hybridization between Saltmarsh and Nelson's Sparrows. We evaluated 5 metrics of female fitness, and modeled nesting success in relation to genotype, environment, and nesting characteristics. We found differential fitness among Saltmarsh, Nelson's, and hybrid females, such that birds with more Saltmarsh Sparrow alleles had higher reproductive success than birds with predominantly Nelson's Sparrow alleles, and hybrids had intermediate success. The most consistent predictors of nest survival and fledging success were daily maximum tide height and female nesting adaptations that mitigate the risk of nest flooding. High rates of nest flooding due to rising sea levels may be masking species-specific effects and fitness consequences of hybridization due to very low overall nesti","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134382166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA metabarcoding reveals rangewide variation in aquatic diet of a riparian avian insectivore, the Prothonotary Warbler","authors":"Samantha L Rogers, B. Verrelli, P. Bukaveckas, Elizabeth M. Ames, J. Youtz, T. Boves, Erik I. Johnson, C. Tonra, L. Bulluck","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad031","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Riparian avian insectivores not only depend on terrestrial insect prey but also benefit from the inclusion of aquatic prey during critical life-history periods. Diets identified herein show that Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) nestlings were provisioned with aquatic prey throughout the breeding season across their range, but with variation in prey frequency of occurrence and taxonomy. Anthropogenic activity and climate change may impact the trophic link especially between aquatic and riparian habitats by altering the presence, abundance, and timing of prey availability. Thus, we used DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples to quantify the frequency of occurrence of nestling diet items at 9 sites across their breeding range that differed in expected aquatic prey consumption. We analyzed spatial and temporal differences in the occurrence and multivariate diet assemblages of each prey source. Lepidoptera was the predominant terrestrial prey occurring in diets across space and time, whereas emergent aquatic insects and freshwater mollusks in aquatic diet exhibited greater variation. The frequency of emergent aquatic prey occurrence in nestling diets ranged from 61% to 100% across sites and was greater for early-season nestlings. The seasonal decrease in aquatic prey consumption indicates a potential temporal shift in the nutritional landscape from aquatic to terrestrial prey sources and a possible nutritional phenological mismatch for early nestlings as climate change advances the timing of insect emergence. Our findings also suggest that Prothonotary Warblers respond to environmental variability by consuming alternative prey and argue for future research investigating the extent to which shifting diets have nutritional consequences for riparian nestlings. LAY SUMMARY Prothonotary Warblers rely on wetland habitats, making them well-suited to understanding how consumers of aquatic prey respond to natural variability in prey over space and time and to wetland conditions that are degraded by human activities. By using a DNA approach, we identify a broader range of aquatic and terrestrial diet items consumed by warbler nestlings than has been documented by visual observations. We show that nestlings were regularly fed aquatic prey throughout their breeding range but varied in their aquatic diet composition, possibly due to differences in habitat composition, flooding, and impacts from nearby development and agriculture. We also found that more early-season nestling diets contained emergent aquatic insects such as mayflies, whereas more late-season nestling diets contained mollusks and terrestrial insects, suggesting a shift in diet sources over the breeding season. RESUMEN Las aves insectívoras ribereñas no solo dependen de presas de insectos terrestres, sino que también se benefician de la inclusión de presas acuáticas durante períodos críticos de su historia de vida. Las dietas identificadas aquí muestran que los polluelos de Protonotari","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126962222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local food availability and nonbreeding carry-over effects affect breeding propensity and success of a tundra-nesting predator, the Long-tailed Jaeger","authors":"Y. Seyer, G. Gauthier, J. Bêty, J. Therrien, P. Legagneux, N. Lecomte","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad032","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Reproduction of long-distance migrants can be affected by local conditions on the breeding grounds as well as those encountered during the nonbreeding season through carry-over effects. We show that this is true in Long-tailed Jaegers (Stercorarius longicaudus) because individuals that spent less time flying at sea during winter had a high breeding propensity and a reduced pre-laying interval, but breeding propensity and nesting success were also positively associated with food abundance at the breeding site. This seabird switches from a marine to a terrestrial lifestyle to breed in summer in the Arctic, where it primarily feeds on lemmings. We monitored jaeger reproduction and lemming densities on Bylot Island in the Canadian Arctic for 16 years, and we used geolocator to study annual movements. We assessed whether movement parameters (travel distance, migration duration, phenology, and number of flying bouts inferred by saltwater immersions) during the nonbreeding season affected the breeding propensity, phenology, and success of individuals. We also examined whether cyclic lemming fluctuations influenced Long-tailed Jaeger reproduction and whether nesting success affected the phenology of their outbound migration. We found that increased time spent flying during winter and early arrival at the breeding site reduced breeding propensity. Moreover, spending less time flying during winter shortened the pre-laying period, and advancing laying date increased nesting success. Birds may thus face a trade-off to minimize the relative costs associated with arriving too early and breeding too late. Local food availability had a strong effect on reproduction because breeding propensity and nesting success increased sharply with lemming abundance. Failed breeders advanced their outbound migration by 10 days on average compared to successful ones, but migration duration was similar. Therefore, the unpredictability of the highly seasonal Arctic environment, especially fluctuating food abundance, appears to be a strong driver of reproduction that can modulate the strength of carry-over effects. LAY SUMMARY Reproduction of migratory birds may be affected by both environmental conditions encountered at the breeding and wintering sites or during migration. We studied this question in Long-tailed Jaegers, a seabird that nests in the Arctic, where they feed on lemmings in summer, a prey that shows high-amplitude fluctuations in abundance. We tracked individual jaegers year-round to assess whether movement parameters during the nonbreeding season and lemming abundance in the Arctic affected their reproduction. We found that individuals that spent less time flying at sea during winter had a higher chance to breed and that high lemming abundance at the breeding site also increased both the chance of breeding and nesting success. We conclude that conditions encountered in distant ecosystems in winter can also affect the reproduction of migratory birds breedin","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124876803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevational differences in migration phenology of Lazuli Buntings do not support selection-based hypotheses for protandry","authors":"Kim Savides, Clark S. Rushing","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad030","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Documenting and understanding sex-specific variation in migratory phenology is important for predicting avian population dynamics. In spring, males often arrive on the breeding grounds before females (protandry), though whether these patterns result from fitness benefits vs. sex-specific constraints on arrival timing remains poorly understood. Sex-specific variation in the timing of fall migration is less well-documented than in spring, in part because documenting fall departures is often limited by cryptic behaviors, lower vocalization rates, and shifting territory boundaries during this time of year. We used 2 years of high-resolution encounter data from radio-frequency identification (RFID)-equipped bird feeders to monitor the daily presence of male and female Lazuli Buntings (Passerina amoena) throughout the breeding season at a high and a low-elevation site in Cache County, Utah, USA. These encounter data were used to estimate daily arrival and departure probabilities and to investigate possible differences in migration timing in relation to sex and elevation. At low elevation, male arrival (n = 15) preceded female arrival (n = 16) by ∼1 week, consistent with previous research that has documented protandry in other migratory songbirds. At high elevation, however, no significant differences were found between male (n = 19) and female arrival (n = 6). In fall, we found little difference in departure dates between elevation or sex, or between years. Our observations are most consistent with constraint-based hypotheses explaining protandry, possibly relating to sex-specific constraints operating during the nonbreeding period. We additionally emphasize the need for quantifying uncertainty in phenological estimates and importance of addressing potential differences across demographic groups. LAY SUMMARY Documenting arrivals and departures of migratory birds to and from the breeding grounds is important for understanding whether and how individuals time these events to coincide with conditions that maximize survival and reproduction. But measuring arrivals and departure dates is challenging because birds may be difficult to detect during these periods. We used bird feeders that automatically record visits by individual marked birds to model arrival and departure dates of male and female Lazuli Buntings at low and high-elevation breeding sites in northern Utah, USA. We found evidence that males arrive in spring before females (protandry) at low-elevation breeding sites, but at high-elevation sites the timing of male and female arrivals did not differ. We found no difference in fall departure timing between the sexes or elevations. Male birds are typically thought to arrive before females to acquire better breeding locations and engage in more breeding opportunities. But in the similarity between male and female arrival times at high elevations suggest that protandry might be more related to constraints on the timing of female arrival, rathe","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122397238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}