Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management最新文献

{"title":"The impact of osteoporosis on the natural course and pathological evolution of intervertebral disc degeneration","authors":"Binbin Tang ,&nbsp;Yifeng Yuan ,&nbsp;Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaolin Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102211","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Osteoporosis (OP) and intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) are prevalent age-related conditions. As the global population ages, the incidence of both OP and IVDD continues to rise. Currently, whether OP influences the natural progression and pathological evolution of IVDD remains incompletely defined. We therefore reviewed epidemiological associations, pathophysiological mechanisms, imaging and histopathological evidence, clinical implications, risk predictors, and intervention strategies to elucidate the intrinsic relationship between OP and IVDD. Our analysis indicates that OP may exacerbate the natural course of disc degeneration and worsen pathological outcomes, potentially mediated by endplate cartilage malnutrition and inflammatory cascades within the disc. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly characterized, lacking clearly defined signaling pathways and biomarkers. While certain anti-osteoporotic agents demonstrate potential to mitigate disc degeneration, high-quality clinical evidence supporting their efficacy remains limited.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147420717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preoperative Embolization vs. Direct Surgery in Skull Base Meningiomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression","authors":"Plamen Penchev ,&nbsp;Eduardo Alonso ,&nbsp;Pablo Vega-Medina ,&nbsp;Danna Espinoza ,&nbsp;Daniela Milanova-Ilieva ,&nbsp;Monyse Falcao ,&nbsp;Raphael Wuo-Silva ,&nbsp;Feres Chaddad-Neto ,&nbsp;Cristian Mendieta ,&nbsp;Cristian Palomino ,&nbsp;Francisco Palma-Garcia ,&nbsp;Petar-Preslav Petrov ,&nbsp;Pavel Stanchev ,&nbsp;Nikolai Ramadanov","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102194","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Skull base meningiomas present unique surgical challenges due to proximity to critical neurovascular structures, leading to prolonged operative time, significant blood loss, and high complication risks. Preoperative embolization (POE) is used to reduce tumor vascularity and potentially decrease blood loss and operative time. However, existing studies are limited by small samples and a general focus, particularly lacking robust evidence for skull base lesions. We aimed to perform a systematic review and <em>meta</em>-analysis of the efficacy of POE versus direct surgery in skull base meningiomas.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search from inception up to 30 July 2025 (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central) identified studies comparing POE to direct surgery for skull base meningiomas. Outcomes included intraoperative blood loss, operative time, hemoglobin, complications, and transfusion rates. Statistical analysis used a frequentist random-effects model (Risk Ratios [RR], Mean Differences [MD]), with heterogeneity assessed via I² and the Cochrane Q test.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-one studies (n = 896; mean age 54, 65.5% females), including 349 POE patients (39%), were analyzed. Pooled analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between POE and direct surgery for intraoperative blood loss (MD −67.26; 95% CI [-265.28; 130.76]; p = 0.51; I² = 98.4%), operative time (MD −0.30; 95% CI [-1.03; 0.42]; p = 0.42; I² = 87.8%), hemoglobin levels (MD 0.21; 95% CI [-0.54; 0.96]; p = 0.58; I² = 70%), blood transfusion rate (RR 0.89; 95% CI [0.65; 1.23]; p = 0.446; I² = 21%), or complication prevalence (RR 1.12; 95% CI [0.67; 1.87]; p = 0.637; I² = 25.7%). Subgroup analyses (Simpson grade, extent of resection) and <em>meta</em>-regression showed no significant effect modifiers.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>POE of skull base meningiomas did not significantly improve perioperative outcomes compared with direct surgery. Routine use may offer limited clinical benefit. Selective use may be warranted in giant or highly vascular tumors, but further high-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Supraorbital Craniotomy for Spontaneous Retrobulbar Hematoma: Case Report and Literature Review","authors":"Ryan M. Glynn ,&nbsp;Vidhatri Raturi ,&nbsp;Joseph D. Lockwood ,&nbsp;Johnny B. Delashaw","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102201","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102201","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spontaneous intraorbital hematoma is a rare ophthalmologic emergency most commonly associated with vascular malformations, history of ocular surgery, or coagulopathy. Timely evaluation for increased intraocular pressure and vision loss is paramount with emergent lateral canthotomy and cantholysis common in initial treatment. We discuss a case of spontaneous intraorbital retrobulbar hematoma without underlying etiology to which a supraorbital craniotomy was performed for diagnosis and orbital decompression. This case underscores the importance of early multidisciplinary assessment and highlights supraorbital craniotomy as a safe and effective option when standard interventions are deferred, expanding treatment strategies for spontaneous orbital hemorrhage in atypical cases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Internal jugular vein decompression for refractory pulsatile tinnitus with coexisting tinnitus cerebri: A case report and literature review","authors":"Xupeng Peng ,&nbsp;Shuaibin Lu ,&nbsp;Haiyang Ma ,&nbsp;Sheng Xu ,&nbsp;Junmeng Xu ,&nbsp;Meng Lv ,&nbsp;Yuchuan Ding ,&nbsp;Xunming Ji ,&nbsp;Guangtong Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhiqiang Hu ,&nbsp;Weicheng Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Sigmoid sinus wall anomalies (SSWA) are a recognized cause of pulsatile tinnitus (PT). While sigmoid sinus wall reconstruction (SSWR) is often effective, treatment failure can occur. This report describes a case of refractory PT with coexisting tinnitus cerebri (TC) successfully treated with internal jugular vein (IJV) decompression after unsuccessful SSWR.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A 35-year-old woman presented with an 8-year history of right-sided PT synchronous with heartbeat and persistent tinnitus cerebri (TC). Imaging revealed right SSWA and J3-segment IJV stenosis due to compression by the right transverse process of the atlas (C1). After sigmoid sinus wall reconstruction, there was no significant improvement in PT and TC. Subsequent IJV decompression (C1 transverse process removal and soft tissue release) resulted in complete resolution of PT and significant improvement of TC. Postoperative ultrasound and CTV confirmed increased IJV diameter and flow.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This case highlights IJVS as a potential contributor to refractory PT in patients with SSWA. Comprehensive venous evaluation, including assessment of IJV patency, is crucial when SSWR fails. The differential response of PT and TC to IJV decompression suggests distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, warranting further investigation. IJV decompression represents a viable therapeutic option in such scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sellar atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor in an adult mimicking a pituitary macroadenoma: an illustrative case and literature review","authors":"Julien Adam ,&nbsp;Roméo Bujiriri Murhega ,&nbsp;Gael Noumi Djoumessi ,&nbsp;Vincent Lethongsavarn ,&nbsp;Laurent Do","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Background:</strong> Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) are rare, aggressive tumors of the central nervous system. In the sellar region, they can clinically and radiologically mimic pituitary macroadenomas, which may delay accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. <strong>Case Description:</strong> A 42-year-old woman presented with visual disturbances and hyperprolactinemia. Brain MRI revealed a sellar mass compressing the optic chiasm, initially suggestive of a pituitary macroadenoma. Within days, she developed cranial nerve palsies and signs of brainstem compression. Repeat imaging showed intratumoral necrosis, hemorrhage, and rapid tumor enlargement. She underwent urgent endonasal transsphenoidal resection. Postoperatively, MRI revealed aggressive tumor regrowth with worsening brainstem compression. Histopathological analysis confirmed an ATRT based on rhabdoid morphology, high mitotic index, and SMARCB1 (INI1) loss. The patient died before any adjuvant therapy could be initiated. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Sellar ATRTs should be considered in rapidly progressing or radiologically atypical sellar lesions. Early biopsy and prompt multidisciplinary management are crucial, although the prognosis remains poor in aggressive presentations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of related risk factors, treatment and prognosis of venous sinus thrombosis after surgery for cerebellopontine angle tumors","authors":"Yifan Zhou ,&nbsp;Qiang Ma ,&nbsp;Tianyu Shao,&nbsp;Guanghui Zhang,&nbsp;Guojun Su,&nbsp;Bin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Analyze independent risk factors for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) following surgery for tumors in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) region, construct and validate predictive models, and explore the prognosis of postoperative CVST alongside the application and risks of anticoagulant therapy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective study enrolled 288 patients who underwent regional tumor surgery for CPA tumors and grouped them based on postoperative CVST occurrence. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses identified independent risk factors, and their individual and combined predictive values were assessed using ROC curves. A predictive model was further constructed and validated. Finally, the study analyzed prognostic differences between the anticoagulation therapy group and the conservative treatment group among CVST patients.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Long-term smoking history, sinus compression or infiltration, elevated D-dimer levels, low HALP levels, direct sinus injury during surgery, and postoperative intracranial infection are independent risk factors for postoperative CVST. There was no difference in discharge outcomes between the anticoagulation group and the conservative management group (P &gt; 0.05), and therapeutic anticoagulation was associated with a higher incidence of intracranial hemorrhage.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Factors associated with postoperative CVST in CPA tumors include a history of long-term smoking, tumor-associated sinus compression or infiltration, elevated D-dimer levels, low HALP scores, direct sinus injury during surgery, and postoperative intracranial infection.For patients with clinically diagnosed postoperative CVST, careful consideration is required when initiating anticoagulant therapy due to the potential increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tophaceous gout masquerading as lumbar disc herniation: Case report","authors":"Tshiunza Mpoyi Chérubin ,&nbsp;Ntalaja Jeff Mukengeshay ,&nbsp;Mirenge Goert ,&nbsp;Metre Guelord ,&nbsp;Gervith Reyes Soto ,&nbsp;Ramiro Lopez Elizalde ,&nbsp;Egemen Gok ,&nbsp;Kivanc Yangi ,&nbsp;Manuel de Jesus Encarnacion Ramirez ,&nbsp;Ismail Bozkurt","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Spinal gout is a rare condition that frequently mimics common spinal disorders such as lumbar disc herniation, leading to diagnostic challenges and misdiagnosis. We report a case of spinal gout presenting as lumbar radiculopathy, ultimately confirmed through histopathological analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Case</h3><div>A 66-year-old man with a known history of gout and hypertension came to the hospital with a right L5 radiculopathy and right ankle dorsiflexion weakness graded as 3/5. Magnetic resonance imaging suggested a right paracentral disc herniation with nerve root compression. The patient underwent surgical decompression and spinal stabilization, during which abnormal tissue was excised and submitted for pathological examination.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of gouty tophus. Following surgery, the patient experienced rapid symptomatic relief. His motor strength improved significantly to 5/5 at the two-week follow-up, and he regained full independent mobility without recurrence.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Clinicians should consider spinal gout in the differential diagnosis of lumbar radiculopathy, particularly in patients with a history of gout, as histopathological confirmation is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a low-cost chicken wing model for STA–MCA bypass simulation in neurosurgical training: a technical note","authors":"Bob Irfan Syahputra ,&nbsp;Achmad Adam ,&nbsp;Bilzardy Ferry Zulkifli ,&nbsp;Hasan Baraqbah ,&nbsp;Helza Efriani ,&nbsp;Dhany Febriantara","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2025.102169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Microsurgical bypass procedures such as the superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery (STA–MCA) bypass are complex and require refined microsurgical skills. However, hands-on training opportunities are often limited, particularly in low-resource settings.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This technical note describes the development and validation of a low-cost, anatomically realistic chicken wing model designed to simulate STA–MCA bypass for neurosurgical training.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Chicken wings were dissected to expose arterial segments mimicking donor and recipient vessels. The model was mounted on a stable platform and used under an operating microscope to practice end-to-side anastomosis using 10-0 nylon sutures. Six neurosurgical residents of different training levels (junior to senior) performed the simulation, and quantitative parameters including completion time, perceived difficulty, and anastomosis patency were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The model allowed realistic simulation of vessel dissection, preparation, and microvascular suturing. The average cost was less than USD 2 per unit, and each specimen could be reused multiple times. Completion time decreased with higher training levels, and the overall patency rate was 83%, confirming the model’s educational value and reproducibility. The model provided superior tactile feedback and anatomical realism compared to conventional silastic tube simulators.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The chicken wing model is a practical, ethical, and cost-effective alternative for microsurgical bypass training. It provides a realistic and accessible platform for developing microvascular skills, especially in centers without access to cadaveric or live models. Ethical approval was not required as the chicken wings were obtained from commercially available food sources without animal sacrifice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145939391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gadolinium as an alternative contrast medium in endovascular embolization of a dural arteriovenous fistula patient with severe iodine allergy","authors":"Ting Pan,&nbsp;Liang Ge,&nbsp;Qiang Xu,&nbsp;Gang Lu,&nbsp;Hailin Wan,&nbsp;Yeqing Jiang,&nbsp;Xi Chen,&nbsp;Xiaolong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gadolinium-based contrast agents can be alternative for patients with contraindications to iodinated contrast media. However, intra-arterial gadolinium-based contrast agent administration for angiography presents technical challenges due to dosage restrictions and suboptimal image quality, particularly in complex cerebrovascular interventions. In this context, we report the successful embolization of a complex dural arteriovenous fistula using gadolinium-based contrast agents, achieved through optimized DSA imaging parameters and strategic contrast dilution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4th ventricular entrapment as a surgical entity: Case report with review of the literature discussing different treatment modalities","authors":"Ali Amine ,&nbsp;Sarah Kawtharani ,&nbsp;Mohamad El Housheimy ,&nbsp;Wael Shouman ,&nbsp;Firas Rammal ,&nbsp;Joelle Hassanieh","doi":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.inat.2026.102198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Entrapped fourth ventricle (EFV) is a rare entity that has been reported previously as double compartment hydrocephalus, isolated fourth ventricle, encysted fourth ventricle, and trapped fourth ventricle. EFV typically arises as an adverse effect of brain hemorrhages, infections, or inflammation. The mainstay definitive treatment for EFV is surgery.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We present the case of a 23-year-old female patient with hydrocephalus secondary to meningitis, for which a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt was placed. The patient had previously undergone 11 VP shunt revisions for recurrent catheter occlusions, after which she developed EFV and subsequently underwent surgery. This procedure was complicated by catheter misplacement. At our institute, imaging demonstrated persistent EFV with a catheter misplaced into the brain parenchyma. We describe our treatment approach supported by a literature review. The review was a narrative, non-systematic review conducted across PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and ScienceDirect up to October 1, 2024. Keywords included “aqueductal stenosis,” “double compartment hydrocephalus,” “isolated fourth ventricle,” “trapped fourth ventricle,” “fourth ventricular entrapment,” “encysted fourth ventricle,” “ventriculoperitoneal shunt,” “ventriculopleural shunt,” “neuroendoscopic surgery,” “endoscopic aqueductal stenting,” “endoscopic aqueductoplasty,” “endoscopic interventriculostomy,” and “foramen magnum decompression.” Literature was searched to identify reported EFV cases and surgical treatment modalities. Articles were selected based on relevance, and reference lists were reviewed for additional studies. Only English-language articles were included. No formal inclusion or exclusion criteria, predefined search strategy, or PRISMA methodology were applied, as the review aimed to provide a descriptive overview of reported management strategies rather than a systematic synthesis. Treatment modalities were summarized based on the reviewed literature.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Treatment of EFV remains elusive. Surgery remains the definitive management, with a variety of surgical techniques. It is crucial to maintain close follow-up for patients, and to have tight selection criteria for whether patients should be referred to surgery or not, based on their clinical presentation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38138,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery: Advanced Techniques and Case Management","volume":"43 ","pages":"Article 102198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}