Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica最新文献

{"title":"Skołoszów 16 – A Spatial Arrangement of the Eneolithic Settlement of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Rzeszów Foothills (South-Eastern Poland) in the Light of Previous Excavations and Geophysical Survey","authors":"D. Król, J. Niebieszczański","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, numerous sites of the Eneolithic Funnel Beaker culture (FBC) have been identified in the Rzeszów Foothills (south-eastern Poland). Among them, a large settlement in Skołoszów 16 seems to be particularly significant due to its internal characteristics. In order to determine its extent, spatial arrangement and chronology, an interdisciplinary investigation (including excavations and a noninvasive geophysical survey) was carried out in 2017–2018. As a consequence of two seasons of field work campaigns, we have recognized numerous morphologically diverse features (mainly pits) and the settlement (cultural) layer. Excavations documented the intense usage of the settlement’s space which encouraged carrying out a geophysical survey over the wider area of the site. The magnetic anomaly distribution reflects many presumable anthropogenic features. Several particular concentrations of features visible on the magnetometry image seem to be related with the FBC, thus delimiting the spatial extent of the site. Based on the geophysical picture, it was possible to estimate that the site measured at least 65×40 m, while the excavations conducted revealed that the settlement was comprised of numerous pits and one settlement layer. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 121–128 Dariusz Król, Jakub Niebieszczański: Skołoszów 16 – A Spatial Arrangement of the Eneolithic Settlement of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Rzeszów Foothills (South-Eastern Poland) in the Light of Previous Excavations and Geophysical Survey 122 2. Location of settlement The settlement in Skołoszów 16 is located in the northeastern region of the Rzeszów Foothills (Figure 1) on a loess zone in the south-eastern part of the Sandomierz Basin (Kondracki, 1988). It is situated on a slightly flattened small hill, on the right bank of the valley of the Łęg Rokietnicki River, about 380 m away from its present-day riverbed and Figure 1. Distribution of the FBC in the Rzeszów Foothills. a – Skołoszów 16 settlement; b – others sites in the studied area; c – others sites in the neighbouring areas. 0 5 km Figure 2. Skołoszów 16, Subcarpathian voivodeship. A 3D model of the settlement location. Red spot – settlement; blue spots – non-outflowing ponds. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 121–128 Dariusz Król, Jakub Niebieszczański: Skołoszów 16 – A Spatial Arrangement of the Eneolithic Settlement of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Rzeszów Foothills (South-Eastern Poland) in the Light of Previous Excavations and Geophysical Survey 123 approx. 13 m above its bottom. In its nearest surroundings, there are also two non-outflowing ponds (Figure 2). This topographic-hydrological configuration of the environment is typical of this part of the Rzeszów Foothills. These conditions favoured the development of the FBC settlement network in south-eastern Poland (cf. Kruk, 1973; 1980; Kruk et al., 1996). Within a radius of 5 km from the site, up to 30 functionally diverse FBC sites, including one cemetery with two non-megalithic long barrow","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78534771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results and the Socio-Cultural Implications","authors":"D. Riebe","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Significant archaeological research has been conducted on chipped stone tools recovered from prehistoric sites throughout Eastern Europe and the Balkans. The limited number of obsidian geological sources in the region, combined with the relatively homogeneous nature of obsidian and the increased use of new techniques for conducting compositional analysis in the field, has facilitated an accurate sourcing of obsidian artefacts from sites in the region. This article presents the compositional results of 203 obsidian artefacts recovered from seven Late Neolithic (5,000–4,500 BCE) sites from the Great Hungarian Plain. Compositional results of the archaeological specimens obtained with a Bruker portable X-ray fluorescence device (p-XRF) were compared with obsidian geological compositional data to determine artefact provenance. By sourcing the obsidian chipped stone tools, it is possible to reconstruct prehistoric patterns of exploitation/exchange and to note how these patterns vary throughout the Plain. The results illustrate that the majority of the studied artefacts originated from the Carpathian 1 source and only a limited number of samples came from the Carpathian 2E and Carpathian 2T sources. Based on this preliminary study, the variation in geological source exploitation may be linked to socio-cultural practices that differentiated the Tisza and Herpály archaeological units during the Late Neolithic. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● Online First Danielle J. Riebe: Sourcing Obsidian from Late Neolithic Sites on the Great Hungarian Plain: Preliminary p-XRF Compositional Results and the Socio-Cultural Implications Online First Nandris, 1977; Williams Thorpe, 1978; Williams Thorpe et al., 1984). Four major sources are known in the region: Carpathian 1, Carpathian 2E, Carpathian 2T, and Carpathian 3 (Figure 1). While technology has significantly improved making it possible to inexpensively carry out compositional analysis in the field, p-XRF analysis of obsidian from prehistoric sites in Hungary has not been published previously. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is two-fold: firstly, to identify if different patterns of obsidian exploitation occurred during the Late Neolithic on the Great Hungarian Plain and if so, what social implications can be discerned from the variability. Secondly, while site-specific studies are essential, it is necessary to contextualize the sites and their assemblages within a regional framework. Through p-XRF analysis of obsidian, it is possible to use the analytical results to begin reconstructing regional systems of interaction and model socio-cultural developments in the past. As part of an ongoing research project that is investigating the extent to which regional interactions impacts socio-cultural boundaries in the past, obsidian specimens from seven Late Neolithic sites located on the Great Hungarian Plain were selected for p-XRF compositional analysis. The following results are preliminary in scope but illustrate the success ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75044566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Department for Bioarchaeology at the Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW)","authors":"Andreas G Heiss, A. Galik, M. Gamble, Magdalena Srienc, S. Ladstätter","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Bioarchaeological research in Austria has largely been characterised by the lack of institutionalisation for nearly a century. In contrast to the long tradition of biological anthropology research facilities, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological positions only became established in a period from the 1970s till the early 1990s. Forming a cornerstone of the Austrian Archaeological Institute’s integration process into the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the establishment of ÖAI’s Department for Bioarchaeology in 2016 marks the first time in 40 years that such a bioarchaeological research unit has been successfully established as new. The department unites researchers in archaeobotany, archaeozoology and biological anthropology under the same roof, and is embedded into the research infrastructure of the country’s largest non-university research institution. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 167–175 Andreas G. Heiss, Alfred Galik, Michelle Gamble, Magdalena Srienc, Sabine Ladstätter: The Department for Bioarchaeology at the Austrian Archaeological Institute (ÖAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) 168 disciplinary and methodological borders. Aside from the positive effects on communication and cooperation between the Department for Bioarchaeology and all historical-cultural units of the institute, synergies with the Department for Restoration and Conservation have proven to be extremely beneficial, due to the exchange of ideas, the possibility of supporting bioarchaeological work and archiving with the latest material knowledge, and the general optimization of workflows. This fact ensures a high degree of efficiency in the development and implementation of bioarchaeological and prehistorical and historical research aspects and strategies. Cross-disciplinary collaborations within the institute have led to rather unexpected and extremely useful outcomes, one of them being the generation of photogrammetric models of charred organic food remains (Heiss et al., 2019b; 2019c). The Department for Bioarchaeology encompasses three Research Groups (RG): RG Anthropology and Necropoleis, RG Archaeozoology, and RG Archaeobotany. In contrast to other institutions, the department is decidedly not intended as a mere biosciences service centre (or “Core Facility” as termed in Austrian academia). Quite the contrary, aside from the close integration into the ÖAI’s excavations with a focus on classical archaeology, the department’s three research groups have their own distinct diachronic and interdisciplinary research agendas. While there is more information on the ÖAI website regarding the research groups (see below for links), we will present some of the research underway at the Department for Bioarchaeology by geographical area. 3. Geographical areas of research 3.1 Central Europe A major highlight is the role of the ÖAI in the joint efforts to reinstate the Austrian research of prehistoric lakeshore settlements (UNESCO World Heritage “Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps”), ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85963823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Development in Archaeological Remote Sensing: A Central European Experience and Evaluation","authors":"M. Gojda, Poland Warszawa","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"This article offers thoughts on how current trends are changing the traditional objective of aerial prospection – prehistoric and ancient sites detection and the photographic record – into a more complex aim, namely, the integration of a variety of modern digitally-based, remote-sensing techniques applicable to archaeology into a process that focuses on the study of diachronic developments and synchronic patterns of past settlements. The author presents an evaluation of the current position of remote sensing in the study of the past, mainly from a central European (Czech) perspective, based on his long-term involvement in air survey and landscape archaeology in the Czech Republic. IANSA 2019 ● X/2 ● 155–164 Martin Gojda: Current Development in Archaeological Remote Sensing: A Central European Experience and Evaluation 156 generally allows us to reflect on its complexity. This is true at least when looking at such an intricate component of the world like the Earth’s surface. Its infinitely long evolution has been continually influenced by natural (geologic, climatic, biological) processes, and which human impact has then transformed from what used to be entirely natural into a cultural landscape. These processes have shaped the surface of the Earth and continuously transformed its seemingly stable and unchanging character. The role of archaeology in contemporary Europe has shifted from the more traditional stress on investigation through the excavation of individual sites potentially rich in artefacts/structures/features towards the identification, documentation, mapping and protection of archaeological landscapes for both research objectives and public interest. This orientation corresponds well to the “landscape stream”, one of the most fascinating phenomena, that has attracted recent populations, at least on a European scale. Several works summarising the academic approaches to landscape, and defining the principles of landscape archaeology, have been published since the beginning of this century (e.g., Doneus, 2013, pp.29–38; Fairclough, Møller, eds., 2008; Gojda, 2007; Darvill, Gojda, eds., 2001). This archaeological practice has been more common in Western European countries, but thanks to the increasing number of pan-European projects operating in EU schemes, and due to a certain number of large-scale, state-funded, national research projects in some post-communist countries, it has recently been spreading over this part of Europe as well. Consequently it is non-invasive methods of archaeological research which, since the turn of the 21st century, have taken over the main role in theoretically-motivated (research) projects based on data collected from sites that are not endangered by development. This was explicitly proclaimed as a postulate in the early 1990s when the priority of non-invasive methods was stressed as a point of archaeological ethics at the Valetta Convention for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage of Europe. Never","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75813632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charred Organic Material, Heated by Anthropogenic Fires and Hot Volcanic Products from the Minoan Eruption, Excavated from the Bronze Age Site of Akrotiri on the Cycladic Island of Thera (Greece)","authors":"F. Braadbaart, A. Sarpaki, H. Veld, B. Os, Tsikalarion Rd. Tsikalaria Souda Crete Greece Independent scholar, Daltonlaan Bk Utrecht Netherlands Deltares, Smallepad Mg Amersfoort Netherlands Archaeology","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88938668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioarchaeology of Past Epidemic- and Famine-Related Mass Burials with Respect to Recent Findings from the Czech Republic","authors":"H. Brzobohatá, J. Frolík, Eliška Zazvonilová","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Irrespective of the reason for breaking usual burial customs, mass graves represent a valuable archive of population data over a short period, and thus offer a vast amount of information for bioarchaeological research. Herein, we present a selective review of research on past epidemic and famine die-offs and of new interdisciplinary approaches in this field of study. We summarize the discoveries of epidemicand famine-related graves that are temporally and spatially restricted to the medieval/early modern Czech territory, paying special attention to recently unearthed mass burials in Kutná Hora-Sedlec. These burial pits are historically and contextually associated with a famine in the early 14th century and with the Black Death in the mid-14th century. To our knowledge, they represent the largest set of medieval mass graves not only in the Czech Republic but also on a European scale. IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 79–87 Hana Brzobohatá, Jan Frolík, Eliška Zazvonilová: Bioarchaeology of Past Epidemicand Famine-Related Mass Burials with Respect to Recent Findings from the Czech Republic 80 samples have shown an increased mortality in non-adults (Geber, 2014), and chronologically younger datasets indicate increased mortality at both extremes of the age spectrum, i.e. children and in elderly persons (Morgan, 2013). As for the epidemic mortality, the most lethal killer – plague – was not selective for sex and male/female ratios of plague burial grounds did not significantly differ from preand post-epidemic cemeteries (Signoli et al., 2002; De Witte, 2009). Less frequently, excess female mortality was documented in both urban and rural contexts (Curtis, Roosen, 2017). Another of the factors explored and potentially impacting plague mortality profiles was ageat-death, and DeWitte (2010a) has shown that older adults showed somewhat higher risks of dying during the epidemic compared to the younger. In general, two different types of mortality can be found in skeletal assemblages: catastrophic and attritional (Margerison, Knüsel, 2002). A high percentage of infant deaths, a low number of adolescent deaths, and an increasing mortality rate throughout adulthood would be consistent with attritional (normal) mortality, while an increased risk of death occurring in all age categories reflects a short-term catastrophe (Gowland, Chamberlain, 2005). If the population was affected by an epidemic, deceased individuals were often buried in mass graves because there was not the time, nor space to bury them individually. If the epidemic killed people indiscriminately regardless of age and sex, then the mass graves would represent an unbiased sample of the population. However, the results of different studies (e.g. DeWitte, 2010b; Galanaud et al., 2015; Crespo, Lawrenz, 2016) have shown that this is not the case, but rather, that susceptibility to death varies during sudden events such as epidemics, which have been referred to as heterogeneity in frailty (Wood et al., 1992). Recent ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76042918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interdisciplinary Research at the Department of Archaeology, Philosophical Faculty, University of Hradec Králové","authors":"Richard Thér","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75470157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Vertical Structure of Neolithic Finds in the Fills of Archaeological Features","authors":"M. Končelová, M. Midgley, J. Rulf, M. Zápotocká, I. Pavlů, Hradec Králové Czech Republic","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the distribution of Neolithic finds in the fillings of features with different functions (settlement pits, rondel ditches, enclosure) in the Bylany 4 microarea, Kutná Hora district, Czech Republic. We investigate the nature of their extinction or the emergence of fills. The vertical structure of archaeological finds (pottery and non-pottery) deposited in the sediments of various features was monitored in terms of five attributes. Based on the different structures of the fills of archaeological features, it is evident that the structure of the horizontal or vertical distribution of findings in their fills can yield information about the creation of the finding assemblages. It also reflects the dynamics of the development of anthropogenic activities in the vicinity of the features. In terms of methodology, the work follows up on the general theory of formative processes, while their natural and cultural transformations are discussed at a more detailed level of specific forms. It is necessary to consistently distinguish between the behaviour of clay sediments and the actual artefacts stored therein. It is further necessary to individually evaluate the specific natural conditions of deposition at a specific site as well as the variable cultural roles of individual features. IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 29–51 Markéta Končelová, Magdalena Midgley†, Jan Rulf†, Marie Zápotocká, Ivan Pavlů: The Vertical Structure of Neolithic Finds in the Fills of Archaeological Features 30 were interfering with this large enclosure in its southern part (Figure 2). The entire course of both rondels determined geophysically (Mayer, 1995; Křivánek, 2015) pointed to a close spatial relationship between these two bodies, as on Site I in Kolín (Šumberová, ed., 2012; Řídký et al., 2014; 2019). Large-scale excavation of the ditches in Bylany did not take place until 1990–1993. The goal of the grant project was to explore rondel 4/1 and its chronological and cultural relationship with the local settlement and the biritual cemetery of the Stroked Pottery culture in Miskovice. The research focused on several key areas of the rondel site1 and was supervised by several experts2. The results of the project were subsequently published, with each of the coauthors separately addressing the issue of the functional interpretation of the rondel (Pavlů, Rulf, Zápotocká, 1995, pp.97–98). Interpretation of the rondel phenomenon still 1 The individual excavated areas in the Bylany 4 microarea are identified in the following manner: 1991 – excavation in the southern entrance of Rondel 4/1, 1992a – excavation in the western part of the large enclosure (feature 1830), 1992b – excavation in the western entrance of Rondel 4/1, 1993 – excavation at the northern edge of the microarea. 2 I. Pavlů, (+) J. Rulf and M. Zápotocká cooperated in 1991 and 1992a areas. The research in 1992b and 1993 areas was led by (+) M. Midgley together with students from the University of Edinburgh. In 1991, th","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74077060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elemental Analysis of Silver Coins during the Umayyads through the PIXE Method","authors":"Zohreh Jozi, Z. Baluchestan, P. M. Khak, A. Nosrati","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 65–75 Zohreh Jozi, Parasto Masjedi Khak, Alireza Nosrati: Elemental Analysis of Silver Coins during the Umayyads through the PIXE Method 66 After Hisham, there began a decline of Umayyad rule, such that three caliphs, namely Walid ibn Yazid (746 AD/ 125 AH), Yazid ibn Walid (747 AD/126 AH), and Ibrahim bin Walid (747 AD/126 AH) came to power within only one year. Ultimately, the last Umayyad caliph came to rule, i.e. Marwan ibn Muhammad (748–753 AD/127–132 AH) and this dynasty came to an end after Marwan was defeated by the Abbasids. The last survivor of the Umayyads went to Andalusia (Spain) and founded the branch known as the Spanish Umayyads, which survived from 759 to 1043 AD/ 138 to 422 AH (Hawting, 1986, p.41). 2. Mint of coins in the Umayyad period In the Umayyad period, Muslims used Sassanian and Byzantine coins in their exchanges until the reign of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (Ibn KHaldun, 1980). Due to the neglect of governments, impure dinars and dirhams with a high degree of impurity became common ((Ibn Khaldun, 1980, 500), which was followed by Abd al-Malik’s command for minting coins for the first time in 695 AD/ 74 AH (Ibn al-Athir, 1987, p.167; Baladhuri, 1866, p.651). Today, the oldest coins remaining from Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan’s period date back to 699 AD/ 78 AH (Yousef Faraj Allah, 1985, p.37). Abd al-Malik appointed a steady carat for dirham and dinar and, accordingly, he put official currency with its own characteristics into operation and limited the right to mint coins by assigning it only to the state mints (Baladhuri, 1866, p.473). After Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the minting of coins in the periods of Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz continued in the same way (Maqrizi, 1967, p.58). During the reign of Yazid bin Abd al-Malik (722–726 AD/ 101–105 AH), plenty of strict rules were applied to the weight of coins (Baladhuri, 1866, p.652). When Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik came to power (726–746 AD/ 105–125 AH), he closed the mints in all cities except Wasit; and dirham coins were minted only in Wasit (Maqrizi, 1967, p.16). This process continued until the period of Walid ibn Yazid and, during Marwan ibn Muhammad’s period (748–753 AD/ 127–132 AH), he – the last Umayyad caliph – also minted some dirhams in the Harran mint in addition to Wasit (Baladhuri, 1866, p.17). 3. Research background Several studies have been carried out in connection with coins pertaining to the early years of the Islamic era. In this regard, Ziad conducted his studies, where he collected a series of Umayyad silver coins that had been minted in the Wasit mint between 87 and 120 AH (708–741 AD), through the XRF method. His findings highlight the high quality of the coins minted in this mint, where he reported an average silver content of 94.71% in the coins. His studies showed that there was a clear tendency towards betterquality dirhams over time, which may be due to the high control and constraints on ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72786342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Illuvial Bands Origin; What Might the Presence of Dark Brown Bands in Sandy Infillings of Archaeological Features or Cultural Layers Mean?","authors":"L. Lisá, A. Bajer, K. Rejšek, V. Vranová, Lenka Vejrostová, A. Wiśniewski, Petr Krištuf","doi":"10.24916/iansa.2019.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24916/iansa.2019.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of lamellae (or bands) often promises an interesting sedimentary archive related to the occupation or abandonment history of a site. How exactly might such types of bands be interpreted, and how do their presence change the original primary features preserved within the archaeological structure? For this review, two archaeological sites are introduced, both distinct in many aspects, located in different climatic regions, but with the presence of bands preserved inside of the infill, as well as in the locality’s background. One site is related to the Magdalenian/Epigravettian occupation in south-western Poland, and the second related to the Neolithic occupation in central Bohemia. What connect these two localities are their permeable sandy background, presence of human occupation, and the development of the above-described textural features. Sedimentological observations supported by micromorphology and geochemistry, as well as by magnetic susceptibility, revealed that, in both localities, the presence of dark brown bands was the result of repeated illuviation due to a kind of podsolization process not necessarily related to human presence. The illuvial lamellae/bands at the Kly site probably originated during the Subboreal due to the increased humidity connected with the presence of the disturbed background of the infill in the ditch. The Sowin site displays, at the very least, two phases of origin. One of the phases is pre-dated by glacial conditions, and the second is of late glacial or Holocene origin. The origin of these features in both study sites is due to precipitated water and the movement of clay down the section, but under their different conditions. IANSA 2019 ● X/1 ● 19–28 Lenka Lisá, Aleš Bajer, Klement Rejšek, Valerie Vranová, Lenka Vejrostová, Andrzej Wisniewski, Petr Krištuf: Review of Illuvial Bands Origin; What Might the Presence of Dark Brown Bands in Sandy Infillings of Archaeological Features or Cultural Layers Mean? 20 but their appearance in other soils is not excluded. Several of the best-developed examples of soils with illuvial bands described in Holocene (as well as Pleistocene) soils are the humic podzols of the European Aeolian Sand Belt (Koster, 2009). Gerasimova and Khitrov (2012) classified similar soils located in glacifluvial sand in south western Poland. What is the process whereby the illuvial bands develop? What role does climate, natural processes, or human influence play in the origin of these features? The origin of illuvial bands is generally not well understood and it remains controversial. It seems that some “trigger” (increased precipitation – Pelle et al., 2013) activates the movement of clay, which then stops moving at a certain depth where there is some textural inhomogeneity (Bouabid et al., 1992). Another possibility is that the origin is triggered by the precipitation, but these bands start to form at the limit of the capillary water reach (Van Reeuwijk and de Villiers, 1985), or on ","PeriodicalId":38054,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinaria Archaeologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82970773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}