Addictive Behaviors Reports最新文献

{"title":"Psychological distress, tobacco smoking and alcohol use: A population survey in Great Britain","authors":"Erikas Simonavičius ,&nbsp;Parvati R. Perman-Howe ,&nbsp;Deborah Robson ,&nbsp;Ann McNeill ,&nbsp;Loren Kock ,&nbsp;Jamie Brown ,&nbsp;Leonie S. Brose","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><div>Psychological distress, smoking and alcohol use are interconnected. This study explores how distress and smoking independently, and in combination, are associated with alcohol consumption, past attempts and motivation to restrict alcohol use among people in Great Britain.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Pooled cross-sectional data of people (aged ≥ 16) in Great Britain (N = 87326) collected monthly from April 2020 to June 2023 in the nationally representative Smoking and Alcohol Toolkit Study. Multinomial and binary logistic regressions assessed how past 30-day distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) and smoking were associated with alcohol use risk level (AUDIT-C), past-year attempts to restrict alcohol use, and motivation to restrict alcohol use in three months, adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic and geographic characteristics.</div><div>Findings.</div><div>The interaction between distress and smoking on alcohol use risk level was significant. At all distress levels, odds of using alcohol at increasing or high risk were higher among participants who smoked in the past or currently. Moderate or serious distress was associated with lower odds of using alcohol at increasing risk among participants who did not smoke. Higher distress was positively associated with past-year attempts to restrict alcohol use, while smoking in those reporting low–to–moderate distress was negatively associated with past-year attempts. Higher distress was positively associated with motivation to restrict alcohol use in three months.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Smoking currently or in the past was independently associated with increased odds of using alcohol at increasing- or high-risk levels. Among those not smoking, higher distress was associated with reduced odds of using alcohol at increasing risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100604"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward the classification of social media use disorder: Clinical characterization and proposed diagnostic criteria","authors":"Tania Moretta ,&nbsp;Elisa Wegmann","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100603","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100603","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Empirical studies and theoretical models highlight that problematic use of social media can lead to significant functional impairments in several domains, such as social, relational, occupational, and psychological functioning, as well as physical health. However, social media use disorder is not currently recognized as an official disorder in major diagnostic systems, limiting comparability among studies, precise prevalence estimation, and ad-hoc preventive and treatment program development. The present work aims to classify social media use disorder as a pathological condition sharing main mechanisms and maladaptive patterns with addictive behaviors. We discuss diagnostic criteria for social media use disorder by integrating peculiar features of this maladaptive behavior with criteria for substance use disorders and behavioral addictions from major diagnostic systems (i.e., DSM-5 and ICD-11). Moreover, we address some controversies related to the classification of social media use disorder as a behavioral addiction and highlight literature findings indicating social media use disorder shares main alterations in mechanisms and processes characterizing addiction (i.e., maladaptive activation of reward systems and impairment of inhibitory control mechanisms). Despite the lack of studies including clinical populations and the need for future research to validate the proposed criteria and refine knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this condition, our work provides a structured framework for classifying and identifying social media use disorder.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100603"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Online harms: Problematic technology use is a public health concern and requires a multistakeholder approach","authors":"Daria J. Kuss","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100602","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100602","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modern technologies are inherently ubiquitous and mobile, making internet use the status quo. As our daily lives become increasingly mediated, social media have become ways of being and relating and impact on what we do and who we are. Despite the numerous benefits technology use offers to users, there is accumulating empirical evidence suggesting that problematic technology use is associated with online harms, which can impact the users’ mental health and wellbeing detrimentally. Online harms are a public health concern and must be addressed from a multistakeholder perspective, engaging governments, parents, schools, the industry, and healthcare services on an international scale. Governments are working on improving user safety, parents are calling for support by educational establishments to prevent online harms, whilst the technology industry is advised to increase their corporate social responsibility efforts. Meanwhile, healthcare services must be accessible to provide professional support for those affected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100602"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological risk factors for problematic social network use: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","authors":"Giulia Fioravanti ,&nbsp;Sara Bocci Benucci ,&nbsp;Simon Ghinassi","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Problematic Social Network Use (PSNU) is a widespread and harmful public health issue. Therefore, it is unsurprising that the literature has focused on identifying possible risk factors contributing to this behavior. However, most identified factors were found to be shared with other problematic online behaviors. Therefore, the present overview aims to identify the psychological risk factors consistently associated with PSNU and evaluate whether the emerging risk factors were shared across Internet Gaming Disorder, Problematic Pornography Use, and Compulsive Online Shopping. A systematic search of four databases was conducted to identify systematic reviews/<em>meta</em>-analyses investigating the relationship between PSNU and psychological risk factors. Then, a bibliometric analysis was performed to examine whether the identified factors were shared across other problematic online behaviors. Thirty-five systematic reviews/<em>meta</em>-analyses were included, examining general and behavior-specific predisposing factors. General predisposing factors associated with PSNU included insecure attachment, high neuroticism, low conscientiousness, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, stress, social anxiety, loneliness, and fear of missing out. Behavior-specific factors, though less frequently studied, highlighted the role of unmet psychological needs, Preference for Online Social Interaction, and motives related to emotion regulation and socialization. The bibliometric analysis revealed that many risk factors for PSNSU are shared with other problematic online behaviors. However, certain specificities emerged, including distinct motivations driving these behaviors. Findings suggest that PSNU shares a spectrum of risk factors with other problematic online behaviors, yet specific etiological and motivational differences remain. Overall, the findings underscore integrating shared and specific risk factors to improve tailored prevention and intervention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100600"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The association between problematic smartphone use and subjective well-being in Bangladeshi youths: Mediating role of sleep quality","authors":"Md. Rohmotul Islam,&nbsp;Oli Ahmed,&nbsp;Lutfun Naher,&nbsp;Md. Nurul Islam","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100599","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100599","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the remarkable contribution of smartphones in improving our lives, concerns have been raised about their uncontrolled usage, emphasizing its consequences on individual sleep and well-being. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between problematic smartphone use (PSU) and both positive and negative dimensions of subjective well-being (SWB) − subjective happiness and depressive symptoms, as well as the mediating role of sleep quality. A sample of 384 Bangladeshi youths (mean age = 18.99; 49.3 % female) were recruited through a convenience sampling technique and interviewed using a structured questionnaire that assessed PSU, sleep quality, subjective happiness, and depressive symptoms. The mediation analysis results indicated that sleep quality mediated the association between PSU and subjective happiness and depressive symptoms. The results also showed that subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbances, and daytime dysfunction were particularly responsible for the mediation effect. Thus, the findings highlight the necessity of designing sleep quality-enhancing interventions for youth to subside PSU’s detrimental effects on subjective well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100599"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric properties of the Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire among a non-clinical sample and its relationship with the characteristics of potentially addictive behaviors","authors":"Eszter Kotyuk ,&nbsp;Zsolt Demetrovics ,&nbsp;Róbert Urbán ,&nbsp;Andrea Czakó ,&nbsp;Kenneth Blum ,&nbsp;Mark D. Griffiths ,&nbsp;Marc N. Potenza ,&nbsp;Yaniv Efrati","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>The addiction literature conceptualizes problematic substance use and addictive behaviors (e.g., gambling disorder, gaming disorder) as having shared etiologies and phenomenologies. The reward deficiency syndrome (RDS) model proposes blunted responses to natural rewards that potentially contribute to the development of addictive behaviors. The 29-item Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire (RDSQ-29) was developed to assess RDS-related psychological-behavioral characteristics. The aim of the present study was to validate the Hebrew version of the RDSQ-29 and to provide empirical evidence for the relevance of RDS in addictive behaviors and related psychological features.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The sample comprised 961 Jewish Israeli young adults from the general community (age 19–27 years; M = 23.40 years [SD = 1.95]) who were assessed for personality characteristics (attachment styles, RDS, compulsive personality), internet gaming disorder (IGD), problematic use of social media use (PUSM), compulsive buying-shopping disorder (CBSD), and gambling disorder (GD).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis confirmed the validity and factor structure of the RDSQ-29. RDSQ-29 scores showed a significant but weak association with anxiety, avoidance, and compulsive personality. Also, weak to modest relationships were found between RDSQ-29 scores and the severity of the four potential behavioral addictions.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The findings suggest that the Hebrew translation of the RDSQ-29 is a psychometrically sound instrument to assess RDS. Given that different potentially addictive and other problematic behaviors are associated with RDS, its assessment might be useful in prevention or screening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100598"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-discontinuity in behavioral addictions: A psychodynamic framework","authors":"Gianluca Santoro ,&nbsp;Alessandro Musetti ,&nbsp;Antonino Costanzo ,&nbsp;Adriano Schimmenti","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Models based on substance use criteria have been employed to classify maladaptive engagement in various everyday activities as genuine addictions. However, symptom-based models have potential limitations, which includes in some cases reduced clinical utility and an increased risk of diagnostic inflation. The current article presents an alternative psychodynamic theoretical framework to elucidate the psychological processes underlying the development of putative behavioral addictions. According to this framework, behavioral addictions are conceptualized as strategies for regulating overwhelming feelings rooted in childhood trauma. Exposure to childhood trauma may lead to the segregation of unbearable trauma-related mental states from awareness through persistent dissociative processes. Thus, behavioral addictions may provide individuals with an illusory sense of control over unbearable feelings while simultaneously reinforcing the segregation of trauma-related mental states. The compulsive engagement in such activities can be seen as an attempt at self-medication, though it ultimately exacerbates discontinuities in self-experience. This theoretical framework is further illustrated through a clinical vignette, highlighting its implications for both assessment and treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of substance use and associations with mental health and interpersonal violence among adolescents","authors":"Shannon N. Ogden ,&nbsp;Catherine Cortez ,&nbsp;Stacy A. Sterling ,&nbsp;Stacey E. Alexeeff ,&nbsp;Natalie E. Slama ,&nbsp;Cynthia I. Campbell ,&nbsp;Derek D. Satre ,&nbsp;Asma H. Asyyed ,&nbsp;Monique B. Does ,&nbsp;Andrea Altschuler ,&nbsp;Yun Lu ,&nbsp;Kelly C. Young-Wolff","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To identify patterns of adolescent substance use and associated behavioral health characteristics among adolescents.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a cross-sectional study of 167,504 adolescents aged 13–17 who were screened for substance use, mental health symptoms, and interpersonal violence during well-check visits in a large healthcare system in California from 2021 to 2022. We conducted latent class analysis to identify patterns of substance use from four substance use behaviors (past-year alcohol, cannabis, other substance, and close friends’ use). We calculated the prevalence of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, bullying, physical abuse by an adult, sexual violence, and intimate partner violence for each substance use class compared to those with no reported substance use behaviors and estimated adjusted prevalence ratios using modified Poisson regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 29,288 (17 %) adolescents reported ≥ 1 substance use characteristic. From those, we identified five latent classes with different patterns of substance use: <em>substance use among close friends</em> (37 %), <em>alcohol use</em> (21 %), <em>polysubstance use</em> (20 %), <em>cannabis use and some polysubstance use</em> (18 %), and <em>other substance use</em> (5 %). All classes had higher adjusted prevalence of mental health and interpersonal violence outcomes compared to those with no substance use characteristics, with the greatest differences being among the <em>polysubstance use</em> class.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The high prevalence of mental health and interpersonal violence outcomes among adolescents with substance use, even among those who only report close friends’ substance use, highlights the need for routine screening during well-check visits. Comprehensive routine social and behavioral health screening among adolescents is vital for early identification and intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100597"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143681876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of the Hungarian version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0)","authors":"Afework Tsegaye ,&nbsp;Zsófia Németh ,&nbsp;Eszter Kotyuk ,&nbsp;Virág Scheller ,&nbsp;Klaudia Szabó ,&nbsp;Orsolya Pachner ,&nbsp;Renáta Cserjési ,&nbsp;Zsolt Demetrovics ,&nbsp;H.N. Alexander Logemann","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) was recently updated to assess food addiction according to the DSM-5 criteria for substance-related and addictive disorders. This study aimed to validating the YFAS 2.0 on the Hungarian sample.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with a sample of 605 participants. The instruments used for data collection included the YFAS 2.0, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised 21-Items (TFEQ-R21), The 21-item Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Revised (BIS-R-21), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). The factor structure, internal consistency and convergent validity of the Hungarian version of the YFAS 2.0 were evaluated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Proportion to the current sample Food Addiction was 18.5 %. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a good fit for the single-factor model. The YFAS 2.0 symptom count demonstrated a positive correlation with TFEQ-R-21 subscales, ranging from 0.12 to 0.54, with BIS-R-21 subscales ranging from 0.24 to 0.49, and with DASS-21 subscales ranging from 0.41 to 0.50. The H-YFAS 2.0 food addiction severity was significantly associated with TFEQ-R-21, BIS-R-21, and DASS-21 subscales of the scales. All of which were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001), indicating acceptable convergent validity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The Hungarian version of the YFAS 2.0 has been validated in a nonclinical sample, demonstrating its utility as an effective tool for screening food addiction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100596"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of gambling activities and modalities with problem gambling in Japan: A nationwide cross-sectional online survey-based study","authors":"Takashi Yoshioka ,&nbsp;Ryuhei So ,&nbsp;Tatsuya Noda ,&nbsp;Moritoshi Kido ,&nbsp;Chieko Ito ,&nbsp;Tomoki Nakaya ,&nbsp;Satoshi Funada ,&nbsp;Shiori Tsutsumi ,&nbsp;Takahiro Tabuchi","doi":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.abrep.2025.100595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Aims</h3><div>Problem gambling (PG) is a relevant public health concern. Thus, this study aimed to identify the association of specific gambling activities and modalities with PG in Japan.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A cross-sectional study using data from a large-scale online survey was conducted in Japan between February 6 and 27, 2023. Candidate gambling activities and modalities include sports betting (offline/online), casinos (offline/online), lotteries (offline/online), electronic gaming machines, and trading activities. PG was defined as a score ≥ 8 on the Problem Gambling Severity Index. All estimates were weighted using a nationally representative survey conducted in Japan in 2019. To estimate the association between gambling engagement and the prevalence of PG, multivariable logistic regression models were fitted after adjusting for 13 confounding factors representing demographic, socioeconomic, health-related, and geographic characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 12,955 respondents aged 15–82 years who had gambled in the past year were included. Among the respondents, 12.2 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 11.4–13.1) were reported PG. The weighted multivariable logistic regression models revealed significant associations of PG with online sports betting (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.41, 95 % CI 1.86–3.13), offline casinos (aOR 1.53, 95 % CI 1.16–2.02), online casinos (aOR 4.25, 95 % CI 3.09–5.86), and cryptocurrency trading (aOR 1.60, 95 % CI 1.22–2.10).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Experiences in online sports betting, online and offline casinos, and cryptocurrency trading demonstrated statistically significant associations with the prevalence of PG. These findings emphasize the need for legal awareness of casinos and restrictions on gambling access and betting amounts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":38040,"journal":{"name":"Addictive Behaviors Reports","volume":"21 ","pages":"Article 100595"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}