Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Novel Cementitious Materials for Geotechnical Applications -Vibration Resistant Sprayed Concrete for Rock Tunnel Lining and Self compacting Backfill for Slope Upgrading Works","authors":"Martin M K Kwong, H. Zhu, Eric X R Chen, I. M. Sham, Ivan H H Chan, Chris C W Chan, S. N. Goh","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.20","url":null,"abstract":"Innovations in material sciences create new opportunities to enhance the ways of construction in the geotechnical field. By streamlining the conventional construction procedures with the application of new materials, more efficient, more cost-effective and safer construction could be achieved. Two material development projects have been launched by the Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO), Civil Engineering and Development Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, and the Nano and Advanced Materials Institute (NAMI) was commissioned to develop the vibration resistant sprayed concrete (VRSC) and the self-compacting backfilling material. This paper presents the development of the two novel materials with particular highlights on the benefits of their applications in rock tunnels and slope upgrading works respectively and addresses the potential development in further applications of the novel materials in the fields.","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125262096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geosynthetics – A Sustainable Construction Material","authors":"S. Ng","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.24","url":null,"abstract":"Geosynthetic is a broad term given to geotextile, geomembrane, geogrid, geocell etc. It’s provenance in the 60’s was primarily the cut of construction cost and time. Ubiquitous savings were evidenced over the years. Several decades later, a new age of sustainable construction is dawning, in preserving resource, mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, the best of both worlds in cost effectiveness and sustainability. But how sustainable is with the use geosynthetics. Carbon footprint assessment has been introduced to quantify any hindsight. From resin production, to manufacturing, to shipment and from site installation, to operation, to maintenance and eventually to dismantling and disposal, equivalent CO2 emission can be traced and calculated. This paper reviews some of the trends and studies on this emission benchmark development, and therefore the comparison of CO2 emission between different methods of construction with geosynthetic and that of the conventional. The picture, indeed, underpins cogent discussion. It is hoped that a change of local mind set to appreciate geosynthetic, to accept its design, to review construction rule and regulation and to educate the next generation can be way forward to underline geosynthetic as a viable sustainable construction material.","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126869509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frost Depth Prediction for Seasonal Freezing Area in Lithuania","authors":"Mindaugas Zakarka, Š. Skuodis","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.16","url":null,"abstract":"The calculation of the frost depth is included in the geotechnical design for the Lithuanian region. The average temperature could be below zero for three months a year and maximum seasonal frost depth reaches more than 1.5 m. The analysis has shown that the frost has been declining for the last 200 years, which has intensified particularly in recent years. The purpose of this study is to review two different methods (LST EN ISO 13793 and RSN 156-94) for determining frost depths. The frost depth calculations performed for dry and saturated sandy soils, which are mainly observed in road construction. Obtained results are compared with frost depth map based on road weather stations data","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115541721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the Micro and Macro Mechanical Behaviour of Granular Materials","authors":"Qianchuan Zhao, Y. Chen, G. Ma","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.23","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the underlying physics and mechanisms responsible for the loss of stability of granular systems is crucial to the mitigation of geohazards such as landslides and earthquakes. We use a combination of in situ testing under X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and the hybrid finite and discrete element method (FDEM) to investigate the mechanical behaviours of granular materials from the microscopic to the macroscopic scales. We conduct a miniature triaxial test on a granular column sample that is imaged with X-ray micro-CT at incremental strain steps. Then, spherical harmonic (SH) analysis is performed to characterize and reconstruct the multi-scale morphological characteristics of particles, which was used to create the digital twin of the tested sample. FDEM simulation quantitatively agrees with the overall response observed in the experiment. We find that the granular material deforms plastically through spatially localized zones of large nonaffine displacements, and the spatiotemporal evolution of these zones controls the macroscopic responses of the system. Our method sheds light on bridging length scales from microscopic scale to macroscopic granular systems.","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124725374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Wireless Seismic Survey Technology and its Application in Hong Kong","authors":"A. Cunningham, Y. Sitanggang, K. Chiang, D. Remus, D. Voss","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.9","url":null,"abstract":"Design and construction of underground structures, such as basements and tunnels, always face the risk of unforeseen ground conditions, which are difficult to determine based on preliminary GI information. Traditionally, GI information, such as desk study, trial pits, and boreholes can only provide discrete details. This leads to unnecessary design review and introduces additional time and cost implications to the project. Seismic surveys, commonly used in the “Oil & Gas” industry, may provide an alternative solution to allow the interested parties to acquire valuable underground information through a non-destructive approach. In this paper, an advanced 3D wireless seismic survey technology will be introduced, which has recently been conducted in Hong Kong to collect additional underground information for the construction work. The technology uses unique seismic sources combined with an expandable wireless multi-channel seismic data acquisition system and GPS to collect comprehensive seismic data. These recordings are taken and, using specialised seismic data processing, transformed into 3D visual images of the earth’s subsurface in the survey area. And geoscientists can indirectly use those seismic data to obtain a picture of the structure and nature of the stratum and rock layers' structure and character. The technology is instrumental in urban areas as it possesses the flexibility and mechanism to scan the location where the surface is obstructed by structures.","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129675901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Underground Development - Pipe Curtain with Jack-in-place Rectangular Tunnel Boring Machine Technology","authors":"Zhang Zhen, K. Chiang, L. Mañ","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.17","url":null,"abstract":"With the recent successful application of Rectangular Tunnel Boring Machine (RTBM) Jack-in place technology in Hong Kong, more interest is put into its wider use. However, the application of RTBM is restrained by geological limitations, such as shallow overburden depth, limited span depth ratio of the tunnel (< 2), etc. Advanced underground construction technology – the adoption of systematic pipe curtain with Jack-in place RTBM methodology- was introduced recently in China and Overseas to construct underground railway tunnels, stations, pedestrian subways, and underpass in challenging congested urban areas. This advanced methodology focuses on underground structures construction in which stringent settlement control with shallow overburden cover is required. It also possesses the flexibility to adapt to different sizes of cross-sections, which makes wide span (>20m) underground structures can be constructed by the trenchless method. Given the future of Hong Kong infrastructure development, this paper is aimed to explore the potential for developing underground space based on this advanced solution to resolving problems in an old and congested urban area. Taking past successful project experiences in Mainland China as examples, this paper has discussed the geological requirements, construction method, sequence, ground settlement performance, etc. It also provides consideration that should be aware of the adoption of technology in typical Hong Kong geological conditions. The RTBM technology offers a new solution to the infrastructure development projects in Hong Kong with better buildability, safety and productivity.","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129301247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rock Load Transfer Mechanisms and Interactions at Cavern Junctions","authors":"A. Seto, A. Kwong, Joel Y F Wong","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.39","url":null,"abstract":"Rock at depth is subjected to stresses resulting from the weight of the overlying strata. When an underground opening is excavated, the stress field in this rock mass is locally disrupted and induces a new set of stresses surrounding the new opening. At tunnel and cavern associated junctions, the re-distributed stresses will alter the stress fields of adjacent openings. For example, loadings from a taller cavern will be transferred through the rock arch and concentrated as additional vertical stress above the crown of the shorter cavern. The load transferring mechanisms in this paper refer to the construction of the cavern complex, which involves developing new sewage treatment works in caverns to be constructed at Nui Po Shan, A Kung Kok, Sha Tin, to replace the existing Sha Tin Sewage Treatment Works (STSTW). Upon functioning of the new STSTW, the existing site will be released for other uses beneficial to the development of Hong Kong.The works at the new STSTW occupies about 14 hectares in the area comprising of Main Access Tunnel (MAT), Secondary Access Tunnel (SAT), fifteen Process Caverns, the Main Driveway (MD), Secondary Driveway (SD), four Branch Driveways, Ventilation Shaft, Ventilation Adit, two Effluent Pipelines, and lining and portal structure of MAT and SAT. These structures are excavated mainly by the drill-and-blast method in hard rock, with rock covering more than half of the excavation span/height above the crown. They are designed as drained and are primarily supported by the rock arch, reinforced by systematic permanent rock bolts with permanent sprayed concrete. In addition, drained cast-in-situ reinforced concrete lining is proposed for poor ground conditions.For the proposed cavern complex, most of the Branch Driveways are taller than Process Caverns and MD/SD except for the middle cavern for sludge treatment (STC) purposes. STC's design span and height are 30 m and 35 m, respectively. Therefore, additional stresses are expected to transfer from Branch Driveways and STC to other Process Caverns and MD/SD. Numerical modeling using finite element methods has been established, where two-dimensional design models and three-dimensional verification models in accordance with the varying excavation profiles, overburden depth, and rock mass quality have been carried out. By observing the stress redistribution from the taller STC to other Process Caverns, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional models aim to study the stress concentration zones and the extent of the influence zone at tunnel and cavern associated junctions. The maximum deformation is located along with the crown of STC and intruding corners at the associated junctions, in which the Process Caverns with the largest excavation span and height are proposed.This paper provided a detailed description of the geology, cavern complex geometrical arrangements, rock mass properties for the modeling, methodology of modeling, and mechanism of load redistribution observed at t","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125216968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Digital-based Approach to Automate and Optimize Geotechnical Design","authors":"Alvin K M Lam, A. Wong, K. P. Chan","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.7","url":null,"abstract":"Geotechnical engineers always work with complicated terrains and geologies, which are usually interpreted from the topographical survey, LiDAR data, geophysical survey and ground investigation boreholes. In the old days, these data were mapped or modelled but could only be visualized or transformed to 2D sections for subsequent design, which may not be easily visualized in a 3D space. With the advancement of computing power and the development of digital tools, they enable engineers to work and visualize their design in a 3D environment. This paper will showcase the application of Rhinoceros 3D (Rhino) in various geotechnical designs. With the aid of Grasshopper, which is a visual programming language running within Rhino, some traditional spreadsheet-based designs can be automated in a new digital-based platform. This paper will discuss the workflow and algorithms of applying the Grasshopper visual program to assist in site formation and foundation designs supplemented by case examples, which include the determination of the pile rockhead level, the calculation of the rock and soil cone volumes, the visualization of the borehole stratigraphy, the automation of soil nail arrangement over complex terrain, the development of the excavation profile with multiple platforms and the full excavation and lateral support (ELS) system, etc. The application will also be extended to create model inputs for geotechnical analysis such as Oasys PDisp through COM Interface and PLAXIS through Jupyter Notebook.","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133240932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Low Carbon Concrete on Reinforced Earth Wall","authors":"Norman M H Lee, Yassine Bennani Braouli","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.25","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming is one of the big issues all over the world. Continued global warming could bring a series of damaging effects. Many countries are now pursuing a broad range of strategies to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, such as reducing the vehicle use, development of renewable energy etc. Minimize the use of cement is one the method to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide. Comparing the concrete volume used between Reinforced Earth Wall and traditional R.C. wall, Reinforced Earth Wall is an environmental friendly and more economical solution with less concrete consumption. Apart from this, the carbon dioxide emission can be reduced by minimizing the cement ratio in concrete.","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"239 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127842966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Analyses on Wall Deflections and Ground Surface Settlements in Excavations","authors":"L. Wong","doi":"10.21467/proceedings.133.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.42","url":null,"abstract":"Ground movements may cause damages to structures. Accurate estimations of ground movements are therefore essential for the risk assessment programs for projects involving underground constructions. Presented herein is a study on the influence of various parameters on the magnitudes and the distributions of ground movements during deep excavations with emphasis on the shapes of settlement troughs. Two-dimensional finite element analyses were conducted on 5 cases for the east end of Xiaonanmen Station in Taipei Metro. The hardening soil with small-strain stiffness was adopted to simulate the nonlinear stress-strain relationship of soils. The results indicate that the shapes of the settlement troughs are primarily affected by the depths of excavations and are relatively insensitive to the width of excavation or the thickness of the retaining wall. Based on the results obtained, the relationship between the width of the influence zone of settlement and the depth of excavation is established.","PeriodicalId":379153,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar: A New Era of Metropolis and Infrastructure Developments in Hong Kong, Challenges and Opportunities to Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131581382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}