Journal of the Middle East and Africa最新文献_第8页

Better Off Alone: Somaliland, Institutional Legacy, and Prosperity 孤军奋斗:索马里兰、制度遗产与繁荣

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1915649

Oliver McPherson-Smith

引用次数: 1

Complex Effects of International Relations: Intended and Unintended Consequences of Human Actions in Middle East Conflicts 国际关系的复杂影响:中东冲突中人类行为的有意和无意后果

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1915644

Joseph S. Spoerl

引用次数: 0

The Implausible Persistence of Pastoralism: Samburu Transhumance from Their Nineteenth-Century Origins Through the Period of Colonial Rule 游牧主义难以置信的持续:从19世纪起源到殖民统治时期的桑布鲁超畜牧业

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1909379

G. Simpson, P. Waweru

引用次数: 2

The British Low-Profile Policy and Its Failure in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1964–1967 英国的低调政策及其在阿以冲突中的失败（1964-1967）

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1909377

Moshe Gat

{"title":"The British Low-Profile Policy and Its Failure in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1964–1967","authors":"Moshe Gat","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2021.1909377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2021.1909377","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Following the Suez Campaign in October 1956, Great Britain began to step away from the Middle East. Its policy aimed at a gradual withdrawal from the region while protecting its interests, ensuring the uninterrupted supply of oil, and curbing Soviet expansion. Hence the policy of the United Kingdom (UK) was to maintain stability as another war between Israel and its Arab neighbors would be detrimental to its economy and provide the Soviet Union with the opportunity to deepen its incursion into the region. Britain therefore adopted a low-profile policy, designed to avoid taking sides in the Arab-Israeli conflict. In practice, it was burying its head in the sand. The Arabs viewed the absence of clear support for them, particularly in the issue of water, as implicit support for Israel, especially since Britain was secretly supplying the latter with weapons. London’s low-profile policy did not stand the test of regional developments. The tension between Israel and Egypt that emerged in mid-May 1967, intensified over the closing of the Straits of Tiran by Egypt, led the UK to take steps to ensure free passage through them.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"12 1","pages":"157 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21520844.2021.1909377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43362503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Historical Roles of Jihād in Sunnī-Shīʿī Relations Jihād在孙-舒关系中的历史作用

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1898272

D. Stewart

引用次数: 0

The Fascination of the Turkish Left with Palestine: “The Dream of Palestine” 土耳其左派对巴勒斯坦的迷恋：“巴勒斯坦之梦”

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1915643

Umut Uzer

引用次数: 1

The Death of Colonel ʿAdnān al-Mālkī in 1955 and the Intra-Sunni Balance of Power in Syria 1955年al- Adnān al-Mālkī上校之死与叙利亚逊尼派内部的权力平衡

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1886513

Joel D. Parker

{"title":"The Death of Colonel ʿAdnān al-Mālkī in 1955 and the Intra-Sunni Balance of Power in Syria","authors":"Joel D. Parker","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2021.1886513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2021.1886513","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article reconsiders the simple minority-majority dichotomy that surrounded the death of Colonel ʿAdnān al-Mālkī who was a Sunni killed by an ʿAlawi in 1955. Nevertheless, it was not the ʿAlawi minority, or other non-Sunni minorities that drove the subsequent power struggle that arose in Syria. Rather what occurred was a battle for control of the identity, direction, and economic organization of the young state contested by two alternative networks of Sunni elites, namely ʿulemaʾ (religious-scholarly) families, and ʿaskerī (military-administrative) families, both of whose social origins can be found in Ottoman history. This study argues that al-Mālkī’s assassination temporarily weakened the Syrian ʿulemaʾ families’ position in the civil-military balance that undergirded Syrian society and allowed the ʿaskerī class to gain the initiative. Such a change is evidenced by Damascus’s turn toward the Soviet Union for arms as well as other state-building materials. The inability of these two competing internal networks to resolve their differences throughout the Cold War resulted in political dysfunction throughout the Cold War era. The ascent of Gamal ʿAbd al-Nasser to power with the creation of the United Arab Republic in 1958 proved a temporary abeyance in this struggle, but a final resolution came only much later when Hafez al-Assad became leader in 1970.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"12 1","pages":"69 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21520844.2021.1886513","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41883339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The First Oil Shock? Nixon, Congress, and the 1973 Petroleum Crisis 第一次石油危机？尼克松、国会和1973年石油危机

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1886501

Jordan Cohen

引用次数: 2

Christian (Second-Order) Minorities and the Struggle for the Homeland: The Assyrian Democratic Movement in Iraq and the Nineveh Plains Protection Units 基督教(二级)少数民族和为家园而斗争:伊拉克的亚述民主运动和尼尼微平原保护部队

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1886521

G. Kruczek

{"title":"Christian (Second-Order) Minorities and the Struggle for the Homeland: The Assyrian Democratic Movement in Iraq and the Nineveh Plains Protection Units","authors":"G. Kruczek","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2021.1886521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2021.1886521","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores how a second-order minority, northern Iraq’s Christians, mobilized to protect homelands during state breakdown and state recalibration. It examines how an Iraqi Christian political party, the Assyrian Democratic Movement (ADM), responded to the rise and spread of the Islamic State. More specifically, it analyzes the ADM’s creation of a self-defense force, the Nineveh Plains Protection Units (NPU), and how the party positioned itself for the post-conflict state. Ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Iraq combined with existing primary and secondary sources reveals a detailed process whereby notions of historic homelands were manipulated around security threats and a legacy of distrust of both the central government and Kurdistan Regional Government to drive mobilization. The name “Nineveh Plains Protection Units” also served a strategic purpose. A territorial-based identity connected contemporary Christians to an ancient Mesopotamian past. Combined with a shared Christian faith, this served to supersede intragroup/sectarian cleavages and “the ethnic Assyrian debate” without rejecting them. It also acted as a bridge to the country’s other ethno-sectarian groups, finding a way to assert Assyrian and Christian belonging within and to Iraq. Nevertheless, mobilization and the long-term goal of self-determination in the Nineveh Plain were both ultimately contingent upon allying with either Baghdad or Erbil. Although the ADM chose Baghdad, it was left alone to navigate the Nineveh Plain’s position within the Kurdistan independence referendum.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"12 1","pages":"93 - 121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21520844.2021.1886521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41917656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Fred Donner and Tilman Nagel on Muslims and Believers 弗雷德·唐纳和蒂尔曼·纳格尔关于穆斯林和信徒

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2021-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2021.1864199

Joseph S. Spoerl

{"title":"Fred Donner and Tilman Nagel on Muslims and Believers","authors":"Joseph S. Spoerl","doi":"10.1080/21520844.2021.1864199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2021.1864199","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fred Donner contends that Muḥammad (c. 570–632) led an ecumenical movement of “believers,” a term used frequently in the Qur’ān which Donner defines as a generic term that included Jews and Christians as well as former polytheists who followed Muḥammad’s newly-proclaimed koranic prescriptions. In Donner’s view, only several generations after Muḥammad’s death did this movement come to call itself “Islam” and its members “Muslims” in the sense of a confessional identity over and against Judaism and Christianity. Tilman Nagel argues, to the contrary, that Muḥammad’s movement was neither ecumenical nor inclusive and that it had a distinct confessional identity from the outset with which it self-consciously set itself apart from Judaism and Christianity. For Nagel, “believers” are a subset of Muslims, which was distinguished by their willingness to wage religious war under Muḥammad’s command against polytheists, Jews, and Christians. Nagel’s understanding of the Muslim/believer distinction better accords with the relevant koranic verses than does Donner’s. It also accords far better with the earliest biographies of Muḥammad. Moreover, Nagel’s thesis accounts for all of the data that Donner’s thesis seeks to explain without raising the further problems that plague Donner’s revisionism.","PeriodicalId":37893,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Middle East and Africa","volume":"12 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21520844.2021.1864199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45768506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0