Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society最新文献

{"title":"The Relationship Between Eyewitness Confidence and Identification Accuracy: A New Synthesis.","authors":"John T Wixted,&nbsp;Gary L Wells","doi":"10.1177/1529100616686966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616686966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The U.S. legal system increasingly accepts the idea that the confidence expressed by an eyewitness who identified a suspect from a lineup provides little information as to the accuracy of that identification. There was a time when this pessimistic assessment was entirely reasonable because of the questionable eyewitness-identification procedures that police commonly employed. However, after more than 30 years of eyewitness-identification research, our understanding of how to properly conduct a lineup has evolved considerably, and the time seems ripe to ask how eyewitness confidence informs accuracy under more pristine testing conditions (e.g., initial, uncontaminated memory tests using fair lineups, with no lineup administrator influence, and with an immediate confidence statement). Under those conditions, mock-crime studies and police department field studies have consistently shown that, for adults, (a) confidence and accuracy are strongly related and (b) high-confidence suspect identifications are remarkably accurate. However, when certain non-pristine testing conditions prevail (e.g., when unfair lineups are used), the accuracy of even a high-confidence suspect ID is seriously compromised. Unfortunately, some jurisdictions have not yet made reforms that would create pristine testing conditions and, hence, our conclusions about the reliability of high-confidence identifications cannot yet be applied to those jurisdictions. However, understanding the information value of eyewitness confidence under pristine testing conditions can help the criminal justice system to simultaneously achieve both of its main objectives: to exonerate the innocent (by better appreciating that initial, low-confidence suspect identifications are error prone) and to convict the guilty (by better appreciating that initial, high-confidence suspect identifications are surprisingly accurate under proper testing conditions).</p>","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"18 1","pages":"10-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100616686966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34901131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/1529100617705148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100617705148","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"18 1","pages":"66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100617705148","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34901132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distilling the Confidence-Accuracy Message: A Comment on Wixted and Wells (2017).","authors":"Laura Mickes,&nbsp;Steven E Clark,&nbsp;Scott D Gronlund","doi":"10.1177/1529100617699240","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100617699240","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a slow but steady evolution in how eyewitness researchers and the criminal justice system view the relationship between the accuracy of a witness’s initial identification and the confidence that the witness expresses in that identification. This evolution is most clearly illustrated in a comparison of the conclusions drawn by Sporer, Penrod, Read, and Cutler (1995) with those drawn by Wixted, Mickes, Clark, Gronlund, and Roediger (2015). Sporer et al. concluded,","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"18 1","pages":"6-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100617699240","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34901133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science.","authors":"J Michael Bailey,&nbsp;Paul L Vasey,&nbsp;Lisa M Diamond,&nbsp;S Marc Breedlove,&nbsp;Eric Vilain,&nbsp;Marc Epprecht","doi":"10.1177/1529100616637616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616637616","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SummaryOngoing political controversies around the world exemplify a long-standing and widespread preoccupation with the acceptability of homosexuality. Nonheterosexual people have seen dramatic surges both in their rights and in positive public opinion in many Western countries. In contrast, in much of Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Oceania, and parts of Asia, homosexual behavior remains illegal and severely punishable, with some countries retaining the death penalty for it. Political controversies about sexual orientation have often overlapped with scientific controversies. That is, participants on both sides of the sociopolitical debates have tended to believe that scientific findings-and scientific truths-about sexual orientation matter a great deal in making political decisions. The most contentious scientific issues have concerned the causes of sexual orientation-that is, why are some people heterosexual, others bisexual, and others homosexual? The actual relevance of these issues to social, political, and ethical decisions is often poorly justified, however. </p>","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"17 2","pages":"45-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100616637616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34333570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual Orientation: Categories or Continuum? Commentary on Bailey et al. (2016).","authors":"Ritch C Savin-Williams","doi":"10.1177/1529100616637618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100616637618","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bailey et al. (2016) have provided an excellent, state-of-the-art overview that is a major contribution to our understanding of sexual orientation. However, whereas Bailey and his coauthors have examined the physiological, behavioral, and self-report data of sexual orientation and see categories, I see a sexual and romantic continuum. After noting several objections concerning the limitations of the review and methodological shortcomings characteristic of sexual-orientation research in general, I present evidence from research investigating in-between sexualities to support an alternative, continuum-based perspective regarding the nature of sexual orientation for both women and men. A continuum conceptualization has potential implications for investigating the prevalence of nonheterosexuals, sexual-orientation differences in gender nonconformity, causes of sexual orientation, and political issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"17 2","pages":"37-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100616637618","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34333569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on How Effective Is Telecommuting? Assessing the Status of Our Scientific Findings.","authors":"Kenneth Matos,&nbsp;Ellen Galinsky","doi":"10.1177/1529100615604666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615604666","url":null,"abstract":"This is a timely and important article on a topic that has moved into practice far faster than the research needed to guide that practice. According to the Families and Work Institute’s ongoing nationally representative studies of employees and employers, the percentage of employers with 50 or more employees allowing at least some of their employees to work “some of their regular paid hours from home occasionally” shot up from 34% in 2005 to 67% by 2008. In contrast, the percentage of employers allowing at least some of their employees to work “some of their regular paid hours at home on a regular basis” has also increased, but less powerfully and consistently than occasional work from home (falling from 31% of employers in 2005 to 23% in 2008 at the start of the Great Recession and rising back to 38% by 2014). As global markets increase in number and corporate real-estate footprints shrink in size, the effectiveness of telework (as we call it in our research) or “telecommuting” has become a practical consideration where employers are more likely to ask how to do telecommuting the “right way” rather than whether they will have telecommuting at all. Tammy D. Allen, Timothy D. Golden, and Kristen M. Shockley have created a comprehensive review of the research literature on telecommuting that highlights facts, fictions, and outstanding questions about how telecommuting functions and what it can help employers and employees accomplish. This review includes a succinct definition of telecommuting, its impact on outcomes of importance to employers and employees alike, moderating variables that affect its effectiveness, a legal and legislative review, and recommendations for telecommuting research and practice in the future. The comprehensiveness of this article is no surprise, since the authors are eminent researchers on this subject. As the authors point out, early studies on telecommuting ignored important aspects of how telecommuting manifested (e.g., frequency and relationship to schedule flexibility). When telecommuting first emerged as a business practice, it was available to relatively few employees with fairly similar demographic profiles and strong reputations for productivity. Now it is fairly widespread, with one study cited by the authors suggesting that around 20% of an international sample of employees telecommute frequently. Telecommuting is seen as a solution to such varied issues as traffic congestion, gender and skills equity in the job market, work-family conflict both from home-to-work and work-to-home perspectives, realestate costs, and other complications of when and where work can and should be performed. While many have embraced telecommuting’s potential to resolve these issues, empirical research has shown that telecommuting may be best understood as a continuum of behaviors rather than a binary variable. Some effects of telecommuting are fairly consistent in a variety of studies. For example, telecommuting is consistently relat","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"16 2","pages":"38-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100615604666","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34100144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Effective Is Telecommuting? Assessing the Status of Our Scientific Findings.","authors":"Tammy D Allen,&nbsp;Timothy D Golden,&nbsp;Kristen M Shockley","doi":"10.1177/1529100615593273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Telecommuting has become an increasingly popular work mode that has generated significant interest from scholars and practitioners alike. With recent advances in technology that enable mobile connections at ever-affordable rates, working away from the office as a telecommuter has become increasingly available to many workers around the world. Since the term telecommuting was first coined in the 1970s, scholars and practitioners have debated the merits of working away from the office, as it represents a fundamental shift in how organizations have historically done business. Complicating efforts to truly understand the implications of telecommuting have been the widely varying definitions and conceptualizations of telecommuting and the diverse fields in which research has taken place.Our objective in this article is to review existing research on telecommuting in an effort to better understand what we as a scientific community know about telecommuting and its implications. In so doing, we aim to bring to the surface some of the intricacies associated with telecommuting research so that we may shed insights into the debate regarding telecommuting's benefits and drawbacks. We attempt to sift through the divergent and at times conflicting literature to develop an overall sense of the status of our scientific findings, in an effort to identify not only what we know and what we think we know about telecommuting, but also what we must yet learn to fully understand this increasingly important work mode.After a brief review of the history of telecommuting and its prevalence, we begin by discussing the definitional challenges inherent within existing literature and offer a comprehensive definition of telecommuting rooted in existing research. Our review starts by highlighting the need to interpret existing findings with an understanding of how the extent of telecommuting practiced by participants in a study is likely to alter conclusions that may be drawn. We then review telecommuting's implications for employees' work-family issues, attitudes, and work outcomes, including job satisfaction, organizational commitment and identification, stress, performance, wages, withdrawal behaviors, and firm-level metrics. Our article continues by discussing research findings concerning salient contextual issues that might influence or alter the impact of telecommuting, including the nature of the work performed while telecommuting, interpersonal processes such as knowledge sharing and innovation, and additional considerations that include motives for telecommuting such as family responsibilities. We also cover organizational culture and support that may shape the telecommuting experience, after which we discuss the community and societal effects of telecommuting, including its effects on traffic and emissions, business continuity, and work opportunities, as well as the potential impact on societal ties. Selected examples of telecommuting legislation and policies ar","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"16 2","pages":"40-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100615593273","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34100145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Educational apps: what we do and do not know.","authors":"Ellen Wartella","doi":"10.1177/1529100615578662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615578662","url":null,"abstract":"This is a timely and important article on a topic that has been clouded both theoretically and empirically. Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, Jennifer M. Zosh, Roberta Michnick Golinkoff, James H. Gray, Michael B. Robb, and Jordy Kaufman have developed an extensive review of the literature on apps that offers a compelling blueprint for future research and development. As they note, there has been an explosion of apps for children, particularly ones called “educational,” over the past few years. In 2014, the Apple Store held over 75,000 apps classified as educational. Yet we have little evaluation of the educational quality of most of these apps. What few studies we do have are reviewed here. The lack of empirical study of the educational nature of this vast array of apps has clearly been impeded by a lack of agreement on how to conduct such a content study. This review makes an especially important contribution to the literature: The authors argue that theory and research in the learning sciences offer an evidencebased blueprint for analyzing the educational quality of apps. Through an analysis of what learning scientists have discerned about effective learning environments, the authors offer four principles, or pillars, of an optimal learning environment for children younger than age 8. Young children’s learning is optimized when children are cognitively active and engaged and when their learning experiences are meaningful, socially interactive, and goal directed. This article goes on to elaborate these principles. First, active learning occurs when children are “mindson”—that is, engaged in thinking, reflecting, and effortful mental activity. As the authors note, swiping, tapping, and physically engaging with an app is not the same as “minds-on” activity. Second, by “engagement,” the authors refer to focused attention and a lack of distraction from other elements in the app or the environment. Children are engaged when they stay on task, free of distraction. Third, the app should encourage meaningful learning—that is, it should help children connect new knowledge or information to their preexisting knowledge through learning that is relevant and purposeful. The fourth pillar is the importance of highquality social interaction between the learner and others (e.g., a teacher, a parent, another child or peer). There is substantial evidence from research in education to indicate the importance of cooperative and collaborative learning environments for young children. Especially important is the idea of “social contingency”: That backand-forth interaction between speakers in a dialog is an important aspect of how social interaction aids children’s learning. Finally, these four pillars of active, engaged, meaningful, and socially interactive learning experiences should be embedded in a setting that is educationally goal oriented. This educational context for learning will support the child learner by scaffolding those activities through which the child discovers an","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"16 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100615578662","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33315272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Putting education in \"educational\" apps: lessons from the science of learning.","authors":"Kathy Hirsh-Pasek,&nbsp;Jennifer M Zosh,&nbsp;Roberta Michnick Golinkoff,&nbsp;James H Gray,&nbsp;Michael B Robb,&nbsp;Jordy Kaufman","doi":"10.1177/1529100615569721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615569721","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children are in the midst of a vast, unplanned experiment, surrounded by digital technologies that were not available but 5 years ago. At the apex of this boom is the introduction of applications (\"apps\") for tablets and smartphones. However, there is simply not the time, money, or resources available to evaluate each app as it enters the market. Thus, \"educational\" apps-the number of which, as of January 2015, stood at 80,000 in Apple's App Store (Apple, 2015)-are largely unregulated and untested. This article offers a way to define the potential educational impact of current and future apps. We build upon decades of work on the Science of Learning, which has examined how children learn best. From this work, we abstract a set of principles for two ultimate goals. First, we aim to guide researchers, educators, and designers in evidence-based app development. Second, by creating an evidence-based guide, we hope to set a new standard for evaluating and selecting the most effective existing children's apps. In short, we will show how the design and use of educational apps aligns with known processes of children's learning and development and offer a framework that can be used by parents and designers alike. Apps designed to promote active, engaged, meaningful, and socially interactive learning-four \"pillars\" of learning-within the context of a supported learning goal are considered educational.</p>","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"16 1","pages":"3-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100615569721","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33315273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Women in Academic Science: A Changing Landscape.","authors":"Stephen J Ceci,&nbsp;Donna K Ginther,&nbsp;Shulamit Kahn,&nbsp;Wendy M Williams","doi":"10.1177/1529100614541236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614541236","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Much has been written in the past two decades about women in academic science careers, but this literature is contradictory. Many analyses have revealed a level playing field, with men and women faring equally, whereas other analyses have suggested numerous areas in which the playing field is not level. The only widely-agreed-upon conclusion is that women are underrepresented in college majors, graduate school programs, and the professoriate in those fields that are the most mathematically intensive, such as geoscience, engineering, economics, mathematics/computer science, and the physical sciences. In other scientific fields (psychology, life science, social science), women are found in much higher percentages. In this monograph, we undertake extensive life-course analyses comparing the trajectories of women and men in math-intensive fields with those of their counterparts in non-math-intensive fields in which women are close to parity with or even exceed the number of men. We begin by examining early-childhood differences in spatial processing and follow this through quantitative performance in middle childhood and adolescence, including high school coursework. We then focus on the transition of the sexes from high school to college major, then to graduate school, and, finally, to careers in academic science. The results of our myriad analyses reveal that early sex differences in spatial and mathematical reasoning need not stem from biological bases, that the gap between average female and male math ability is narrowing (suggesting strong environmental influences), and that sex differences in math ability at the right tail show variation over time and across nationalities, ethnicities, and other factors, indicating that the ratio of males to females at the right tail can and does change. We find that gender differences in attitudes toward and expectations about math careers and ability (controlling for actual ability) are evident by kindergarten and increase thereafter, leading to lower female propensities to major in math-intensive subjects in college but higher female propensities to major in non-math-intensive sciences, with overall science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors at 50% female for more than a decade. Post-college, although men with majors in math-intensive subjects have historically chosen and completed PhDs in these fields more often than women, the gap has recently narrowed by two thirds; among non-math-intensive STEM majors, women are more likely than men to go into health and other people-related occupations instead of pursuing PhDs. Importantly, of those who obtain doctorates in math-intensive fields, men and women entering the professoriate have equivalent access to tenure-track academic jobs in science, and they persist and are remunerated at comparable rates-with some caveats that we discuss. The transition from graduate programs to assistant professorships shows more pipeline leakage in the fie","PeriodicalId":37882,"journal":{"name":"Psychological science in the public interest : a journal of the American Psychological Society","volume":"15 3","pages":"75-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1529100614541236","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33902887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}