Health and Justice最新文献

{"title":"A scoping review of medical education and care of patients with criminal-legal system involvement.","authors":"Michelle I Suh, Samantha Chao, James Ahn, Jeffrey J H Cheung, Alan Schwartz","doi":"10.1186/s40352-025-00392-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-025-00392-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Caring for over 5 million people in the United States with criminal-legal system involvement (CLSI) poses unique ethical and medical considerations for physicians. Despite the rise of academic medical center partnerships with correctional facilities, no framework to teach learners to navigate the care of patients with CLSI exists. The current literature lacks a clear picture of the motivations, formats, and quality of educational interventions for medical learners providing care to patients with CLSI. This scoping review examines educational interventions and commentaries on caring for patients with CLSI in medical trainees. METHODS: Using the Arksey and O’Malley framework methodology, the authors searched PubMed, Embase, MedEdPORTAL, and Web of Science to identify English-language peer-reviewed studies. Articles were included if they (1) included medical trainees, (2) involved patients with CLSI and (3) had an educational component. Data extracted included the study type, motivations, and relevant stakeholders. For educational intervention studies, the authors also extracted the learner characteristics, format and content, assessment tools, and study quality. RESULTS: Equity and public health were the most common motivations for CLSI educational interventions. Most published educational interventions were academic health center-correctional facility partnerships featuring clinical rotations among medical schools and residency programs. The most common residency specialties were psychiatry, family medicine, and internal medicine. However, most published CLSI educational interventions relied on exposure to patients with CLSI and lacked explicit curricula or rigorous learner assessments. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate a perceived need for training regarding the care of patients with CLSI. However, current published educational interventions rely on clinical exposure to patients with CLSI and lack an explicit curriculum and rigorous learner assessments. Development of core competencies utilizing the frameworks of structural competency and prison abolition theory may help inform future educational interventions regarding the care of patients with CLSI. </p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13045076/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146150835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug use vs. abstinence after incarceration: associations with competing psychosocial needs and their relevance to the importance of treatment.","authors":"Catherine Paquette, Taylor Krajewski, Zaire Cullins, Luzan JadKarim, Tasia Danns, David H Cloud, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein","doi":"10.1186/s40352-025-00388-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-025-00388-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many people with histories of criminalized drug use resume using drugs after leaving incarceration, yet limited research explores the specific needs and vulnerabilities of these individuals compared to those who remain abstinent. We examined the relationship between post-incarceration drug use and competing psychosocial needs, as well as these needs' association with views regarding substance use disorder (SUD) treatment.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>(1) Compare psychosocial needs between individuals with recent drug use post-incarceration and those who were abstinent. (2) Examine which needs are associated with participants' views on the importance of SUD treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Among 244 participants with a history of drug use who were previously incarcerated, currently on community supervision, and had elevated risk of HIV, we compared those who used drugs within 30 days post-release (n = 97) to those who did not (n = 147) on health insurance coverage, alcohol use, food security, employment status, housing stability, social support, and depressive symptoms. We analyzed bivariate associations between these needs and the importance of SUD treatment using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Jonckheere-Terpstra tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants with recent drug use reported higher rates of hazardous alcohol consumption (35.4% vs. 18.1%), food insecurity (58.8% vs. 42.9%), un- or under-employment (61.7% vs. 49.0%), low social support (44.3% vs. 24.7%), and depressive symptoms (50.5% vs. 21.8%). Substance-related problems were significantly linked to higher treatment importance for both groups. Multiple additional competing needs correlated with treatment importance among abstinent individuals.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Individuals who return to drug use post-incarceration face greater psychosocial challenges. Results highlight the need for disentanglement of access to services from treatment and the provision of comprehensive services regardless of stage of recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12973785/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146133209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embodied harm and health consequences: self-reported physiological symptoms among co-victims of cold-case homicides.","authors":"Diana Cantini-Vaisman, Tomer Einat","doi":"10.1186/s40352-025-00394-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-025-00394-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Families of victims of unresolved (\"cold case\") homicides endure not only prolonged emotional devastation but also chronic exposure to stressors linked to institutional inaction and uncertainty. While previous studies have addressed trauma, grief, and mental health consequences among co-victims of homicide, minimal scholarly attention has been devoted to the physical and physiological impact of unresolved loss, particularly when justice remains indefinitely suspended.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This qualitative study draws on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 13 co-victims of cold-case homicides in Israel. Using qualitative content analysis, we examined how participants interpret and articulate perceived connections between prolonged unresolved grief, institutional inaction, chronic stress exposure, and physiological health deterioration. The theoretical framework integrates Ambiguous Loss Theory (Boss, W. W. Norton & Company, 2006), Trauma Theory (Herman, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence-From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror, 1992; van der Kolk, The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma, 2014), and the Allostatic Load Model (McEwen and Stellar, Arch. Intern. Med. 153:2093-2101, 1993).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants reported a wide range of chronic health problems including cardiovascular illness, autoimmune disorders, chronic pain, hypertension, diabetes, migraines, and disrupted sleep. They consistently attributed their physical decline not only to the trauma of the homicide itself but to the persistent absence of justice and ongoing interaction with inert legal systems, which they described as physiologically corrosive. The unresolved status of their case maintained a long-term state of biological threat activation, manifesting in immune dysregulation, sleep disorders, and severe fatigue.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Findings demonstrate that cold-case homicide bereavement extends beyond psychological trauma and constitutes a significant, yet neglected public health burden. The study underscores the need to integrate trauma-informed healthcare within criminal justice responses and calls for official recognition of the embodied consequences of unresolved homicide, both clinically and legally.</p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13348525/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146126829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"'Oh, they can prevent It?': a structural agency framework for understanding HIV prevention among black women in community supervision programs.","authors":"Karen A Johnson, Meriem Boukaabar, Stefanie Binion, Angela Wright, Kefentse Kubanga, Shameka L Cody, George Mugoya, Sherron Wilkes, Lanett Shields, Pamela Payne Foster, Dawn Goddard-Eckrich, Timothy Hunt, Louisa Gilbert, Nabila El Bassel, David L Albright","doi":"10.1186/s40352-025-00370-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-025-00370-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite efforts to end the HIV epidemic, new transmissions among Black women in the U.S.' Deep South remain disproportionately high. This study examined condomless sex experiences and PrEP non-engagement among Black women in community supervision programs (e.g., diversion, probation, parole) in Alabama.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>As part of Project E-WORTH South, we used a phenomenological approach and conducted 16 semi-structured interviews to explore factors influencing condom use and PrEP engagement. Participants (n = 16) were selected through criteria-based sampling: Black or African American individuals, female at birth, aged 18 years or older, English-speaking, and current community supervision involvement. Interview transcripts were double-coded using a phenomenological coding technique to identify general themes. The codes were then grouped into themes and subthemes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Analysis revealed four distinct forms of agency that participants employ in sexual health decision-making, mapped along two dimensions: structural constraints/coercion and HIV prevention knowledge/resources. Despite 37.5% engaging in self-initiated HIV testing, 87.5% were unaware of PrEP/PEP existence, with 50% reporting condomless sex. We identified two novel agency forms: deprived agency (knowledge gaps limiting autonomy) and traversed agency (bidirectional override of initial intentions).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study introduces a novel structural agency matrix framework and identifies previously unrecognized forms of sexual health agency among Black women under community supervision. The paradox of high health-seeking behaviors alongside near-zero PrEP awareness reveals systematic information dissemination failures rather than individual barriers, demonstrating need for matrix-informed interventions that simultaneously address structural constraints and knowledge gaps.</p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12930764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146087548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aggression and attitudes toward firearm violence among high-risk youth: the moderating influence of psychological distress.","authors":"Chuka Emezue","doi":"10.1186/s40352-026-00398-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-026-00398-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Firearm violence remains a critical public health crisis that disproportionately affects Black children and youth, National data show that Black children experience firearm homicide rates roughly eight times higher than White children, and Black males ages 18–24 face rates nearly 23 times higher than their White peers. Although aggression is a well-established correlate of attitudes supportive of gun violence, far less is known about how cognitive–emotional processes and states (e.g., psychological distress) shape these associations among youth frequently exposed to community violence but not involved in the justice system. This study addresses this gap by examining whether psychological distress moderates the relationship between aggression profiles and attitudes toward gun violence. OBJECTIVES: This exploratory study tested whether psychological distress moderates the associations between proactive aggression (PA), reactive aggression (RA), and attitudes toward guns and violence (AGVQ™). We also assessed the independent predictive effects of PA, RA, psychological distress, and depressive symptoms (PHQ-8) on AGVQ scores. METHODS: Baseline data were drawn from a pilot intervention study (N = 70) involving young adults at elevated risk for violence and substance use. PA and RA were modeled as independent variables, with psychological distress as a moderator. Correlation analyses and multiple linear regression were conducted in JASP (v0.18.3), and moderation analyses were performed in Python (Google Colab). RESULTS: AGVQ scores were strongly correlated with PA (r = .80, p < .001), RA (r = .70, p < .001), psychological distress (r = .69, p < .001), depressive symptoms (r = .69, p < .001), and past-year violence exposure (r = .67, p < .001). In regression analyses, PA significantly predicted AGVQ scores (b = 1.19, p < .001), whereas RA (p = .81) and psychological distress (p = .176) were not significant predictors. Moderation analyses indicated that psychological distress marginally attenuated the association between RA and AGVQ (b = − 0.05, p = .084), while no significant interaction emerged for PA. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings underscore the importance of distinguishing aggression subtypes when examining firearm-related attitudes among youth facing chronic adversity. Proactive aggression emerged as the most robust predictor of gun-supportive attitudes, independent of psychological distress, highlighting the need for interventions that target cognitive–emotional mechanisms underlying instrumental aggression. Future research should incorporate larger samples and examine additional sociodemographic and distress-related moderators to refine theory-driven models of firearm violence risk in marginalized populations. </p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12934105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146067570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tipping the scales: the predictive utility of the PCE-ACE ratio for criminogenic and wellbeing outcomes in a general adult population.","authors":"Colm Walsh","doi":"10.1186/s40352-026-00397-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-026-00397-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs) are each independently associated with a range of adult outcomes, including mental health, substance use, and criminal justice involvement. However, few studies have examined how the balance between these experiences influences outcomes. This study explores the predictive utility of a PCE:ACE ratio. Unlike previous measures of resiliency and risk protection scales that treat risk and protective factors as parallel dimensions, the ratio is population-level heuristic intended to capture the relative balance of positive versus adverse experiences using a single relational metric. Using data from a representative sample of 1,203 adults in Northern Ireland, participants completed validated measures of 13 ACEs and 10 positive childhood experiences (PCEs) A weighted PCE:ACE ratio was calculated, and participants were categorised into high, moderate, or low ratio groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings showed that a higher ratio was significantly associated with reduced odds of arrest, incarceration, school exclusion, substance use, and mental health diagnosis, even after adjusting for age, gender, and deprivation. Those in the low-ratio group had the highest rates of adverse outcomes. While the ratio offers an intuitive and accessible framework for understanding developmental balance, limitations include the potential for oversimplification of distinct ACE-PCE profiles.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings support the feasibility of a ratio-based approach that standardises balance rather than the independent accumulation of risks and strengths, and suggests that a stronger balance of protective experiences may buffer the impact of adversity. Further research is needed to explore threshold effects and interaction dynamics. However, the ratio provides a useful metric and sound basis for capturing population health and the extent to which public investment is tipped in favour of positive or less positive outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12895996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146067601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of legally mandated non-custodial drug and alcohol treatment orders for improved health, well-being, global functioning and quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Pauline Campbell, Julie Cowie, Bridget Davis, Candida Fenton, Alex Todhunter-Brown, Hilda Bissozo Hernandez, Louise Hoyle, Hannah Carver, Catriona Connell, Joshua Dumbrell, Rosie Hill, Fiona Blacklaw, Emma F France","doi":"10.1186/s40352-025-00354-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-025-00354-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adults in the criminal justice system are disproportionately more likely to use alcohol and drugs compared to the general population. Legally mandated alcohol and drug treatment orders have been proposed as an alternative to prison. However, little is known about how treatment orders affect the health and well-being of this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched 14 electronic databases (last searched November 2023) for studies comparing adults in legally mandated non-custodial drug and alcohol treatment orders to those receiving mandatory treatment orders or usual care. Global functioning, quality of life, drug or alcohol use measures, dependence severity, depression/anxiety outcomes, family member/significant other outcomes, and adverse events were selected based on a minimum core outcome set. We performed a meta-analysis using mean differences and risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. Equity-related factors were mapped to the PROGRESS-plus framework. People with lived experience provided input throughout the review process.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 6917 records, 11 studies involving 4643 individuals (70% men; seven randomised controlled trials (RCTs)) met the eligibility criteria. All studies were conducted in high-income countries and involved drug and alcohol courts. The main outcomes of global functioning and quality of life were not reported. Poor reporting limited the meta-analysis. There were no differences between the groups receiving the intervention and those in the control group regarding number of positive drug screenings (MD -0.80, 95% CI -3.60 to 2.00, 10 participants, p = 0.58); depression (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.10, 1533 participants, p = 0.38); or serious adverse events (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.02 to 6.65, 10 participants, p = 0.47). We judged the evidence as very-low. The equity criteria most frequently reported were age, sex and race/ethnicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The evidence is insufficient to draw judgements about the effectiveness of treatment orders for health and well-being. We found no evidence relating to global functioning, quality of life, anxiety, and outcomes specific to family members or significant others. High-quality RCTs are urgently needed. Future studies should involve people with lived experience in the design and conduct of new trials. Study protocol registration. The protocol for this study was registered on PROSPERO: CRD42023484923.</p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12958499/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community violence intervention: measuring risk & protective factors for gun use among program participants.","authors":"Jason Corburn, Alice Bruno, Juan Cabrera, Sean Darling-Hammond, Mahasin Mujahid","doi":"10.1186/s40352-025-00393-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-025-00393-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Community Violence Intervention (CVI) involves recruiting likely gun violence offenders using street outreach and offering mentorship, social services and other supports to discourage future firearm violence. Grounded in public health, CVI interventions identify an individual’s risk factors and work to enhance protective and buffering factors that can help prevent a client from offending. This paper reviews evaluations of CVI interventions to understand how participants’ risk factors are defined and measured. We used keywords to identify 38 published evaluations of 32 different CVI interventions that recruited community members and used street-outreach as the primary mode of engagement. We then used the PRISMA scoping review methodology to identify categories of risk and protective factors to screen each published evaluation for whether and how they measured participants’ risk, protective and buffering factors at program onset. We found that 56% (18/32) of evaluations included some demographic information about participants and 44% (14/32) provided additional details about their educational or employment status. The criminal justice history was reported in 59% (19/32) and gang or group affiliation in 47% (15/32) of the evaluations we reviewed. The CVI participants’ history related to gun violence was documented in 53% (17/32). Far fewer evaluations documented potential assets, buffering or protective factors of CVI participants: only 16% (5/32) reported on whether any clients were receiving social services at intake and only 6% (2/32) documented any clients’ strengths or protective factors. We also found that no two programs captured the same information about gang, criminal justice, gun violence or social risk factors. Preliminary findings suggest that many CVI programs may not be capturing whether clients face known risk factors for future gun use, and that these programs rarely capture potential protective and buffering factors that might inform program service delivery and potentially enhance the likelihood that interventions will help prevent future gun use. This study aims to support the emerging field of CVI as it works to build evidence that these interventions successfully address the specific needs of urban young people and prevent them from engaging in firearm offending.</p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13005363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146054223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health consequences of paternal incarceration using a future-treated control group.","authors":"Erin J McCauley, Camille Portier, Katherine LeMasters","doi":"10.1186/s40352-025-00395-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-025-00395-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND: Paternal incarceration is a now a common experience in the life course for young people in the United States that likely shapes health. This study examines the effect of paternal incarceration on adolescents’ health care access/utilization and health behaviors during adolescence. This study employs an innovative approach, which we refer to as the future treated control method, to adjust for unobserved heterogeneity by exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in the timing of paternal incarceration to develop a future treated control group. In this approach youth who have experienced paternal incarceration are compared to youth who will experience paternal incarceration after the outcomes are measured. Results are replicated using a linear probability model with a traditional reference group of those who have not experienced paternal incarceration. RESULTS: Paternal incarceration is associated with a higher probability of having no insurance (b = 0.06, p = 0.04), forgoing needed medical care (b = 0.09, p = 0.03), and receiving psychological counseling (b = 0.08, p = 0.01) after reducing unobserved heterogeneity. Paternal incarceration is not significantly associated with health behaviors when adjusting for unobserved heterogeneity, despite significant associations between paternal incarceration and alcohol and tobacco use using a traditional regression model. In this case, paternal incarceration has an independent effect on health care access and use in adolescence but not observed health behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Paternal incarceration has implications for health care use during the transition to adulthood. Paternal incarceration should be considered a distinctive risk factor that contributes to health inequity in the U.S. and research on the collateral consequences of incarceration for families needs to address the threat of selection. </p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12911281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145991034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insidious systems: a scoping review of Black youth and the criminal justice system in Canada.","authors":"Joshua E Yusuf, Gervin Apatinga, Barbara-Ann Hamilton-Hinch, Annette Bailey, W Andy Knight, Geoffrey Maina, Aloysius Nwabugo Maduforo, Bukola Salami","doi":"10.1186/s40352-026-00396-2","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40352-026-00396-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>INTRODUCTION: A growing concern within and beyond Black communities is the increasing injustices faced by Black children and youth, especially the indelible injustices imposed in their involvement with the Canadian criminal justice system. This study conducts a scoping review of the existing literature on Black youth involvement with the Canadian criminal justice system. METHODS: The scoping review followed Arksey and O’Malley’s five step framework and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. We broadly searched seven databases for studies focusing on Black children and youth (0–30 years) in Canada. This scoping review reports data extracted from 35 criminal-justice related studies. RESULTS: Research on Black youth and the criminal justice system in Canada has grown since 2000, with most studies (60%) focusing on Ontario. Findings were categorized by systems (child welfare, education, and health) and their interactions with the criminal justice system. Black youth’s contact with the criminal justice system is an extension of their daily interactions and experiences within other systems, where decisions, actions, and culture are underscored by processes of racial injustice. CONCLUSIONS: While there is more attention to research on Black youth involvement with the Canadian criminal justice system, more work is needed to understand their experiences at different levels of involvement with the Canadian criminal justice system, in order to guide and advance the development of relevant policies, strategies, and interventions. Focused efforts should be directed at addressing anti-Black racism within Canadian systems, particularly in child welfare, healthcare, and education, due to their deep and troubling connection to the criminal justice system. </p>","PeriodicalId":37843,"journal":{"name":"Health and Justice","volume":" ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12892758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145985547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}