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Disability, Health and Human Development 残疾、健康和人类发展
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2017-09-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3097355
Sophie Mitra
{"title":"Disability, Health and Human Development","authors":"Sophie Mitra","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3097355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3097355","url":null,"abstract":"This open access book introduces the human development model to define disability and map its links with health and wellbeing, based on Sen’s capability approach. The author uses panel survey data with internationally comparable questions on disability for Ethiopia, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda. It presents evidence on the prevalence of disability and its strong and consistent association with multidimensional poverty, mortality, economic insecurity and deprivations in education, morbidity and employment. It shows that disability needs to be considered from multiple angles including aging, gender, health and poverty. Ultimately, this study makes a call for inclusion and prevention interventions as solutions to the deprivations associated with impairments and health conditions.","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"253 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132387826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 94
Towards Inclusive Education: The Impact of Disability on School Attendance in Developing Countries 迈向全纳教育:发展中国家残疾对就学的影响
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2016-05-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2782430
Suguru Mizunoya, Sophie Mitra, Izumi Yamasaki
{"title":"Towards Inclusive Education: The Impact of Disability on School Attendance in Developing Countries","authors":"Suguru Mizunoya, Sophie Mitra, Izumi Yamasaki","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2782430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2782430","url":null,"abstract":"The paper aims to reduce the global knowledge gap pertaining to the impact of disability on school attendance, using cross-nationally comparable and nationally representative data from 18 surveys in 15 countries that are selected among 2,500 surveys and censuses. These selected surveys administered the Washington Group Short Set (WGSS) of disability-screening questions, covering five functional domains of seeing, hearing, mobility, self-care, and remembering, and collected information on educational status. Using both descriptive and econometric approaches, the paper finds that (i) the average disability gap in school attendance stands at 30% in primary and secondary schools in 15 countries; (ii) more than 85% of disabled primary-age children who are out of school have never attended school; (iii) the average marginal effect of disability on primary and secondary school attendance is negative and significant (-30%), and (iv) countries that have reached close to universal primary education report high ratios of disabled to non-disabled out-of-school children indicating that general education policies to improve access do not effectively mainstream disabled children in education, and (v) disabled children confront the same difficulties in participating in education, regardless of their individual and socio-economic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131250132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 38
Gender Equity in the Tax-Transfer System for Fiscal Sustainability 税收转移制度中的性别平等促进财政可持续性
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2015-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2817163
P. Apps
{"title":"Gender Equity in the Tax-Transfer System for Fiscal Sustainability","authors":"P. Apps","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2817163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2817163","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1980s the Australian Personal Income Tax was highly progressive and family payments were universal. The system ranked well in terms of gender equity and female labour supply incentives. During the Howard years the progressivity of the rate scale declined dramatically despite rising inequality in wages, income and wealth, and the individual as the unit of taxation for families was replaced by a system of “quasi-joint” taxation. As a result many partnered mothers as second earners now face effective marginal tax rates that are well above the top rate on personal income. At the same time, many face high child care costs in a largely privatised system. In addition, women, typically on lower pay, cannot gain equally from tax advantaged superannuation. This paper presents an analysis that highlights the counterproductive effects of the gender discrimination in these policies on female labour supply, household saving and the tax base, and argues for policies that promote gender equity for fiscal sustainability in an economy undergoing the far-reaching effects of demographic change.","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130745933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Does the Gender Composition of Scientific Committees Matter? 科学委员会的性别构成重要吗?
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2015-07-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2628176
Manuel Bagues, M. Sylos-Labini, N. Zinovyeva
{"title":"Does the Gender Composition of Scientific Committees Matter?","authors":"Manuel Bagues, M. Sylos-Labini, N. Zinovyeva","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2628176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2628176","url":null,"abstract":"An increasing number of countries are introducing gender quotas in scientific committees. We analyze how a larger presence of female evaluators affects committee decision-making using information on 100,000 applications to associate and full professorships in all academic disciplines in two countries, Italy and Spain. These applications were assessed by 8,000 evaluators who were selected through a random draw. A larger number of women in evaluation committees does not increase either the quantity or the quality of female candidates who qualify. If anything, when evaluators' are not familiar with candidates' research area, gender-mixed committees tend to be less favorable towards female candidates than all-male committees, with the exception of evaluations to full professorships in Spain. Data from 300,000 individual voting reports suggests that men become less favorable towards female candidates as soon as a woman joins the committee.","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117306865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 191
How Financially Literate Are Women? An Overview and New Insights 女性的财务素养有多高?概述和新见解
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2014-12-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2585187
Tabea Bucher-Koenen, A. Lusardi, R. Alessie, M. van Rooij
{"title":"How Financially Literate Are Women? An Overview and New Insights","authors":"Tabea Bucher-Koenen, A. Lusardi, R. Alessie, M. van Rooij","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2585187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2585187","url":null,"abstract":"We document strikingly similar gender differences in financial literacy across countries. When asked to answer questions that measure knowledge of basic financial concepts, women are less likely than men to answer correctly and more likely to indicate that they do not know the answer. In addition, women give themselves lower scores on financial literacy self-assessments than men. Both young and old women show low levels of financial literacy. Moreover, women for whom financial knowledge is likely to be very important—for example widows or single women—know little about concepts relevant for day-to-day financial decisions. Even women in favorable economic conditions are less financially knowledgeable than men. This is important because financial literacy has been linked to economic behavior, including retirement planning and wealth accumulation. Women live longer than men and are likely to spend time in widowhood. As a result, improving women’s financial literacy is key to helping them prepare for retirement and promoting their financial security.","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132318725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 315
The Number of Children Being Raised by Gay or Lesbian Parents 由同性恋父母抚养的孩子的数量
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2014-09-16 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2497095
C. Miller, Joseph Price
{"title":"The Number of Children Being Raised by Gay or Lesbian Parents","authors":"C. Miller, Joseph Price","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2497095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2497095","url":null,"abstract":"An important first step in research on gay or lesbian parenting includes accurately documenting the number of children who are being raised by gay or lesbian parents. US census data can provide accurate estimates of the number of children being raised by same-sex couples, but children being raised by gay or lesbian single parents cannot be identified in this data. We use self-reported sexual orientation data from 9,197 respondents of the National Survey of Family Growth to calculate the number of children being raised by a gay or lesbian parent. We find that about 240,000 children in the US are being raised by a gay or lesbian parent (about a third of which are single parents). This estimate is significantly lower than previous estimates, due largely to how we categorize parents who report being bisexual.","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128873039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Inequality-Adjusted Gender Wage Differentials in Germany 德国不平等调整后的性别工资差异
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2013-08-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2316993
Ekaterina Selezneva, Philippe Van Kerm
{"title":"Inequality-Adjusted Gender Wage Differentials in Germany","authors":"Ekaterina Selezneva, Philippe Van Kerm","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2316993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2316993","url":null,"abstract":"This paper exploits data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) to re-examine the gender wage gap in Germany on the basis of inequality-adjusted measures of wage differentials which fully account for gender differences in pay distributions. The inequality-adjusted gender pay gap measures are significantly larger than suggested by standard indicators, especially in East Germany. Women appear penalized twice, with both lower mean wages and greater wage inequality. A hypothetical risky investment question collected in 2004 in the SOEP is used to estimate individual risk aversion parameters and benchmark the ranges of inequality-adjusted wage differentials measures.","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"6 9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128441604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Selection and Economic Gains in the Great Migration of African Americans: New Evidence from Linked Census Data 非裔美国人大迁徙中的选择和经济收益:来自相关人口普查数据的新证据
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.3386/W19124
W. Collins, Marianne H. Wanamaker
{"title":"Selection and Economic Gains in the Great Migration of African Americans: New Evidence from Linked Census Data","authors":"W. Collins, Marianne H. Wanamaker","doi":"10.3386/W19124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W19124","url":null,"abstract":"The onset of World War I spurred the \"Great Migration\" of African Americans from the U.S. South, arguably the most important internal migration in U.S. history. We create a new panel dataset of more than 5,000 men matched from the 1910 to 1930 census manuscripts to address three interconnected questions: To what extent was there selection into migration? How large were the migrants' gains? Did migration narrow the racial gap in economic status? We find evidence of positive selection, but the migrants' gains were large. A substantial amount of black-white convergence in this period is attributable to migration.","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130652485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 148
Intermarriage and the Labor Market Outcomes of Asian Women 异族婚姻与亚洲女性的劳动力市场结果
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2013-05-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2289498
Sukanya Basu
{"title":"Intermarriage and the Labor Market Outcomes of Asian Women","authors":"Sukanya Basu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2289498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2289498","url":null,"abstract":"type=\"main\" xml:id=\"ecin12229-abs-0001\"> The impact of intermarriage with natives, on labor market outcomes of immigrants, is not homogeneous across ethnic groups. Wages of Asian women are compared with non-Asians. Both ordinary least squares and instrumental variables estimates of the effects of intermarriage on the wages of Asian women are negative and significant. Non-Asian women earn a wage premium that becomes insignificant when controls for selection into marriage are introduced. One possible explanation for the intermarriage penalty for Asians is an income effect of having a high-earning native husband. Intermarriage penalties rise with husband's education. Assimilation patterns of intermarried Asians indicate that they have lower initial wages, market hours, and employment, but exhibit faster rates of growth over their years of stay. The results are robust across Asian subgroups and husband's ethnicity . ( JEL J16, J12, J31, J61)","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117016626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 23
Gender Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from 19,130 Resumes in China 招聘中的性别歧视:来自中国19130份简历的证据
PRN: Race Pub Date : 2013-01-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2195840
Xiangyi Zhou, Jie Zhang, Xuetao Song
{"title":"Gender Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from 19,130 Resumes in China","authors":"Xiangyi Zhou, Jie Zhang, Xuetao Song","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2195840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2195840","url":null,"abstract":"We study gender discrimination in hiring markets by sending 19,130 fictitious matched resumes in response to professional employment advertisements posted on major Internet employment boards in China for positions such as engineers, accountants, secretaries, and marketing professionals in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Wuhan, and Chengdu. Our results show that, in general, state-owned firms tend to prefer male applicants. Foreign and private firms tend to prefer female applicants. On one hand, this evidence supports the hypothesis that economic reform and the market economy may mitigate gender discrimination. On the other hand, this evidence is consistent with statistics that describe discrimination based on gender segregation and information asymmetry that originated with higher ratios of female workers in foreign and private firms. With respect to regional income disparity, we find that the differences in gender discrimination between first- and second-tier cities are not significant. This result indicates that economic reform exerts limited mitigation effect on discrimination. We also find no evidence of taste discrimination based on traditional son preference in China.","PeriodicalId":377862,"journal":{"name":"PRN: Race","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124970996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 30
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