South East European Journal of Immunology最新文献

{"title":"Deviation in White Blood Cell Count Measurement between WNR and WDF Channels on an Automated Hematology Analyzer XN-3000: A Case Report","authors":"Hiroki Doi, H. Matsuura, Hidehiko Akiyama, Hiroyasu Ito","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2024.6059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2024.6059","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: At present, complete blood count (CBC) testing is one of the most common clinical tests. The XN-3000 used in our hospital utilizes the principles of impedance and semiconductor laser flow cytometry, which contains two types of leukocyte fractionation methods: White cell nucleated (WNR) and white cell differential (WDF) channels.\u0000CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we present the case of a 63-year-old male patient who was admitted to our hospital for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (T4N3M1 [LYM, HEP, and OSS]). Biochemical data showed abnormal liver function and anemia. WNR results showed poor leukocyte and debris fractions compared with WDF results, and leukocyte counts were different between the two channels. However, the poor fractionation of the leukocyte and debris fractions in the WNR was resolved at the twofold dilution stage. To investigate the cause of the problem, precipitates affecting the  WNR measurement were visually checked. Consequently, insoluble precipitates were observed in the WNR mixture of the specimen of the patient. In our hospital, we measure 1200 CBCs/day and very rarely encounter abnormal specimens such as in the presented case. Normally, leukocyte counts are reported in priority to those measured by the WNR channel; however, in this case, the switching function was effective in giving priority to WDF  count  results because of the appearance of abnormal WNR plots. However, a system that can promptly confirm events when results are reported is necessary.\u0000CONCLUSION: We very rarely encounter abnormal specimens such as in the presented case. Normally, leukocyte counts are reported in priority to those measured by the WNR channel; however, in this case, the switching function was effective in giving priority to WDF count results because of the appearance of abnormal WNR plots. However, a system that can promptly confirm events when results are reported is necessary. When no clinical request for WDF measurement was made, the WNR scattergram must be confirmed, dilution measurement, if necessary, must be performed, or the WDF must be measured and reported to the clinician as useful criteria for diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138967085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Serum Soluble CD30 Levels in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients","authors":"Alaa A. Rashad, Manal F Elshamaa, Doaa M. Salah, Maha Rasheed, Nagwa Kantosh, Rasha Nazieh, Mervat Ismail, Ashraf S. Kamel, Shaimaa Sayed","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2023.6057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6057","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract BACKGROUND CD30 is considered to be a marker for the activated immune system; however, its association with acute rejection and kidney graft function showed severe heterogeneity. AIM The aim of this study is to examine the predictive value of soluble CD30 (sCD30) levels for kidney transplantation (KT) outcomes in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD30 in serum was measured by ELISA technique in 50 pediatric kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) within 13.4 ± 4.5 days before and within 19.5 ± 9.2 days after KT. sCD30 values were correlated with clinical, laboratory, and immunosuppressive (IS) therapy data and graft function of included patients. Twenty age/gender-matched healthy controls participated as reference values for sCD30 levels. RESULTS Our study revealed that serum levels of CD30 showed a significant relation between serum sCD30 levels: Pre/post-transplantation (p = 0.02) with increasing sCD30 levels after transplantation (71.60 pg/mL vs. 90.20 pg/mL). In the time, there were no relations between sCD30 with other parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the measurement of serums CD30 levels may be used as a valuable biomarker in renal transplantation when it is measured pre/post-transplantation.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"173 1","pages":"102 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139208030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Nilavembu Kudineer for Dengue Fever Management – An Overview of Clinical and Preclinical Evidences","authors":"N. Maideen","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2023.6058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6058","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIM Dengue viral disease (DVD) is a tropical arboviral disease that is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which is transmitted mainly by the bite of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. No specific antiviral drug is approved yet to manage the patients with DENV infection, who are managed using symptomatic therapy and supportive care. AIM As a consequence, we intend to review the potential of Nilavembu kudineer in the management of DENV infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS To find articles pertinent to the clinical, in vitro, and in silico studies evaluating the effectiveness of Nilavembu Kudineer in the management of DENV infection, the literature was searched in databases such as Medline/PubMed Central/PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, EBSCO, Scopus, Web of science, Embase, Directory of open access journals, and reference lists. RESULTS Nilavembu Kudineer may be able to alleviate signs and symptoms experienced by patients with DENV infection, according to few clinical, in vitro, and in silico studies. CONCLUSION The effectiveness of Nilavembu Kudineer in patients with DENV infection would further be demonstrated by additional randomized controlled clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"41 1","pages":"109 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139201169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Bronchiolitis and Other Predictors for Early Diagnosis of Childhood Asthma","authors":"Valentina Risteska-Nejashmikj, Dragan Gjorgjievski","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2023.6049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6049","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract BACKGROUND Early onset of acute bronchiolitis is associated with early onset of childhood asthma. Unfortunately, childhood asthma tends to be frequently overlooked and not optimally managed. Family pediatricians, however, possess an exceptional opportunity to recognize the connection of these conditions and promptly identify, address, and oversee children with asthma. It is important to note that childhood asthma typically begins in the early years of life, often triggered by viral infections. AIM We aimed to analyze the early predictors linked to childhood asthma, such as previous episodes of acute bronchiolitis and the presence of atopy, to facilitate the early identification of children with childhood asthma within primary care settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospectively analyzed data from 1652 children from health records at the Primary Health Care Polyclinic - Pediatric Primary Health Care Practice -“Vitalino” in Veles, North Macedonia. Within this cohort, 108 children had experienced acute bronchiolitis in 2016, at an age range of 0–2 years. In 2020 and 2023, the data were analyzed to determine the existence of a connection between acute bronchiolitis and other predictors with the early onset of childhood asthma. RESULTS This retrospective research showed that from the total number of children, 108 children aged up to 2 years suffered from acute bronchiolitis, of which the analysis in 2020 showed that 50 children had atopy, 19 allergic rhinitis, 33 children had recurrent laryngitis, 24 children recurrent otitis, 68 children with recurrent bronchial obstructions (≤3), and 39 children developed early onset of bronchial asthma. The analysis in 2023 showed that 51 children have asthma. Based on the obtained results, the prevalence of acute bronchiolitis in the Republic of North Macedonia is 6.54%. If acute bronchiolitis is considered an early manifestation of childhood asthma, then the prevalence of childhood asthma in the Republic of North Macedonia is about 6.54%. CONCLUSION Based on the obtained results, we can conclude that early onset of acute bronchiolitis is an early manifestation of childhood asthma. Additional predictors are early signs of atopy, frequent viral infections with broncho-obstruction, allergic rhinitis, and recurrent laryngitis.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"7 1","pages":"87 - 91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139236736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Diagnostic Value of ANA and Anti-SMA in Suspected Patients with Autoimmune Hepatitis","authors":"Margarita Prifti-Kurti, G. Sulcebe, Z. Ylli","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2023.6056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6056","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract BACKGROUND Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an unknown chronic disease characterized by hepatocellular inflammation with a tendency to progress to cirrhosis. AIH can present with symptoms of acute hepatitis with symptoms of chronic liver disease. AIH occurs globally; it is more commonly found in females. Autoantibodies such as antinuclear, smooth muscle, liver kidney microsome, and soluble liver antigen are used to aid in the diagnosis of AIH, which presents with a variety of symptoms that also contribute to the classification of AIH. AIM Evaluation of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) positivity in hepatic diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, viral hepatitis, and extra-hepatic diseases, providing better markers for the early diagnosis of AIH-type 1. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 207 individuals. 62.4% of them were female. Regarding the diagnoses, we grouped them into 4 groups: hepatic diseases (n = 73), viral hepatitis B and C (n = 54), gastrointestinal diseases (n = 34), and extra-hepatic diseases (n = 46). Serum levels of ANA and anti-SMA were measured using an indirect immunofluorescence method following the manufacturer’s instructions (Aesku Diagnostics, Germany). Fluorescence intensity was interpreted semi-quantitatively based on negative control (0) and positive control (+4). RESULTS The positivity of ANA and anti-SMA resulted as follows: In hepatic diseases 34.2% and 48%, in viral hepatitis B and C, ANA positivity was 14.8% and SMA positivity was 22.2%; in gastrointestinal diseases, ANA and SMA positivity were, respectively, 11.8% and 20.6%; and in extrahepatic diseases, positivity of ANA resulted in 32.6% and SMA in 26%. When compared to the viral hepatitis patient group, the ANA specificity for hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) was 85.2% and that of anti-SMA was 77.8%. The analysis of 46 extrahepatic patient groups provided an ANA specificity of 67.4% and an anti-SMA specificity of 74% for HAI. The comparison to gastrointestinal disease showed that ANA specificity for HAI was 88.2% and anti-SMA specificity was 79.4%. CONCLUSION Diagnosing AIH is difficult because the clinical spectrum ranges from an asymptomatic presentation to an acute and severe disease. So in all cases, AIH must be suspected. Both males and females can develop AIH, but the disease is more common in females. Based on our diagnostic parameters, we can say that ANA and anti-SMA provide moderate sensitivity for AIH, but they are more specific to AIH type 1.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"49 2","pages":"98 - 101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139272881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anti-inflammatory Effect of Gambier Catechin (Uncaria gambir Roxb) on Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review","authors":"Refa Rahmaddiansyah, Wahida Rahmi, R. Rita","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2023.6055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints and varies in severity in patients. Inflammation in the joints causes high levels of systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) which have an impact on permanent damage to the joints. Until now, the treatment of RA is only symptomatic, without being able to prevent the progression of damage to the joints, and this treatment also causes side effects such as gastrointestinal and cardiovascular toxicity. Therefore, many patients are looking for alternative medicine to complement their treatment. METHODS This research was a narrative review that was performed using PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar using pre-clinical and clinical studies which aim to determine whether the therapeutic mechanism of gambier catechin (Uncaria gambir Roxb) on RA. A literature review is carried out to formulate a scientific basis for innovation. RESULTS The gambier plant is a typical plant of West Sumatra, which is rich in phytochemicals. The active compounds in gambier are catechins which are classified as flavanols/flavonoids. Catechins are compounds that are well-known as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory compounds, the highest found in gambier plants. Catechins affect the expression of inflammation-related genes and proteins such as TNF-α, IL-1, and show their anti-inflammatory roles. This research is a literature review using secondary data from original research based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials. The results showed that catechins can inhibit the production of IL-1, TNF-α, prostaglandin and increase levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rats. On histological findings, peri-synovial inflammation and cartilage damage decreased in the group given epigallocatechin-3-gallate which showed anti-rheumatic activity and increased CD4+ and CD25+ regulatory T cells, thereby inhibiting the B cell population effectively suppresses inflammation and arthritis pain and shows its therapeutic potential in the treatment of RA. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that gambier catechins have the potential as a candidate for RA therapy. This, if developed, can certainly improve the health status of the community locally and globally.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"29 1","pages":"92 - 97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139315817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Levels of Antithyroid Antiperoxidase and Antithyroglobulin Antibodies in Patients with Graves Hyperthyroidism – Predictors of Initial and Sustained Remission and Consecutive Hypothyroidism","authors":"Natasha Stojkovska, N. Manevska, T. Makazlieva, S. Stojanoski","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2023.6052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6052","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract BACKGROUND Initial and sustained remission is the principal objective in patients with Graves hyperthyroidism (GH) treated with antithyroid drugs (ATD). AIMS Our study aimed to investigate the predictive value of antithyroid antiperoxidase (aTPO) and antithyroglobulin (aTg) levels on initial and sustained remission or consecutive hypothyroidism in subjects with GH treated with ATD. METHODS Randomized, prospective, and longitudinal study during period 2013–2018 was performed. Eighty GH patients (thyrotropin [TSH] <0.01 mIU/L, free thyroxine [FT4] >30 pmol/L, triiodothyronine [FT3] >8 pmol/L), 59 females (73.75%), and 21 males (26.25%), aged 51 ± 12 years were included in the study. Subjects were divided into four subgroups (each with 20 patients) according to aTPO and aTg levels: Group I – no antibodies; Group II – (<500 IU/mL), Group III – (500–1000 IU/mL), and Group IV – (>1000 IU/mL). All subjects underwent 24 months of propylthiouracil treatment with follow-up of 24 months after remission (TSH >0.4 mIU/L, FT4 11–25 pmol/L, FT3 2.8–6.5 pmol/L). Blood samples were analyzed every 4 months. RESULTS In Group I, 11 (55%) of the patients attained remission; during follow-up, 5 (45%) of them had disease relapse. In Group II, 12 (60%) attained remission and 5 (42%) had relapse. In Group III, 15 (75%) attained remission, 2 (13%) had disease relapse, and 4 (26%) developed hypothyroidism. In Group IV, 18 (90%) attained remission, 1 (5%) had disease relapse, and 9 (50%) developed hypothyroidism. Patients with values below 500 IU/mL attained remission in 60%, similar as the group without antibodies in 55% (p < 0.3). Patients in Group III and IV had significantly higher remission rates compared to Group I and II (p < 0.001). Baseline values of aTPO and aTg >1000 IU/mL were significant predictors of consecutive hypothyroidism (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Baseline aTPO and aTg values above 500 IU/mL were significantly prognostic for attaining and sustaining remission in GH and values above 1000 IU/mL were significant predictors of consecutive hypothyroidism.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"46 1","pages":"83 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139349172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acquired Postpartum Hemophilia A Presentation of Severe Hematuria: A Case Report","authors":"Wafaa M. Abdelghany","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2023.6041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6041","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare, severe bleeding disorder caused by the development of autoantibodies against FVIII that may be idiopathic or secondary to medical conditions. Postpartum AHA can occur as early as 1–4 months after delivery or as late as 1-year postpartum.\u0000CASE REPORT: A 20-year-old female presented with vaginal bleeding 20 days after delivery, then ecchymotic patches developed 2 months later, followed by hematuria 2 months after that. Laboratory investigation revealed isolated, prolonged partial thromboplastin time that was not corrected by mixing 50:50 with fresh normal plasma. FVIII activity was markedly deficient, with a high titer of immediate-acting FVIII inhibitor antibodies.\u0000CONCLUSION: The case was diagnosed as postpartum AHA with a good response to the combined steroids and cyclophosphamide treatment.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"367 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124603217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effectiveness of the Influence of the Second Generation Platelet-rich Fibrin in the Treatment of Localized Individual Miller I and II Gingival Recessions (Case Report)","authors":"Aneta Terzievska, D. Veleska-Stevkovska, G. Apostolova, Zaklina Mencheva, S. Trajculeski","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2023.6038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6038","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The mucogingival surgical modality subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) and the coronally positioned flap (CAF) in the treatment of Miller I and II gingival recessions are considered “gold standard,” that is, a technique for predictable and complete gingival root coverage defects, with long-term clinical stability of the obtained results. The counterpart of this type of technique is the relatively young platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) +CAF operational mode, due to the biological characteristics of this autologous platelet concentrate-PRF (angiogenesis, mitogenesis, osteopromotion, immunomodulation, and the capture of stem cells). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the CAF+PRF combined technique, in the treatment of localized individual gingival recessions Miller I and II, through the comparison of the values of periodontal clinical parameters, measured preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively, as well as through the obtained immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analyzes of the taken biopsy material from the recipient site (the area of the grafted gingival defect), 1 month postoperatively.\u0000CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old man was admitted to the Clinic for Oral Surgery at JZU USKC “St. Panteleimon”- Skopje for surgical treatment of  localized maxillary gingival recession Miller II at tooth 31. Periodontal clinical parameters were measured preoperatively: Vertical dimension of gingival recession (RD/VGR), periodontal pocket depth (PPD/PD), level of keratinized/attached gingiva (CAL), width of keratinized gingiva (KTW/KMW) and thickness of gingiva (GT), all measured in mm, as well as gingival biotype. A CAF+PRF therapy modality was used for the treatment of the gingival defect. One month postoperatively, repeated measurements of the values of the clinical periodontal indices were performed and they were compared with the measurements obtained preoperatively.\u0000CONCLUSION: A significant decrease in the values of RD, PPD, and CAL was determined at the 1-month measurements postoperatively. A non-significant gain in KTW and GT values was noted 1 month post-operative. There were no changes in the gingival biotype before and after surgery. PRF as second-generation autologous concentrates is not only an adjuvant and/or replacement of SCTG – the “gold standard” in the treatment of Miller I and II recessions but it is also a superior alternative in the surgical treatment of this type of shallow mucogingival defects.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132001908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Stress on the Brain’s Glymphatic System","authors":"M. Ivanovska, M. Naimova, M. Murdjeva","doi":"10.3889/seejim.2023.6040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3889/seejim.2023.6040","url":null,"abstract":"Psychoneuroendocrine immunology is an integrated field that explores the pathways through which psychological experiences influence immune function and how the immune system, in turn, might alter brain function. The glial-lymphatic system regulates fluid balance and waste removal in the central nervous system, which lacks an independent lymphatic system (glymphatic system). We looked for literature on stress, its consequences, and the glymphatic system in PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and other online databases. Work, examinations, physical, and mental stress brought on by sickness, trauma, and other everyday occurrences are just a few examples of situations that might be categorized as “stressful.” The “fight-flight-freeze response” is the name given to the body’s combination of adaptations in reaction to stress. Sleep problems are associated with higher levels of stress. It is plausible to assume that this is the mechanism through which stress affects glymphatic function given that the brain’s waste disposal system has been shown to be active during sleep. Studying whether stress reduction can enhance brain waste removal and the prognosis of illnesses marked by metabolite accumulation is promising.","PeriodicalId":377272,"journal":{"name":"South East European Journal of Immunology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123475317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}