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The Need for Standards: Networking, 1975–1984 标准的需要:网络，1975-1984

Circuits, Packets, and Protocols Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1145/3502372.3502382

{"title":"The Need for Standards: Networking, 1975–1984","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3502372.3502382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502372.3502382","url":null,"abstract":"tain future. As early as December 1980, a respected market research firm issued a report forecasting LAN sales to grow from essentially zero to $3.2 billion by 1990.1 A year later, the Economist magazine summarized the state of affairs in local area networking as “a technological jungle in which experts violently disagree and potential buyers stand aghast.”2 Could technological order emerge from this chaos? While the focus of our book has been on the emergence of new markets pio neered by new firms, market order does not always coalesce when many com petitive technologies exist to meet similar user needs. Technological outcomes don’t always follow from market competition alone; in many cases, the creation of technical standards helps to reduce diversity and stimulate market growth. How ever, establishing the social structures needed to create and administer standards can be every bit as challenging as the founding of new companies. As is the case with other markets, in the networking market the adoption of standards helped to create market order and usher in a period of explosive growth. The institu tional entrepreneurs who led these new standards-making institutions faced both political and economic challenges. They were successful when they were able both to secure the backing of existing authority structures and to steer rivals toward collective decisions and actions. The Need for Standards: Networking, 1975–1984","PeriodicalId":377190,"journal":{"name":"Circuits, Packets, and Protocols","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130265468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Packet Switching and ARPANET: Networking, 1959–1972 分组交换和阿帕网:网络，1959-1972

Circuits, Packets, and Protocols Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1145/3502372.3502377

{"title":"Packet Switching and ARPANET: Networking, 1959–1972","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3502372.3502377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502372.3502377","url":null,"abstract":"to define the future of data communications and its new enabling devices. Companies such as Codex, Milgo, and ADS sought to raise capital, ship products, and create a new market-structure. Between 1968 and 1972, companies waged the battle over technological leadership incrementally, through devices that could transmit data at slightly faster speeds for a slightly better customer value proposition. During these same few years, a different set of individuals charted a radically different technological future. These individuals operated outside the rules and regulations defining AT&T’s struggle with the federal government. And they oper ated outside the conventions of sales, manufacturing, and venture capital. They were outliers whose ideas soon would become mainstream. Many readers will recognize their names—J.C.R. Licklider, Paul Baran, and Larry Roberts—and the fruits of their work, namely, packet switching and the ARPANET. In this chapter, we recast their stories emphasizing the three key themes in this book, entrepreneurs, market-government boundaries, and learning. Entrepreneurial activities abounded—people starting companies, launching ini tiatives within existing organizations, and devising strategies to marshal resources behind their ideas. The theme of market–government boundaries also looms large in this chapter, with government investments (research grants and contracts) in the US and England for technologies that had not been developed by market par ticipants. In this chapter, we’ll see the importance of both the formal and informal aspects of learning. The formal aspects include degree programs at universities, as well as professional seminars and conferences. The informal aspects include Packet Switching and ARPANET: Networking, 1959–1972","PeriodicalId":377190,"journal":{"name":"Circuits, Packets, and Protocols","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131480201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Conclusions and Open Problems 结论与开放性问题

Circuits, Packets, and Protocols Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1145/3568031.3568038

Alon Rosen

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Market Consolidation: Data Communications and Networking, 1986–1988 市场整合:数据通信和网络，1986-1988

Circuits, Packets, and Protocols Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1145/3502372.3502385

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