{"title":"NP-hardness of 2-to-2 Games","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3568031.3568035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568031.3568035","url":null,"abstract":"In fact, stronger conditions hold: (a) the YES cases: there is a set X of 1 − δ fraction of the vertices such that all constraints inside X are satisfied, and (b) the NO case: any set containing δ fraction of the vertices contains Ω(δ2) fraction of the edges of the graph. These conditions are necessary toward certain applications, to the vertex cover and the independent set problems. For further implications, see Chapter 1. The discussion herein focuses on the presentation of techniques and ideas that go into the reduction. Following the proof of the PCP theorem, a general framework for proving hard ness of approximation results has been developed [Arora and Safra 1998; Arora et al. 1998; Bellare et al. 1998; Raz 1998, Håstad 2001]. Using this framework, a PCP con struction for a problem P is a composition of two separate modules: “Inner PCP” and “Outer PCP.”","PeriodicalId":377190,"journal":{"name":"Circuits, Packets, and Protocols","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133046751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Onset of Competition: Data Communications, 1968–1972","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3502372.3502376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502372.3502376","url":null,"abstract":"Jr., in April. Robert F. Kennedy was killed a few months later. Demonstrations at the Democratic National Convention in August also turned violent as the Chicago Police and National Guard clashed with demonstrators protesting against the Viet nam War. A sense of turmoil permeated all aspects of American society. With the backdrop of so much political and social unrest, it is not surprising that the decades-long regulatory policy of upholding AT&T’s stranglehold on the communi cations industry would be seen in new light—albeit in much less violent fashion. In the face of unprecedented technological advances in the processing, storage, and transmission of information, users demanded access to the telecommunications network in ways that challenged the existing regulatory guidelines. The actions of the FCC in light of these new demands had a profound effect on the development of the data communications market-structure. Their response addressed several challenges to the existing regulations of AT&T’s monopoly, including competition in the market for microwave telecommunications, regu lation of telecommunications services for the purpose of data transfer, and the attachment of electronic devices to the network for controlling and facilitating data communication. Of key importance to the regulators was adherence to their initial mandate of protecting the public interest and the interest of commercial development. The decisions of the FCC and the courts regarding AT&T gave a clear signal to entrepreneurs of data communications products to move forward or be left behind. In the brief period of 1968–1972, over 100 start-ups and existing companies brought Onset of Competition: Data Communications, 1968–1972","PeriodicalId":377190,"journal":{"name":"Circuits, Packets, and Protocols","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131202358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monotonicity Testing and Directed Isoperimetric Inequalities","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3568031.3568034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568031.3568034","url":null,"abstract":"2.1.1 Boolean Isoperimetric Type Theorems n Given a function f : {0, 1} ↦ {0, 1}, define the variance of the function as var(f ) = p(1 − p), where p = Prx[f (x) = 1]. Let Sf denote the set of sensitive edges, that is, the set of pairs (x, y) such that x, y ∈ {0, 1}n differ in exactly one coordinate, f (x) = 1 and f (y) = 0. Let If = |Sf | denote the “total influence” of the function. A 2n folklore theorem states:1","PeriodicalId":377190,"journal":{"name":"Circuits, Packets, and Protocols","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126351559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pseudo-random Sets in the Grassmann Graph Have Near-Perfect Expansion","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3568031.3568036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568031.3568036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":377190,"journal":{"name":"Circuits, Packets, and Protocols","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126025772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Adkins, Asad Shabbir Asad Shabbir, Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Kunjithapatham Dhileepan
{"title":"Conclusions","authors":"S. Adkins, Asad Shabbir Asad Shabbir, Kunjithapatham Dhileepan Kunjithapatham Dhileepan","doi":"10.1145/3502372.3502388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502372.3502388","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract\u0000 This chapter draws conclusions and makes future recommendations on the management of parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus), based on extensive information reviewed in different chapters of the book. There are some research gaps, particularly in quantification of economic losses and health effects of parthenium weed. The chapter also examines integrated management options and the way forward in the management of the weed under changing environmental conditions. Finally, this chapter looks at the gaps in our knowledge and how we might close these with collaborative programmes of research around the globe.","PeriodicalId":377190,"journal":{"name":"Circuits, Packets, and Protocols","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127339247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Market Order: Data Communications, 1973–1979","authors":"","doi":"10.1145/3502372.3502378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3502372.3502378","url":null,"abstract":"own success selling products that connected computers using existing technolo gies. Their customers couldn’t get enough of these devices. For the nearly 100 modem and multiplexer start-ups, the market for communications products was growing rapidly. For some companies, the competitive phase of the marketstructure would become fatal if they were unable to generate sufficient profits to sustain growth. For a few—some on the brink of collapse—the right combination of engineering, luck, and a keen eye for realizing opportunity would propel them to positions of market leadership. In this increasingly competitive stage of the data communications marketstructure, the government continued to influence market dynamics, both through antitrust litigation against both AT&T and IBM as well as through changes in telecommunications policy. The FCC further defined the separation between voice and data services over the telephone network. These new regulations had sig nificant impact on AT&T especially, restricting them from competing in the data services markets unless as separate subsidiaries. Entering 1973, industry analysts expected the robust growth of data commu nication revenues to continue at 40–50% per year. Lower prices and increased competition, especially in the high-speed modem category where AT&T had finally introduced products, drove demand. But by 1974, a sagging economy and merciless competition had firms struggling to break even. Sales of modems were projected to be flat. No one imagined that just a few years after its announcement in November 1971, the microprocessor would energize unprecedented opportunities. Market Order: Data Communications, 1973–1979","PeriodicalId":377190,"journal":{"name":"Circuits, Packets, and Protocols","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131956349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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