Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract.最新文献

Chain-Net: An Internet-inspired Framework for Interoperable Blockchains Chain-Net:一个受互联网启发的可互操作区块链框架

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-12-10 DOI: 10.1145/3554761

Sidrah Abdullah, J. Arshad, Muhammad Alsadi

{"title":"Chain-Net: An Internet-inspired Framework for Interoperable Blockchains","authors":"Sidrah Abdullah, J. Arshad, Muhammad Alsadi","doi":"10.1145/3554761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3554761","url":null,"abstract":"Blockchain has introduced new opportunities with the potential to enhance systems and services across diverse application domains. Fundamental characteristics of blockchains such as immutability, decentralisation, transparency and traceability have a profound role in this. However, integration with contemporary systems and among disparate blockchain-based applications is a non-trivial challenge primarily due to differences with respect to platforms, consensus mechanism, and governance. Although this challenge has received some attention from the research community, it requires careful analysis to analyse existing work and ascertain gaps to achieve effective and efficient solution to this challenge. This article presents a thorough systematic review of existing research within blockchain interoperability highlighting significant contributions. Leveraging this analysis, the article presents an internet-inspired framework (Chain-Net) to facilitate interoperability within blockchain-based systems whereby two systems within independent Blockchain networks can securely exchange data with each other. This is achieved by using gateway module at each network. This module is a lightweight node registered by the Blockchain network, equipped with discovery service to lookup a target blockchain, and is responsible for forwarding cross-chain transactions to gateway module at the target blockchain. Gateway module plays a vital role in the Chain-Net model, as it holds a cross-chain transaction in a pending state until a confirmation is received from the target blockchain, thus maintaining the record integrity between the two chains. The article presents our efforts to evaluate the proposed blockchain interoperability framework against success criteria based on our analysis of the blockchain interoperability challenge.","PeriodicalId":377055,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract.","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130978680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Analyzing Malicious Activities and Detecting Adversarial Behavior in Cryptocurrency based Permissionless Blockchains: An Ethereum Usecase 分析恶意活动和检测基于加密货币的无许可区块链中的对抗行为:以太坊用例

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-12-10 DOI: 10.1145/3549527

R. Agarwal, T. Thapliyal, S. Shukla

{"title":"Analyzing Malicious Activities and Detecting Adversarial Behavior in Cryptocurrency based Permissionless Blockchains: An Ethereum Usecase","authors":"R. Agarwal, T. Thapliyal, S. Shukla","doi":"10.1145/3549527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3549527","url":null,"abstract":"Different malicious activities occur in cryptocurrency-based permissionless blockchains such as Ethereum and Bitcoin. Some activities are due to the exploitation of vulnerabilities which are present in the blockchain infrastructure, some activities target its users through social engineering techniques, while some activities use it to facilitate different malicious activities. Since cryptocurrency-based permissionless blockchains provide pseudonymity to its users, bad actors prefer to carry out transactions related to malicious activities on them. Towards this, we aim at automatically flagging blockchain accounts as suspects that indulge in malicious activities, thus reducing the unintended support that cryptocurrency-based permissionless blockchains provide to malicious actors. We first use the cosine similarity (CS) metrics to study the similarities between the feature vector of accounts associated with different malicious activities and find that most of the malicious activities associated with the Ethereum blockchain behave similarly. We then use the K-Means clustering algorithm to check if accounts associated with similar malicious activities cluster together. We also study the effect of bias on the performance of a machine learning (ML) algorithm, due to the number of accounts associated with malicious activity. We then compare the different state-of-the-art models and identify that Neural Networks (NNs) are resistant to bias associated with a malicious activity and are also robust against adversarial attacks. The previously used ML algorithms for identifying malicious accounts also show bias towards an over-represented malicious activity.","PeriodicalId":377055,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract.","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132444587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Healthor: Heterogeneity-aware Flow Control in DLTs to Increase Performance and Decentralization 健康:dlt中的异构感知流控制，以提高性能和分散性

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-12-10 DOI: 10.1145/3555676

J. Theis, Luigi Vigneri, Lin Wang, A. Trivedi

{"title":"Healthor: Heterogeneity-aware Flow Control in DLTs to Increase Performance and Decentralization","authors":"J. Theis, Luigi Vigneri, Lin Wang, A. Trivedi","doi":"10.1145/3555676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3555676","url":null,"abstract":"Permissionless reputation-based distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) have been proposed to overcome blockchains’ shortcomings in terms of performance and scalability, and to enable feeless messages to power the machine-to-machine economy. These DLTs allow machines with widely heterogeneous capabilities to actively participate in message generation and consensus. However, the open nature of such DLTs can lead to the centralization of decision-making power, thus defeating the purpose of building a decentralized network.\u0000 \u0000 In this article, we introduce Healthor, a novel heterogeneity-aware flow-control mechanism for permissionless reputation-based DLTs. Healthor formalizes node heterogeneity by defining a health value as a function of its incoming message queue occupancy. We show that health signals can be used effectively by neighboring nodes to dynamically flow control messages while maintaining high decentralization. We perform extensive simulations, and show a 23% increase in throughput, a 76% decrease in latency and four times increased node participation in consensus compared to state-of-the-art. To the best of our knowledge, Healthor is the first system to systematically explore the ramifications of heterogeneity on DLTs and proposes a dynamic, heterogeneity-aware flow control. Healthor’s source code (\u0000 https://github.com/jonastheis/healthor\u0000 ) and simulation result data set (\u0000 https://zenodo.org/record/4573698\u0000 ) are both publicly available.\u0000","PeriodicalId":377055,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract.","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122205496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Platform for a Data Marketplace 一个保护隐私的数据市场区块链平台

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-12-06 DOI: 10.1145/3573894

P. V. Klaine, Hao Xu, Lei Zhang, Muhammad Imran, Ziming Zhu

{"title":"A Privacy-Preserving Blockchain Platform for a Data Marketplace","authors":"P. V. Klaine, Hao Xu, Lei Zhang, Muhammad Imran, Ziming Zhu","doi":"10.1145/3573894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3573894","url":null,"abstract":"Recent data leak scandals, together with the under-utilization of collected data (estimated that around 90% of data never leaves a device’s local storage), limits the applicability and potential of novel data driven applications. Thus, novel ways to treat data, in which users are guaranteed control, usability, and privacy over their generated data are needed. In this paper we propose a novel privacy-preserving blockchain framework for a data sharing marketplace. The proposed framework allows users (such as sensors and devices) that generate data to store it in external servers, while the blockchain is utilized to record buy and sell transactions between parties, as well as perform access control by generating access sequences whenever trades are performed. A novel perspective over data ownership is presented, in which whoever generates the data has completed ownership and control over it and the blockchain transactions are only utilized to guarantee temporary access to it. The proposed blockchain framework also supports different types of data and provides, via the distributed and openness of the framework, quality, timeliness and similarity control over the data stored in the marketplace. In this context, different types of applications that can benefit from this framework are presented and open problems are discussed.","PeriodicalId":377055,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract.","volume":"198 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121157950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Proof-of-Stake in Algorand Algorand的权益证明

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1145/3550197

N. Dimitri

{"title":"Proof-of-Stake in Algorand","authors":"N. Dimitri","doi":"10.1145/3550197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3550197","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the last few years, a number of blockchain-based online platforms decided to use consensus procedures other than Proof of Work (PoW), originally adopted by Bitcoin. An alternative protocol, which attracted much attention, is the so-called Proof-of-Stake (PoS), which unlike PoW consensus is not based on solving an energy-consuming cryptopuzzle, but rather on the amount of currency units owned by a user. Different platforms adopted alternative versions of PoS. In this article, we investigate a version of PoS inspired by Algorand, which embodies a number of specific features. Indeed, to confirm a new block in the chain Algorand introduces three steps:\u0000 proposal, selection\u0000 , and\u0000 confirmation\u0000 of a block. Each step is performed by randomly selected users, where draws are based on PoS. We find explicit solutions for individual money demand, under the main simplifying assumption that a user is rewarded by the system only for the first role that she's drawn for. We do so by considering both\u0000 exogenous\u0000 and\u0000 endogenous\u0000 money supply. We also discuss the monetary equilibrium of the system, an important element in the analysis because a long-lasting disequilibrium of the economy may cause disappointment and induce some users to leave the system. Our findings suggest that an equilibrium seems to be more likely to take place if users have heterogeneous, rather than homogeneous, preferences.\u0000","PeriodicalId":377055,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract.","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128492151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Resilience of Hybrid Casper Under Varying Values of Parameters 不同参数值下杂交蓖麻的弹性

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-11-18 DOI: 10.1145/3571587

Letterio Galletta, C. Laneve, Ivan Mercanti, Adele Veschetti

引用次数: 0

How Should We Regulate Cryptocurrencies via Consensus?: A Strategic Framework for Optimal Legal Transaction Throughput 我们应该如何通过共识来监管加密货币?:最优法律交易吞吐量的战略框架

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.1145/3567593

Aditya Ahuja, V. Ribeiro, R. Pal

{"title":"How Should We Regulate Cryptocurrencies via Consensus?: A Strategic Framework for Optimal Legal Transaction Throughput","authors":"Aditya Ahuja, V. Ribeiro, R. Pal","doi":"10.1145/3567593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3567593","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Permissionless blockchain consensus protocols have been leveraged for defining decentralized economies for the (commercial or private) trade of virtual and physical assets, using cryptocurrencies. In most instances, the assets being traded are\u0000 regulated\u0000 , which mandates that the legal right to their trade and their trade value are determined by the governmental regulator of the jurisdiction in which the trade occurs. Unfortunately, existing blockchains do not formalize proposal of legal cryptocurrency transactions, as part of the execution of their respective consensus protocols, resulting in illegal activities in the associated crypto-economies. In this contribution, unlike existing non-consensus solutions with are prone to be more compute-time and audit-time intensive, we present a novel regulatory framework for blockchain protocols, for ensuring legal transaction confirmation as part of the blockchain consensus. As per our regulatory framework, we derive, through a stochastic game analysis, block proposal strategies under which legal transaction throughput supersedes throughput of traditional transactions, which are, in the worst case, an indifferentiable mix of legal and illegal transactions. Finally, we show that when a majority of the consensus protocol participants are licensed by the regulator to propose legal transactions, there exists a fair consensus execution policy to maximize the legal transaction throughput in the blockchain network.\u0000","PeriodicalId":377055,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract.","volume":"08 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129121530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transparent Registration-Based Encryption through Blockchain 通过区块链透明注册加密

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-10-19 DOI: 10.1145/3568315

Qin Wang, Rujia Li, D. Galindo, Qi Wang, Shiping Chen, Yang Xiang

{"title":"Transparent Registration-Based Encryption through Blockchain","authors":"Qin Wang, Rujia Li, D. Galindo, Qi Wang, Shiping Chen, Yang Xiang","doi":"10.1145/3568315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3568315","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Garg et al. (TCC 2018) defined the notion of registration-based encryption (RBE) where the private key generator (PKG) is decoupled from key management and replaced by a key curator (KC). KC does not possess any cryptographic secrets and only plays the role of aggregating the public keys of all the registered users and updating the public parameters whenever a new user joins the system, which solves the\u0000 key escrow\u0000 issue. Notwithstanding, RBE still places a significant amount of trust in KC, whose actions are not accountable, e.g., it could secretly register multiple keys for already registered users. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based RBE framework, which provides total transparency and decentralization of KC by leveraging smart contracts. Our framework transfers the right of key management from KC to individual participants and keeps publicly upgradeable parameters on-chain. We provide a basic construction that calculates the public parameter on-chain and an extended construction with better efficiency, which merely calculates the roots of trees on-chain. Our basic version is theoretically feasible, while the extended version is practically feasible. In particular, the enhanced scheme reduces computing complexity to a constant level. Our prototype implementation and evaluation results demonstrate that our extended construction is satisfactorily efficient.\u0000","PeriodicalId":377055,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract.","volume":"168 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127505254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Editorial: The Inaugural Issue of ACM Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice 社论:ACM分布式账本技术:研究与实践的创刊号

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.1145/3559010

K. Choo, Mohammad Hammoudeh

引用次数: 0

Incentivizing Data Quality in Blockchain-Based Systems - The Case of the Digital Cardossier 在基于区块链的系统中激励数据质量——以数字档案为例

Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract. Pub Date : 2022-09-30 DOI: 10.1145/3538228

Florian Spychiger, C. Tessone, L. Zavolokina, G. Schwabe

{"title":"Incentivizing Data Quality in Blockchain-Based Systems - The Case of the Digital Cardossier","authors":"Florian Spychiger, C. Tessone, L. Zavolokina, G. Schwabe","doi":"10.1145/3538228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3538228","url":null,"abstract":"Inspired by an industry initiative to address the celebrated market for lemons (poor-quality used cars), we investigate how incentives for a permissioned blockchain-based system in the automobile ecosystem can be designed to ensure high-quality data storage and use by different stakeholders. The peer-to-peer distributed ledger platform connects organizations and car owners with disparate interests and hidden intentions. While previous literature has chiefly examined incentives for permissionless platforms, we leverage studies about crowdsensing applications to stimulate research on incentives in permissioned blockchains. This article uses the action design research approach to create an incentive system featuring a rating mechanism influenced by data correction measures. Furthermore, we propose relying on certain institutions capable of assessing data generated within the system. This combined approach of a decentralized data correction and an institutionalized data assessment is distinct from similar incentive systems suggested by literature. By using an agent-based model with strategy evolution, we evaluate the proposed incentive system. Our findings indicate that a rating-based revenue distribution leads to markedly higher data quality in the system. Additionally, the incentive system reveals hidden information of the agents and alleviates agency problems, contributing to an understanding of incentive design in inter-organizational blockchain-based data platforms. Furthermore, we explore incentive design in permissioned blockchains and discuss its latest implications.","PeriodicalId":377055,"journal":{"name":"Distributed Ledger Technol. Res. Pract.","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115662060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0