{"title":"Conflict in Organizations","authors":"Gheordunescu Maria-Elena, Panoiu Laura-Filofteia","doi":"10.4135/9781529714395.n115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714395.n115","url":null,"abstract":"Any organization brings together individuals working in groups of personalities , attitudes , education, value systems and different behaviors . Maintaining a perfect harmony is difficult, conflicts are inevitable. Conflict is a fact pervasive social reality there is no area that is not animated by a series of conflicts, and different magnitudes . By limiting the scope of the approach, we can say that organizations are always and in every aspect and animated troubled by conflict. Organizational conflict can occur when a person, group or department within a firm, for example, frustrates the objective to another.","PeriodicalId":376217,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Higher Education","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115894880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Credit Hours","authors":"","doi":"10.4135/9781529714395.n125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714395.n125","url":null,"abstract":"Carnegie Mellon has adopted the method of stating in “units” the quantity of work required of students in each course. In each subject of study, the college catalog tells how much time per week is expected of the average student for each kind of work (e.g., recitations, laboratory, studio, study). For the average student, one unit represents one work-hour of time per week throughout the semester. The number of units in each subject is fixed by the faculty of the college offering the subject. Three units are the equivalent of one traditional semester credit hour.","PeriodicalId":376217,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Higher Education","volume":"137 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115896177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low-Income Students","authors":"S. Dynarski","doi":"10.4135/9781529714395.n373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529714395.n373","url":null,"abstract":"High-achieving, low-income students attend selective colleges at far lower rates than upper-income students with similar achievement. Behavioral biases, intensified by complexity and uncertainty in the admissions and aid process, may explain this gap. In a large-scale experiment we test an early commitment of free tuition at a flagship university. The intervention did not increase aid: rather, students were guaranteed before application the same grant aid that they would qualify for in expectation if admitted. The offer substantially increased application (68 percent vs 26 percent) and enrollment rates (27 percent vs 12 percent). The results suggest that uncertainty, present bias, and loss aversion loom large in students’ college decisions. JEL codes: I0,I21,I22,I23,I24,I28 *Corresponding author: dynarski@umich.edu.735 State St. #5132, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Author contact: clibassi@collegeboard.org (Libassi); kmmichel@maxwell.syr.edu (Michelmore); srowen@umich.edu (Owen). This project would not have been possible without our collaborators at the University of Michigan, particularly Kedra Ishop, Steve Lonn, and Betsy Brown. We are grateful to the Michigan Department of Education (MDE) and Michigan’s Center for Educational Performance and Information (CEPI) for providing data. Seminar participants at Boston University, Clemson, Cornell, Harvard, Northwestern, University of Illinois, University of Virginia, Princeton, Chicago, Stanford, the National Bureau for Economic Research, and Syracuse provided helpful comments, while Michael Lovenheim and Sarah Turner generously read initial drafts. The Institute of Education Sciences of the U.S. Department of Education (through Grants R305E100008 and R305B110001), Arnold Ventures, the Smith Richardson Foundation, and the University of Michigan Provost’s Office funded this research. This study is registered at the randomized trial registry of the American Economics Association under RCT ID AEARCTR-0001831, with DOI 10.1257/rct.1831. A pre-analysis plan was filed in April 2017 (Dynarski et al., 2017). The code for replicability purposes has been deposited in the AEA Data and Code Repository, openicpsr-130286. This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Michigan (ID: HUM00096289 ) and Syracuse University (ID: 16-264). Elizabeth Burland, Meghan Oster, and Shwetha Raghuraman provided outstanding research assistance. This research uses data structured and maintained by the Michigan Education Data Center (MEDC) (Michigan Department of Education 2020a; Michigan Department of Education 2020b). MEDC data is modified for analysis purposes using rules governed by MEDC and are not identical to those data collected and maintained by MDE and/or CEPI. Results, information and opinions solely represent the analysis, information and opinions of the author(s) and are not endorsed by, or reflect the views or positions of, grantors, MDE and CEPI or any employee thereof. Gaps in educational at","PeriodicalId":376217,"journal":{"name":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Higher Education","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114879667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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