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Electoral Integrity and Election-Related Conflict 选举诚信和与选举有关的冲突
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2020.1787158
C. Linebarger, Idean Salehyan
{"title":"Electoral Integrity and Election-Related Conflict","authors":"C. Linebarger, Idean Salehyan","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2020.1787158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2020.1787158","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Why are some elections contested with social unrest and protest – sometimes violent – while others pass with little conflict? We focus our study on two types of election, each of which is defined with respect to different types of fraud: “unfree elections,” or those in which elites manipulate electoral laws and institutions, and “unfair elections,” or those in which elites manipulate votes and voters during the campaign. Unfree elections are not correlated with conflict events because the effects of electoral law are felt diffusely and manipulated electoral law is a show of elite strength. Unfair elections, by contrast, provide a highly visible focal point that allows the opposition to mobilize while simultaneously signaling elite weakness. Finally, citizens form expectations about freeness and fairness over time, engaging in conflict behavior when they perceive a deterioration in electoral fairness. We test these expectations on a sample of African, Central American, and Caribbean states during the period 1990–2011. Our findings identify those types of election fraud most likely to correlate with election-related conflict and violence.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126319570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Entanglement in Cyberspace: Minding the Deterrence Gap 网络空间的纠缠:注意威慑差距
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-06-20 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2020.1773807
Aaron F. Brantly
{"title":"Entanglement in Cyberspace: Minding the Deterrence Gap","authors":"Aaron F. Brantly","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2020.1773807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2020.1773807","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Conventional models of deterrence focus on the ability to deter adversaries through ex-ante threats that impose ex-post costs or through the elevation of ex-ante costs through strategies that deny. The imposition of costs on adversaries in cyberspace is complex and the establishment of deterrence by threat or denial is constrained by problems associated with resource asymmetries, attribution, and a diverse set of actors with overlapping capabilities. Due to these challenges, conventional models of deterrence have seen limited success in cyberspace. Rather than building more robust defenses or threatening retaliatory actions, entanglement within cyberspace offers an alternative approach that might affect the decision-matrix of adversary states. This paper examines the concept of entanglement as a way of altering how states conceptualize offensive actions in cyberspace and works toward building mutual interdependencies to make actions that disrupt, degrade or deny within cyberspace undesirable.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130388284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
The Absence of Policing and the Political Economy of Contribution and Defection 监管缺失与贡献与背叛的政治经济学
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-05-18 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2020.1756264
Björn Toelstede
{"title":"The Absence of Policing and the Political Economy of Contribution and Defection","authors":"Björn Toelstede","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2020.1756264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2020.1756264","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Punishment is crucial to maintain contribution and to prevent defection in societies. Previous research has shown in small groups that cooperation drops (defection rises) and rises (defection drops) immediately when punishment disappears and reappears. I will discuss this effect for large groups (societies), real-world environment in the form of the absence of policing. On the contrary to small group experiments, there are contribution delays and defection delays following punishment disappearance and reappearance. The length of these delays varies and seems to depend on aspects like trust, transparency, media-behavior, or democratic affection. All these aspects have politico-economic implications.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129488118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Factional and Unprofessional: Turkey’s Military and the July 2016 Attempted Coup 派系与不专业:土耳其军队与2016年7月未遂政变
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-04-02 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2019.1593831
Simon A. Waldman, E. Çaliskan
{"title":"Factional and Unprofessional: Turkey’s Military and the July 2016 Attempted Coup","authors":"Simon A. Waldman, E. Çaliskan","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2019.1593831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2019.1593831","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The attempted coup of July 16, 2016 caught many observers of Turkey by surprise. It was either hoped or believed that the age of military intervention was over. After all, hadn’t Turkey’s military been politically pacified following EU-centered reforms and after waves of resignations and indictments of top officers resulting from allegations of deep-state conspiracies against the government? We argue the contrary; in Turkey, the armed forces remained a political actor and had failed to professionalize. In addition, the Turkish military were plagued by in-fighting and factionalism, most notably officers aligned to the Gulen movement. These two factors, factionalism and unprofessionalism, were the main reasons why Turkey experienced yet another attempted coup. Such a state of affairs highlights Turkey’s seemingly perpetual crisis in its civil–military relations, a significant obstacle on the road to democratization and a lesson to other countries with histories of military interference in the political process.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134439855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Securitizing Disinformation: The Case of Westminster’s Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee 虚假信息证券化:威斯敏斯特数字、文化、媒体和体育委员会的案例
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-03-18 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2020.1740685
Dakoda Trithara
{"title":"Securitizing Disinformation: The Case of Westminster’s Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee","authors":"Dakoda Trithara","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2020.1740685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2020.1740685","url":null,"abstract":"Major political events around the globe have been subject to disinformation campaigns that leverage intentionally misleading content to influence public opinion. The disruption created by the micro...","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127933628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Whistleblowers: Honesty in America from Washington to Trump 揭发者:从华盛顿到特朗普的美国诚实
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-02-11 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2020.1728075
C. Macaulay
{"title":"Whistleblowers: Honesty in America from Washington to Trump","authors":"C. Macaulay","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2020.1728075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2020.1728075","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124923458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Arms Transfers, Intellectual Property, and the Diffusion of Military Technology 武器转让、知识产权和军事技术扩散
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-02-03 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2020.1716735
Charles A. Dainoff, R. Farley, Erik M. Fay
{"title":"Arms Transfers, Intellectual Property, and the Diffusion of Military Technology","authors":"Charles A. Dainoff, R. Farley, Erik M. Fay","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2020.1716735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2020.1716735","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTDoes the United States take into account concerns about intellectual property protection when it transfers arms internationally? This study explores the relationship between intellectual pr...","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114339619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Explaining the Crisis of the Green Movement in Iran (2009-2017) 解释伊朗绿色运动的危机(2009-2017)
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-01-23 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2020.1716733
Seyed Amir Niakooee
{"title":"Explaining the Crisis of the Green Movement in Iran (2009-2017)","authors":"Seyed Amir Niakooee","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2020.1716733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2020.1716733","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe Green Movement has been the most significant challenge the Islamic Republic of Iran has confronted since the 1979 Revolution. Despite an initial flourishing, the Green Movement graduall...","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"107 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132411514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Revolutions of 1989 and Defection in Warsaw Pact States 1989年的革命和华约国家的叛逃
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-01-22 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2020.1716734
A. Anisin
{"title":"The Revolutions of 1989 and Defection in Warsaw Pact States","authors":"A. Anisin","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2020.1716734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2020.1716734","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Data on Central and Eastern European anti-Communist revolutions are plagued by missing values, and a disproportional amount of scholarly attention has been given to nonviolent strategies adopted by revolutionaries during the collapse of Communism when compared to the behavior of state security and armed forces. This study turns attention to the latter through providing among the first comprehensive explanations of varying types of defection that arose during the Warsaw Pact state revolutions. It discovers that four states experienced varied forms of defection. Before concessions were granted to the opposition, Czechoslovakia experienced commander plus subordinate resistance, while Romania experienced subordinate resistance. In contrast, after regimes made concessions, Bulgaria experienced both commander and subordinate resistance as did East Germany. These results offer new implications for our understanding of civil–military relations during mass dissent.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115272337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
An Evaluation of European Union Development Aid to the Democratization Project in Cameroon 评价欧盟对喀麦隆民主化项目的发展援助
Democracy and Security Pub Date : 2020-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/17419166.2018.1555706
N. V. Pemunta
{"title":"An Evaluation of European Union Development Aid to the Democratization Project in Cameroon","authors":"N. V. Pemunta","doi":"10.1080/17419166.2018.1555706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2018.1555706","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As a way of deepening democracy, the European Union (EU) has dedicated substantial financial and technical assistance to Cameroon’s civil society and election process. More than two decades after the adoption of multipartism, there is, however, the lack of a credible institutional framework for democratization in the country. This analysis of mainly primary sources draws on donor–recipient relations theory to provide a critical assessment of the EU’s aid to the democratization process in Cameroon. The article argues that the overemphasis on elections as a catalyst for orchestrating broader changes has instead given the Yaounde regime room to maneuver by failing to genuinely embrace democratization. Besides the worrying lack of institutional reforms, weaknesses embedded in the EU’s aid architecture and its member state’s self-interests have significantly compromised the effectiveness of its development assistance program in Cameroon and most of the Third World. The study suggests that the EU should recognize elections as a multifaceted process involving a complex cycle of myriad events and legal, technical, and organizational processes.","PeriodicalId":375529,"journal":{"name":"Democracy and Security","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128374266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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