Hydrology最新文献

{"title":"Estimating Thermal Impact on Groundwater Systems from Heat Pump Technologies: A Simplified Method for High Flow Rates","authors":"D. Krčmář, Tibor Kovacs, Matej Molnar, Kamila Hodasová, Martin Zatlakovič","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120225","url":null,"abstract":"This research delves into the potential thermal effects on underground water systems caused by the use of thermal technologies involving extraction and injection wells. We developed a unique approach that combines straightforward calculations with computer-based modeling to evaluate thermal impacts when water flow rates exceed 2 L/s. Our model, based on a system with two wells and a steady water flow, was used to pinpoint the area around the thermal technology where the temperature varied by more than 1 °C. Our findings suggest that the data-based relationships we derived from our model calculations provide a cautious estimate of the size of the affected area, or ‘thermal cloud’. However, it is important to note that our model’s assumptions might not fully account for the complex variables present in real-world underground water systems. This highlights a need for more research and testing. A key contribution of our study is the development of a new method to assess the thermal impact of operations involving heat pumps. In conclusion, while our proposed method needs more fine-tuning, it shows promise in estimating temperature changes within water-bearing rock layers, or aquifers. This is crucial in the effective use of thermal technologies while also ensuring the protection and sustainable management of our underground water resources.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139210877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stream-Aquifer Systems in Semi-Arid Regions: Hydrologic, Legal, and Management Issues","authors":"Neil S. Grigg, Ryan T. Bailey, Ryan Smith","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120224","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated solutions to groundwater management problems require effective analysis of stream-aquifer connections, especially in irrigated semi-arid regions where groundwater pumping affects return flows and causes streamflow depletion. Scientific research can explain technical issues, but legal and management solutions are difficult due to the complexities of hydrogeology, the expense of data collection and model studies, and the inclination of water users not to trust experts, regulatory authorities, and in some cases, their management organizations. The technical, legal, and management issues are reviewed, and experiences with integrated management of stream-aquifer systems are used to illustrate how governance authorities can approach engineering, legal, regulatory, and management challenges incrementally. The situations in three basins of the State of Colorado with over-appropriated water resources are explained to identify modeling and control issues confronting regulators and managers of water rights. Water rights administration in the state follows the strict appropriation method and a workable technical-legal approach to establishing regulatory and management strategies has been developed. The explanations show how models and data management are improving, but the complexities of hydrogeology and institutional systems must be confronted on a case-by-case basis. Stream-aquifer systems will require more attention in the future, better data will be needed, model developers must prove superiority over simpler methods, and organizational arrangements will be needed to facilitate successful collective action amidst inevitable legal challenges. Continued joint research between technical, legal, and management communities will also be needed.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139210349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Different Stilling Basins Downstream of Barrage Using FLOW-3D Scour Models","authors":"Muhammad Waqas Zaffar, Ishtiaq Haasan, A. Ghumman","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120223","url":null,"abstract":"The present study investigated the performance of three different stilling basins, i.e., modified United State Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Type III, USBR Type II, and wedge-shaped baffle blocks (WSBB), using FLOW-3D scour models. Field data of the riverbed profile are employed to validate the present models. After comparison, the results of statistical indices, i.e., coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE), indicated that the Renormalization Group (RNG-K-ϵ) showed good agreement with the field data, with R2 and NSE values of 0.9094 and 0.896, respectively. Validated models are used to simulate velocity field and local bed shear stress (BSS) and scour for design and flood discharges of 28.30 m3/s/m and 17.5 m3/s/m, respectively. At 28.30 m3/s/m, the results indicated that the riverbed downstream of the remodeled basin was completely exposed, while, at 17.5 m3/s/m, the net change in bed reached 85%. At 28.30 m3/s/m, the net change at the centerline of models reached 51% and 67% in USBR Type III and WSBB basins, respectively. At 17.5 m3/s/m, compared to Type II and III basins, the WSBB basin indicated less BSS, which significantly reduced the scour. Conclusively, the Type II basin showed less energy dissipation for the studied flows, while the WSBB basin improved flow fields downstream of the barrage.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139229606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Baseflow Modeling with BlueM.Sim for Long-Term Hydrological Studies in the German Low Mountain Range of Hesse, Germany","authors":"M. Kissel, Michael Bach, B. Schmalz","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120222","url":null,"abstract":"So far, research with the hydrological model BlueM.Sim has been focused on reservoir management and integrated river basin modeling. BlueM.Sim is part of the official toolset for estimating immissions into rivers in Hesse (Germany) via long-term continuous modeling. Dynamic runoff modeling from rural catchments is permitted within the Hessian guidelines, but in practice, a constant flow or low flow is used. However, due to increasing water stress in the region caused by climate change, the dynamic modeling of runoff from rural catchments will become necessary. Therefore, dynamic baseflow modeling with BlueM.Sim is of the greatest importance. This study evaluated baseflow modeling with BlueM.Sim in a representative hard-rock aquifer in the German Low Mountain range. Two model setups (Factor Approach (FA): CN method + monthly baseflow; Soil Moisture Approach (SMA): physical soil moisture simulation) were calibrated (validated) for a 9-year (5-year) period. The FA achieved an NSE of 0.62 (0.44) and an LnNSE of 0.64 (0.60) for the calibration and validation periods. The selection of a solution for the successful validation of the FA was challenging and required a selection that overestimated baseflow in the calibration period. This is due to the major disadvantage of the FA, namely, that baseflow can only vary according to an estimated yearly pattern of monthly baseflow factors. However, the data requirements are low, and the estimation of monthly baseflow factors is simple and could potentially be regionalized for Hesse, leading to a better representation of baseflow than in current practice. The SMA achieved better results with an NSE of 0.78 (0.75) and an LnNSE of 0.72 (0.78). The data requirements and model setup are extensive and require the estimation of many parameters, which are limitations to its application in practice. Furthermore, a literature review has shown that a single linear reservoir, as in BlueM.Sim, is not optimal for modeling baseflow in hard-rock aquifers. However, for detailed climate change impact studies in the region with BlueM.Sim, the SMA should be preferred over the FA. It is expected that BlueM.Sim would benefit from implementing a more suitable model structure for baseflow in hard-rock aquifers, resulting in improved water balance and water quality outcomes.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"90 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139239036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Coupling Relationship between Soil Moisture and Evaporative Fraction over China’s Transitional Climate Zone","authors":"Liang Zhang, Sha Sha, Qiang Zhang, Funian Zhao, Jianhua Zhao, Hongyu Li, Sheng Wang, Jianshun Wang, Yanbin Hu, Hui Han","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120221","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between soil moisture (SM) and evaporative fraction (EF), which reflects the degree of exchange of water and energy between the land and the atmosphere, is an important component of the theory of land–atmosphere coupling. Exploring the relationship between SM and EF in the transitional climate zone of China can help deepen our understanding of the characteristics of water and energy exchange in this region of strong land–atmosphere coupling. Data on observations in fluxes in the transitional climate zone revealed that fluxes in the energy on the surface of the land in this region exhibited significant inter-annual variations. The sensible heat flux (SH) exhibited the largest fluctuations in July and August, while the latent heat flux (LE) varied the most from June to August. The EF was found to exhibit weak correlations with indicators of vegetation growth such as the leaf area index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and gross primary productivity in the transitional zone of the East Asian summer monsoon. By contrast, the relationship of land–atmosphere coupling between EF and SM in the transitional climate zone was stronger. Based on an analysis of the consistency of the relationship of SM-EF coupling, when the SMP reached 35%, there was a significant transition in the linear relationship between the SMP and EF that was consistent between the shallower and deeper layers of soil (0–40 and 40–80 cm). However, neither level had SM that reached saturation during the six-year observational period (2007–2012), and the mean values of its probability density function showed that the deep soil was drier than the shallow soil. This characteristic shows that SM plays a dominant role in variations in the EF in the transitional climate zone, which in turn indicates that constraints on the moisture govern the SM–EF relationship. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of land–atmosphere coupling in the transitional climate zone of China.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"2013 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139239618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Priority Research Topics to Improve Streamflow Data Availability in Data-Scarce Countries: The Case for Ethiopia","authors":"M. Taye, F. A. Zimale, Tekalegn Ayele Woldesenbet, M. Kebede, S. Amare, G. Tegegne, Kirubel Mekonnen, A. Haile","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120220","url":null,"abstract":"Lack of consistent streamflow data has been an increasing challenge reported by many studies in developing countries. This study aims to understand the current challenges in streamflow monitoring in Ethiopia to prioritize research topics that can support sustained streamflow monitoring in the country and elsewhere. A workshop-based expert consultation, followed by a systematic literature review, was conducted to build a collective understanding of the challenges and opportunities of streamflow monitoring in Ethiopia. The experts’ consultation identified the top ten research priorities to improve streamflow monitoring through research, education, remote sensing applications, and institutions. The experts’ views were supported by a systematic review of more than 300 published articles. The review indicated scientific investigation in Ethiopian basins was constrained by streamflow data gaps to provide recent and relevant hydrological insights. However, there is inadequate research that seeks solutions, while some researchers use experimental methods to generate recent streamflow data, which is an expensive approach. Articles that attempted to fill data gaps make up less than 20% of the reviewed articles. This study identified research priorities that can benefit streamflow data providers and the research community in alleviating many of the challenges associated with streamflow monitoring in countries such as Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"275 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139242733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incorporating Weather Attribution to Future Water Budget Projections","authors":"Nick Martin","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120219","url":null,"abstract":"Weather attribution is a scientific study that estimates the relative likelihood of an observed weather event occurring under different climate regimes. Water budget models are widely used tools that can estimate future water resource management and conservation conditions using daily weather forcing. A stochastic weather generator (WG) is a statistical model of daily weather sequences designed to simulate or represent a climate description. A WG provides a means to generate stochastic, future weather forcing to drive a water budget model to produce future water resource projections. Observed drought magnitude and human-induced climate change likelihood from a weather attribution study provide targets for WG calibration. The attribution-constrained WG approximately reproduces the five-fold increase in probability attributed to observed drought magnitude under climate change. A future (2031–2060) climate description produced by the calibrated WG is significantly hotter, with lower expected soil moisture than the future description obtained from global climate model (GCM) simulation results. The attribution-constrained WG describes future conditions where historical extreme and severe droughts are significantly more likely to occur.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"846 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139250102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable Water Resources Management under Climate Change: A Case Study with Potato Irrigation in an Insular Mediterranean Environment","authors":"V. Litskas, P. Vourlioti, Theano Mamouka, Stylianos Kotsopoulos, Charalampos Paraskevas","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120218","url":null,"abstract":"Potato cultivation is a significant agricultural activity worldwide. As a staple food in many countries, potatoes provide essential nutrients and are a significant source of income for farmers. This paper investigates current and future net irrigation requirements for potatoes in combination with LCA (life cycle assessment) to assess the GHG emissions due to irrigation. Potato cultivation in Cyprus is used as a model for insular environments, which are often neglected from such studies. The models suggest that an increase in net irrigation requirements is expected but there is a large variability among locations and between years. The increase in rainfall that some of the models predict does not mean that this water will be effectively stored in the soil (and reduce irrigation requirements). The GHG emissions due to potato irrigation in Cyprus are estimated to be 1369.41 tons CO2eq and expected to decrease after 2030 by 35%, mainly due to changes in the electricity mix (from heavy fuel to renewable energy). Further research including other important (irrigated) crops in the island will support the development of strategies towards sustainable resources management under climate change.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"34 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139251538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought in the Breadbasket of America and the Influence of Oceanic Teleconnections","authors":"Olivia G. Campbell, Gregory B. Goodrich","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120215","url":null,"abstract":"From 1980 to 2020, drought events accounted for only 11.4% of the billion-dollar disasters in the United States (U.S.), yet caused the second-highest total amount in damages, at USD 236.6 billion. With the average cost of a drought being upwards of USD 9.5 billion, these natural disasters can create serious problems in agriculture. Drought is defined as a period of below-average precipitation that causes damage to agriculture and water supplies. Previous research has linked drought events in the U.S. Great Plains to oceanic teleconnections in the Pacific and Atlantic basins, indicating the influence of El Niño—Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This study looks to identify areas of the Great Plains where drought, as measured by PDSI, has the strongest relationship to ENSO, PDO, and AMO from 1950 to 2019. The states studied are Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Texas, Nebraska, and Kansas because these rank as the second through seventh most agriculturally productive states in terms of crop and livestock production. Results show that most of this region displays a relationship between drought and the ENSO and PDO, with less of the region displaying a relationship with the AMO.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"34 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139252074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Potential Potable Water Reserves in Islamabad, Pakistan Using Vertical Electrical Sounding Technique","authors":"M. Rashid, Muhammad Kamran, Muhammad Jawad Zeb, Ihtisham Islam, H. Janjuhah, G. Kontakiotis","doi":"10.3390/hydrology10120217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10120217","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the potential reserves of potable water in Islamabad, Pakistan, considering the alarming depletion of water resources. A detailed vertical electrical sounding (VES) survey was conducted in two main localities: Bara Kahu (Area 1) and Aabpara to G-13 (Area 2), based on accessibility, time, and budget constraints. A total of 23 VES measurements were performed, with 13 in Area 1 and 10 in Area 2, reaching a maximum depth of 500 m. Geologs and pseudosections were generated to assess lithological variations, aquifer conditions, and resistivity trends with depth. Statistical distribution of resistivity (SDR), hydraulic parameters, true resistivity, macroanisotropy, aquifer depth and thickness, and linear regression (R2) curves were calculated for both areas, providing insights into the aquifer conditions. The results revealed that the study areas predominantly consisted of sandy lithology as the aquifer horizon, encompassing sandstone, sandy clay, and clayey sand formations. Area 2 exhibited a higher presence of clayey horizons, and aquifers were generally deeper compared to Area 1. The aquifer thickness ranged from 10 m to 200 m, with shallow depths ranging from 10 m to 60 m and deeper aquifers exceeding 200 m. Aquifers in Area 1 were mostly semi-confined, while those in Area 2 were predominantly unconfined and susceptible to recharge and potential contamination. The northwest–southeast side of Area 1 exhibited the highest probability for ground resource estimation, while in Area 2, the northeast–southwest side displayed a dominant probability. The study identified a probable shear zone in Area 2, indicating lithological differences between the northeast and southwest sides with a reverse sequence. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the shallow aquifers in Area 1 be considered the best potential reservoir for water supply. In contrast, deeper drilling is advised in Area 2 to ensure a long-lasting, high-quality water supply. These results provide valuable information for water resource management and facilitate sustainable water supply planning and decision making in Islamabad, Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":37372,"journal":{"name":"Hydrology","volume":"289 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139252030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}