Arboriculture & Urban Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Examining Species Diversity and Urban Forest Resilience in the Milwaukee,\u0000 Wisconsin (USA) Metropolitan Area","authors":"Elton C. Rogers, Paul D. Ries, Daniel C. Buckler","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Potential impacts from climate change and other disturbances expedite\u0000 the need to address vulnerabilities of urban forests. Low species diversity\u0000 is a contributor to high urban forest vulnerability, and this study examined\u0000 40 public and private tree inventories in the metropolitan area of\u0000 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Applying an established vulnerability framework,\u0000 this study helps to identify the current and future resilience of the urban\u0000 forest in the face of climate change and other urban forest threats. A\u0000 Milwaukee metropolitan area tree inventory was compiled and includes 439,974\u0000 trees. This inventory then was assessed under 2 climate change models\u0000 through the end of the century (2070 to 2099). It also was assessed for\u0000 species diversity under multiple diameter classes, and the Shannon Diversity\u0000 Index was used to determine correlations between tree size and diversity.\u0000 The resulting data analysis revealed a poorly diversified urban tree canopy\u0000 in the Milwaukee metropolitan area. However, when looking at tree size and\u0000 diversity, diversity increased as tree diameters decreased. Additional\u0000 analysis revealed that under a low climate change scenario (RCP 4.5), only\u0000 9.5% of the overall inventory was within the moderate, moderate-high, or\u0000 high vulnerability categories through the end of the century. Under a high\u0000 climate change scenario (RCP 8.5), 55.52% of the inventory fell within those\u0000 same vulnerability categories. Diameter class did not have a significant\u0000 impact on vulnerability under either climate change scenario. This data can\u0000 help inform urban forestry practitioners during species selection for\u0000 planting trees in their communities.","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture & Urban Forestry","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117349459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why Is My Boxwood Orange? Factors That Influence Winter Color Change in\u0000 Boxwood Foliage in Charlotte, North Carolina, USA","authors":"Andrew L. Loyd, Drew Zwart","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Winter color changes in boxwood occur when foliage shifts from green\u0000 to shades of yellow, orange, or red. The degree of winter color change\u0000 in boxwood may influence the aesthetic value of ornamental plants and\u0000 raise concerns for plant health care professionals.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In 2021 and 2022, 40 cultivars of boxwood, including the\u0000 speciesBuxus sempervirens, B. microphylla, B.\u0000 sinicavar.insularis, B. harlandii, B.\u0000 balearica, and hybrids were evaluated for winter color\u0000 change. In late summer of 2021, 29 plants representing 8 cultivars with\u0000 intense color change were covered with 75% shade cloth tents or left in\u0000 full sun from August 2021 through March 2022. In a separate experiment\u0000 in fall 2021,B.\u0000 sempervirens‘American’,B.\u0000 sempervirens‘Rotundifolia’, andB.\u0000 microphylla‘Winter Gem’ were fertilized or not to\u0000 determine if slow-release fertilizer could lessen the winter color\u0000 change. The study was conducted on the transitional area between USDA\u0000 Hardiness Zones 7b and 8a.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In 2021,B. sempervirens(61.0%) and hybrid\u0000 (65.8%) cultivars had the highest percentage of visible color change,\u0000 followed byB. microphylla(26.1%)\u0000 andB.\u0000 sinicavar.insularis(19.1%).Buxus\u0000 harlandiiandB. balearicahad\u0000 negligible color change. Shade significantly\u0000 (P< 0.001) reduced the winter color\u0000 change observed in March 2022. Fertilization did not influence the\u0000 visible color change (P= 0.2401).\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The differences in winter color change across boxwood species,\u0000 cultivars, and under shaded and fertilized conditions will help\u0000 horticulture practitioners better select cultivars and sites in the\u0000 landscape relative to winter color change.\u0000","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry","volume":"201 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133508025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Infrastructure with Actual Canopy Parameterization: A Simulation\u0000 Study for Heat Stress Mitigation in a Hot-Humid Urban Environment","authors":"Muhammad Zeeshan, Zaib Ali, Q. A. Ranjha","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, resulting from rapid\u0000 urbanization and aggravated by persistent climate change, is\u0000 intensifying heat stress and temperature anomalies inside the urban\u0000 microclimate, requiring the implementation of suitable adaptation\u0000 measures for sustainable development. The integration of street trees\u0000 inside the urban landscape is a strategy to alleviate the thermal stress\u0000 of pedestrians. However, trees have variable potential for the\u0000 regulation of thermal comfort depending on their different canopy\u0000 shapes/drag. Therefore, a holistic understanding of tree plantings and\u0000 species with respect to a particular climate is necessary for urban\u0000 sustainability.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) that employ\u0000 unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations were\u0000 performed using FLUENT solver to analyze the cooling potential of\u0000 isolated tree species based on 5 morphological characteristics and\u0000 canopy shapes (i.e., tree height, trunk height, crown width, crown\u0000 height, and leaf area density) in an urban area.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Results revealed a variable temperature regulation (i.e., 0.6 to 1.2\u0000 °K) depending on the tree species. Overall, the cooling effect was only\u0000 observed in the vicinity of the tree canopy. This was due to the\u0000 availability of shading and increased moisture content provided by the\u0000 canopy foliage, which blocked shortwave radiation from the sun, as\u0000 compared to its surroundings.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The study findings show that leaf area density is the morphological\u0000 trait that has the greatest impact on thermal comfort, as it results in\u0000 low ambient air temperature irrespective of the type of urban density.\u0000 Additionally, the most effective way to reduce thermal stress is to\u0000 implement taller trees with uniform foliage density, which will produce\u0000 a well-ventilated environment.\u0000","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116140850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which Plant Where: A Plant Selection Tool for Changing Urban\u0000 Climates","authors":"S. Tabassum, L. Beaumont, F. Shabani, L. Staas, G. Griffiths, A. Ossola, M. Leishman","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.014","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Use of vegetation in urban areas for climate change adaptation is\u0000 becoming increasingly important; however, urban vegetation is itself\u0000 vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Better understanding of\u0000 which species will survive and thrive in urban areas with projected\u0000 climate change will increase confidence in choosing climate-ready\u0000 species for resilient urban greening outcomes. Plant selector tools\u0000 based on the suitability of species for future climates, however, are\u0000 lacking.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The Which Plant Where plant selector webtool (www.whichplantwhere.com.au) was created by\u0000 combining sophisticated species distribution models and trait and\u0000 environmental tolerance data from a variety of sources to allow users to\u0000 select appropriate species which are climatically suitable for\u0000 Australian urban environments for 3 different time periods (2030, 2050,\u0000 and 2070). The tool allows users to calculate co-benefits afforded by\u0000 planting palettes and offers suggestions for alternative species based\u0000 on climate suitability to help diversify plantings and provide options\u0000 where substitutions may have to be made.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 The tool contains information for over 2,500 unique plant entries\u0000 (encompassing species, subspecies, cultivars, varieties, and hybrids)\u0000 from 9 different growth forms (trees, shrubs, palms, ferns, cycads,\u0000 climbers, succulents, grass, and herbs). The tool contains many\u0000 resources to design and maintain resilient urban green spaces, from the\u0000 planning stage up to monitoring and maintenance.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Which Plant Where was designed to allow practitioners and urban\u0000 forest managers to confidently identify climate-ready species now to\u0000 ensure urban green spaces remain diverse and resilient into the\u0000 future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115871864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field Resistance of American Sycamore ‘Davis’ to Canker Pathogens","authors":"Coralie Farinas Simmt, Davis Sydnor, Elizabeth L White, Alexis Wooten, F. P. Hand, P. Bonello","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.013","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 American sycamores (Platanus occidentalisL.)\u0000 are found in many ecosystems and planted in urban landscapes worldwide. The\u0000 trees are highly susceptible to anthracnose and canker pathogens, causing\u0000 leaf blight and branch dieback. On The Ohio State University campus in\u0000 Columbus, Ohio, an American sycamore was observed to thrive among many\u0000 symptomatic sycamores. The healthy tree, subsequently protected as cultivar\u0000 ‘Davis,’ was vegetatively propagated and tested for field resistance to\u0000 natural infection of canker pathogens compared to the wildtype. Incidence\u0000 and severity of leaf necrosis, incidence of dieback, and tree death were\u0000 evaluated for 2 consecutive seasons. The incidence of leaf necrosis was\u0000 disconnected from the incidence of dieback and tree mortality, as little to\u0000 no leaves were produced on the wildtype trees. By the end of the second\u0000 season, 7 out of 12 wildtype trees were dead, while all 12 ‘Davis’ trees\u0000 were alive. Several canker pathogens were recovered from both ‘Davis’ and\u0000 the wildtype, includingApiognomonia\u0000 plataniandDiaporthe eres. The\u0000 latter had not been previously reported on American sycamore. Pathogenicity\u0000 tests confirmed thatD. eresis indeed pathogenic\u0000 on sycamores and also that ‘Davis’ is significantly more resistant than\u0000 wildtype to canker development and should be preferred over the wildtype in\u0000 the urban landscape.","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128475611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Different Protected Environments and Reflector Material on\u0000 Cultivated Oiti (Licania tomentosa[Benth.] Fritsch) Seedlings","authors":"Vitória Carolina Dantas Alves, A. G. da Silva, E. Costa, Thaise Dantas, Flávio Ferreira da Silva Binotti, M. B. Martins, Eduardo Pradi Vendruscolo, Gustavo Haralampidou da Costa Vieira","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.015","url":null,"abstract":"Oiti (Licania tomentosa[Benth.] Fritsch) is an option for urban forestation and rural environments that require shading by plants, so studying the plant environment to obtain quality seedlings is essential. The present study aimed to evaluate oiti seedlings in different protected environments with or without reflective material on a cultivation bench. The following protected environments were evaluated: an agricultural greenhouse covered with a low-density polyethylene film and a thermo-reflective screen with 42%/50% shading under the film; an agricultural screenhouse with an aluminized screen with 35% shading; an agricultural screenhouse with a black screen with 30% shading; and an agricultural screenhouse with a black screen with 18% shading. Production systems with and without photosynthetically active radiation-reflecting material (aluminized screen, Aluminet®) on the cultivation bench were assessed in each protected environment. There was no interaction between the environmental factors; however, the environments influenced height, stem diameter, root dry matter, and total biometric relationships and growth rates. The reflective material did not improve the quality of oiti seedlings. The ratio of shoot and root dry matter was, on average, 71% for the shoots and 29% for the roots. The photosynthetically active radiation received by oiti seedlings ranged from 600 to 1,100 μmol m−2s−1. The greenhouse with 42%/50% shading screen under the film and the black screen with 30% shading were the best environments for the formation ofLicania tomentosaseedlings. The reflective material on the cultivation bench did not result in better quality oiti seedlings.","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121345199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Soil Decompaction and Amendments on Soil Quality","authors":"G. Percival, S. Graham, Emma Franklin","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Urban soil is often compacted during anthropogenic activities, which\u0000 presents a challenging substrate for tree growth. Two techniques for\u0000 decompacting soils (air spading and vertical mulching) were evaluated alone\u0000 and in combination with the soil amendment biochar and/or a woodchip mulch.\u0000 Effects on soil quality (bulk density, organic matter, vegetation ground\u0000 cover, cotton strip degradation, root dry mass, and earthworm counts) were\u0000 monitored over 5 years. A combined treatment of air spading, biochar, and a\u0000 woodchip mulch layer proved optimal in improving the soil quality of a\u0000 heavily compacted soil over the 5-year period. This treatment was, however,\u0000 the most expensive and time-consuming. A woodchip mulch was the most\u0000 effective of the individual treatments and the most cost-effective. Air\u0000 spading alone proved reasonably effective in improving soil quality over the\u0000 5-year study period. Effects of air spading could be improved by addition of\u0000 a woodchip mulch. Vertical mulching alone or in combination with biochar had\u0000 little influence on soil quality over 5 years. Results demonstrated that\u0000 effective long-term soil decompaction measures exist for arborists to\u0000 improve compacted soils.","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115448089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hardscape of Soil Surface Surrounding Urban Trees Alters Stem Carbon Dioxide Efflux","authors":"T. Marler","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.010","url":null,"abstract":"The diel patterns of stem carbon dioxide efflux (Es) were quantified for 8 lignophyte tree species using paired trees, with one tree surrounded by hardscape from the bole to the canopy perimeter and the second tree surrounded by grass or mulch. Stem Es was measured at a height of 30 to 40 cm on the boles, and measurements were made about every 2 hours during 31-hour measurement campaigns. Nocturnal Es was similar for the hardscape trees and the trees without hardscape. Trees surrounded by hardscape exhibited daytime Es that was 73% greater than nocturnal Es. In contrast, trees surrounded by grass or mulch exhibited daytime Es that was only 55% greater than nocturnal Es. The diurnal maximum of Es was in the morning for trees surrounded by hardscape but was in the afternoon for trees growing in grass or mulch. The results indicated root-respired carbon dioxide was transferred to the bole through daytime transpiration, and more of this carbon dioxide was released from the bole surfaces for trees surrounded by hardscape.","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115855215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Borrowed Credentials and Surrogate Professional Societies: A Critical Analysis of the Urban Forestry Profession","authors":"PhD Keith O’Herrin, Corinne Bassett, PhD Susan D. Day, EdD Paul D. Ries, PhD P. Eric Wiseman","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.009","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Urban forestry is an emerging profession, yet its professional identity is not clearly defined, nor does it have the full complement of support mechanisms commonly expected or needed by professionals. As a result, urban forest professionals rely on closely allied professions (e.g., arboriculture, forestry) resulting in frustration amongst urban forest professionals and confusion and lack of awareness amongst the general public. Methods: We developed a series of practical but ideal benchmarks for a successful “modern profession” based on features extracted from a review of the literature and precedents from 11 other professions. We then examined a broad array of evidence to identify gaps between the benchmarks and the current reality of the profession. Strength of evidence was assessed, and each benchmark was classified as being supported by established, emerging, or little to no evidence. Results: Gap analysis indicates that while the profession provides an essential service to society, there is a need for improvement in credentialing, public awareness, recruitment into the profession, and support for career advancement. Many gaps result from a lack of coordinated efforts or organized community dedicated to the full scope of urban forest professionals. We identified a misalignment between urban forest professionals and existing professional organizations that are dedicated to closely allied professions. Conclusion: To meet benchmarks for a successful “modern profession,” urban forestry needs professional support explicitly dedicated to urban forestry. The profession cannot meet the future needs of society supported only by borrowed credentials and surrogate professional organizations.","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132451008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Literature Review of Unmanned Aerial Systems and LIDAR with Application to Distribution Utility Vegetation Management","authors":"M. Walker, G. Dahle","doi":"10.48044/jauf.2023.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2023.011","url":null,"abstract":"Standardized tree risk assessment protocols are beneficial to utility vegetation management (UVM) in that they provide the most consistent qualitative assessment of a tree’s likelihood of failure, likelihood of impact, and overall risk. Yet, utility foresters do not often inspect off-right-of-way (ROW) vegetation due to constraints such as accessibility and time, which leaves many off-ROW trees unmonitored or with limited monitoring. This review focuses on the key studies addressing the application of unmanned aerial systems (UAS)-based LIDAR systems, especially in terms of UVM along electrical distribution systems. We reviewed the scientific literature in terms of the acquisition of UAS-based LIDAR data and the processing of the data. The incorporation of UAS-based LIDAR will allow utility foresters to better manage both on- and off-ROW trees to better identify tree risks and thus reduce outages and increase resiliency of distribution power lines.","PeriodicalId":373407,"journal":{"name":"Arboriculture &amp; Urban Forestry","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123715037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}