Knygotyra最新文献

{"title":"Statistics of Periodicals in the Baltic States: Data Sources and Collections","authors":"Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2024.82.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2024.82.7","url":null,"abstract":"Publishing is a significant part of the cultural, creative, and economic sectors. Its research, assessment, and forecasting require grounded, reliable, accurate, consistent, and comparable statistical data. Considering the lack of research in periodicals statistics and the relevance of publishing statistics, as well as the fact that in the Baltic countries, publishing statistics data are collected by institutions at the same level, the problem arises whether the national libraries’ applied foundational recommendations and legal documents, as well as data collection methodology, can ensure data validity, reliability, comprehensiveness, and comparability. This article aims to examine and compare the data collection practices of periodical statistics in the Baltic States. The research object includes the legal foundation of publishing statistics in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as the 2022 publishing statistics resources and official statistics data collections. UNESCO recommendations and International Organization for Standardization standards can be considered guidelines for such data collection and accounting. The legal foundation of publishing statistics consists of legal deposit laws, which must ensure the sources of statistical data. Even though publishing statistics data are collected by national libraries and the source of statistical data in all countries is legal deposits, the statistical data collections are not identical. Countries choose which data to collect, what criteria to apply, and in what form to present them. It is important to emphasize that data on the publishing industry are not presented in statistical collections, although their collection guidelines and presentation importance are highlighted in international recommendations and normative documents. Statistical data on electronic periodicals are provided only by Estonia. National libraries in the Baltic States are official statistics compilers, so summarized publishing statistics data are provided to national statistics institutions, opening new technological possibilities for data analysis and integration of new data. The collections of statistical data on newspapers and magazines can only be compared according to a few main criteria, as countries have chosen different statistical data presentation features, the main ones being the varying categorization and periodicity characteristics of newspapers and magazines.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"2 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141642696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legal Disputes of Emigrant Periodical Publishers from the End of the 19th Century to 1904","authors":"Remigijus Misiūnas","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2024.82.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2024.82.4","url":null,"abstract":" The subject of the article is the formation of legal dispute practices among Lithuanian emigrant periodical publishers in the USA during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The aim is to analyze the legal cases brought against emigrant periodical publishers during this period, assessing their causes, aspects of the cases, their coverage in the press, and their consequences, based on scientific research and contemporary press publications. The main focus is on the 1897 case against the newspaper “Saulė” published in Mahanoy City, Pa., where publisher D. T. Bačkauskas was accused of violating a US postal ban by distributing immoral literature. Other notable cases include the 1898–1900 litigation involving Chicago newspaper “Lietuva” publisher A. Olšauskas and editor J. Šernas against local Lithuanian priest A. Kriaučiūnas over critical articles directed at him, and the lawsuit of Shenandoah, Pa. newspaper “Viltis” publisher V. Šlekys by A. Savickas, who accused the newspaper of defamation and demanded the disclosure of the article author’s name. \u0000The analysis of these and other cases from the period revealed that litigation was one of many manifestations of the ideological split within the emigrant community in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As the role of the press grew within the community, clergy, who constituted the majority of the right-wing leadership, found themselves losing the unchallenged authority they had in Lithuania and were unable to compensate for it through their own press and polemics against other factions. Therefore, they tried to exploit legal opportunities. The case against “Saulė” can be partially explained by its popularity within the emigrant community and its occasional positioning as a Catholic newspaper, which drew readers away from the still-weak right-wing press. Priest Kriaučiūnas’s struggle against “Lietuva” can be partly explained by his aim to undermine the influence of the liberal “Lietuva” on Chicago Lithuanians and to create favourable conditions for his newspaper “Katalikas” and its growing influence. \u0000Evaluating the causes of the cases, it is possible to discuss the complicated perception of the satirical genre within the emigrant community of that time. On one hand, the hyperbolization of problems and ills in the emigrant life attracted readers with engaging texts, but on the other, it was interpreted as propaganda for a dissolute lifestyle and rejection of religious norms, dismissing the satirical aspect. Additionally, the defense of freedom of speech became a cornerstone in the litigation between Olšauskas and priest Kriaučiūnas. Meanwhile, in the case of Šlekys, the journalistic principle of source protection and the willingness to defend it in court is noteworthy. \u0000Regarding the coverage of the cases in the press, e.g. Bačkauskas utilized the reporting of his case in “Saulė” to strengthen his image as an independent publisher and defender of Lithuanian identity. Conversely, the press opposin","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"11 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neformalių XX a. pabaigos – XXI a. pradžios Lietuvos jaunimo leidinių – fanzinų – leidybos tendencijos","authors":"Aušra Kairaitytė-Užupė","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2024.82.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2024.82.6","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes Lithuanian youth subcultural group publications – fanzines (zines) – which have not yet received broader attention from researchers. Paper fanzines started to be created at the end of the 20th century and became popular in the 1990s, spreading Western culture ideas and changing the political, and socio-cultural environment in Lithuania along with technological copying and reproduction possibilities. \u0000Using resources from Lithuania’s Youth Culture Digital Archive “Lithuanian Zine Collection” and additionally collected sources, the article analyzes the trends in the creation and publishing of fanzines. By comparing the publishing similarities and differences of fanzines attributed to different subcultural groups, the aim is to understand the cultural context of these publications, their relationship with readers, and the publishing possibilities of fanzine creators. \u0000The study applies descriptive metadata analysis and systematization of fanzines, as well as ethnographic research methods (targeted interview, questionnaire, and qualitative interviews with fanzine authors, publishers, and collectors). \u0000The research results showed that in Lithuania, mainly in the 1990s, metal music fanzine authors, unlike punks and science fiction fans, created more publications written in English. Metal music fanzines were characterized by greater volume. Science fiction fans’ publications differed from those of metalheads and punks by a greater number of continuous issues and fewer one-time publications. Authors of fanzines associated with punk ideology mostly chose to independently reproduce publications using a copying machine, while creators of metal music and science fiction fanzines more often used professional printing services. \u0000The language used in fanzines and its style helped to form a close relationship with readers, revealed the identity traits of subcultural groups, and helped metal music fanzine authors to integrate into the international fanzine culture context. Seeking independence and individuality, fanzine creators disregarded professional publishing standards. Fanzine publishing depended on individual choice, motivation, creativity, reader interest, and technological possibilities (publication reproduction, layout). Fanzines created in Lithuania became one of the main forms of idea dissemination, creative freedom, and self-expression for alternative youth communication.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biblioterapijos paslaugos viešosiose bibliotekose: Lietuvos atvejis","authors":"Jurgita Girčienė, Miglė Damijonaitytė","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.5","url":null,"abstract":"Bibliotherapy, as an interdisciplinary field, is undeniably heavily researched on a global scale, yet there are relatively few studies, especially empirical ones, devoted exclusively to the problems of public libraries, while those that would focus only on the services provided by librarians themselves, excluding cooperation with specialists in the field of health promotion, have been undetected at all. The concept, typology, methodology of bibliotherapy and specialists, who can provide services in this field, especially the scope of librarians’ possibilities, are still being discussed in multidirectional works of bibliotherapy. \u0000The article presents the results of a quantitative empirical study based on the synthesis of multidisciplinary bibliotherapy research, which allowed to determine the librarians’ own possibilities to provide biblio­therapy services, revealing the state of bibliotherapy services provision in Lithuanian public libraries in 2022. In addition, the article provides a comparative analysis of this study and secondary sources, which showed the evolution and development possibilities of the provision of bibliotherapy services in Lithuanian public libraries. \u0000It was found that in most libraries, at least one bibliotherapy service is provided by their own staff. Out of them, slightly more than twice (both qualitatively and quantitatively) of services are attributable to passive bibliotherapy, exclusively covering an intrapersonal level of communication, based on recommendations of books to be read, which is traditionally more characteristic of these institutions, rather than those to be associated with its active variety, which includes an individual interaction of a reader with a librarian inspired by the read book, or a group one - with the members of the book club led by them that integrates an interpersonal level of communication as well. However, as shown by the comparative analysis of the results of the quantitative research of the same object of 2022 and 2011, the active bibliotherapy, which promotes the interaction of readers, is also becoming popular in Lithuania as the functions of libraries expand in the direction of socialization. This is largely in line with global trends. \u0000Summarizing the data of the latest research presented in the article and previous secondary sources, it can be stated that in the early 21st century, library bibliotherapy began to be developed at the formal level, and after the development breakthrough recorded at the turn of the first and second decades it has already established itself as a service provided by Lithuanian public libraries. The librarians’ attitudes towards it are positive, the motivation to expand the range or scope of bibliotherapy services is increasing. Although librarians both independently and institutionally, usually through projects or occasional trainings deepen their knowledge in this field, yet its lack is still mentioned, and in particular, the lack of practical skills n","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"4 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138944634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skaitmeninių metodų taikymas praeities kelionių tyrimuose","authors":"Rimvydas Laužikas","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.6","url":null,"abstract":"The massive digitisation of written historical sources, optical character recognition (OCR) of texts, and their online availability in recent decades have created new opportunities and challenges for historical research. The digital humanities research model presented in this paper is based on the information organisation paradigm and the application of digital technology-based methods in studying ancient travels. The model has been developed and tested using the materials of the project “Homo Viator: Travel Space and Travellers’ Experiences in Early Modern Lithuania”.\u0000The main problem of the research is related to the fact that one of the essential sources of information about ancient travel are egodocuments (letters, diaries, memoirs, etc.) that contain journeys described alongside other important life events of a particular person. However, travel descriptions form only a small part of a text of a given egodocument and are unevenly distributed among different egodocuments. Therefore, given the size of the text of the egodocuments and their collections and the number of egodocuments published in different languages, researching them as sources in only one aspect (travel) requires a significant amount of human and time resources. A similar problematic situation exists with other sources of knowledge on ancient travel: a massive number of documents published in digital form (including OCR), their texts are voluminous, and the text fragments related to travel, country descriptions, ancient travel routes, travel and mobility infrastructure, and travellers’ experiences are relatively small and scattered throughout the source text.\u0000The research model described in the paper is divided into two steps: (i) collection of the corpus of OCR source texts; (ii) collection of empirical data using a dictionary-based computer-aided [or assisted] qualitative text analysis method implemented with the MaxQDA software. The collection of the source text corpus is carried out by applying the general principles and methods of online search of scientific publications. The corpus comprises authentic, published sources relevant to the study (letters, diaries, memoirs, etc.) and scholarly publications about them, thus forming two blocks of text - sources and literature. The literature block is used as additional material for a more precise selection and interpretation of the source texts. A key element for applying a dictionary-based computer-aided [or assisted] qualitative text analysis method is a high-quality dictionary that accurately describes the concepts (categories) relevant to the research. Considering the specificity of the sources (the languages used in the sources and their translations), a multilingual dictionary (Lithuanian-Polish-English-Russian-German) was compiled. The structure of the dictionary consists of six concepts (categories) related to ancient travel: (i) journey (general description), (ii) road and its infrastructure (bridges, fords, etc.), (iii","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"67 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138945691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Travelogs of Journeys to Lithuania in Early 15th–19th Century: The Problem of Egodocumentality and Typology","authors":"Arvydas Pacevičius","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the egodocumentary travel writing of trips to/inside Lithuania, which is characterised by an autobiographical first-person narration, and examines its origins, development, and dissemination. Based on the methodological paradigms of research into the cultural heritage of a manuscript and printed book, the concepts of memory archive, book communication cycle, and the social life of books, an attempt is made to draw the boundaries among the types of this writing (typology), and the intentions of the writing and publishing process are revealed. The case study is based on manuscript and published travel descriptions by both Lithuanian and foreign authors for the routes in the territory of Lithuania or on the Lithuanian border. It was found that first-person narration and an author’s ‘participation’ are present not only in manuscript travel accounts that are personal and those belonging to one’s relatives (family, clan, descendants), but also in texts that engage a wider audience and are published and distributed through various media. The attempt at a typology of travel egodocumentation revealed a gap between a genetic taxonomy based on the notion of the personal archive as a treasure trove of memory and a literary classification based on contemporary genres of travel writing. Travel accounts were created on the basis of the worldview prevailing in the society of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which formed a canon different from the European one. Noteworthy are the hitherto understudied egodocumentary marginalia, diaries in calendars that reflect the culture of travel in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138944321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Censorship of the Polish Periodical Press in Vilnius in the Years 1905–1914","authors":"Olga Mastianica","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.3","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the policy of censorship in Lithuania after the Manifesto issued by Emperor Nicholas II on 17 October 1905 in order to find out those ideas, thoughts, and opinions that the authorities of the Russian Empire sought to exclude from the communication process. The main object of the research is the Polish periodical press (newspapers, magazines, continuous, and one-off publications) published in Vilnius in 1905-1914. With the help of a comparative perspective, we will try to answer the question of whether the censorship of the Polish periodicals was subject to the same policy as other publications, whether there were peculiarities, or whether these periodicals were addressed more strictly. The main source of the research is the materials of the minutes of the meetings of the Temporary Committee on Press Affairs in Vilnius that have not been used in previous research.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"9 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Visualization of the Book: Graphic Metaphors in Art Decoration of Ukrainian Church Editions of the Baroque Epoque","authors":"Olena Kurhanova","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.2","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers the role of metaphor in the art decoration of 17th–18th centuries Ukrainian editions of church books. It claims that the book art of this period is marked by generous use of symbolic and allegoric visual images which play metaphorical role in general structure of the book. Structural-semiotical exploration of title pages, frontispieces, and illustration cycles in more than one hundred reeditions of Ukrainian church books of 17th–18th centuries enabled us to single out the main types of structure forming visual metaphors. All metaphorical visual images, used in decoration of the church books, transfer the meaning of the book through picturing its author, addressee, or the central theological concept. The image of the author in the tradition of the Ukrainian church book art decoration is inserted in the composition of the title page and frontispiece. It visually presents the church book as a creation of a saint person, inspired by God. The addressee is expressed both by the emblem of a patron, who supported book printing, and by an icon of a divine person to whom the prayer content of the book is addressed. The emblem of a patron is positioned on the title page and/or backside of the title page. It visually generalizes the image of the church book edition, printed due to support of notable person. The icons of a prayer addressee on the backside of the title page, on the frontispieces, or on in-text miniatures, reflect the conceptual idea of a church book as a tool for praying. The main idea of a church book is commonly expressed by symbolic and allegoric compositions. Such compositions, positioned on the title pages and frontispieces, summarize the content of the book by the most unexpected visual images. All the complexity of meanings expressed by images of author, addressee, and theological content, demonstrate the baroque means, which Ukrainian church book editors applied to visualize the church book essence.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kodikologija Lietuvoje 1918–1990 metais: tarp knygos istorijos ir paleografijos","authors":"Rima Cicėnienė","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.81.4","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the development of the discipline of codicology in Lithuania in the period 1918-1990 thus continuing the research carried out from the early 19th century until 1918. The concept of codicology and its affiliation with the discipline of book studies allow us to identify the chronology of the research with the development of book studies, which entered the stage of independent science in the period under discussion. This was also the time when the discipline of codicology in Western Europe underwent a quantum leap - with the birth of the term codicology and the emphasis on its distinction from palaeography. The concept expanded to include the study of manuscripts in various aspects - from their physical structure to the reception of written culture. Did this influence the development of the discipline in Lithuania? Did it succeed in renewing the codicological research that had begun at the beginning of the 19th century? How did the science of codicology develop in the turbulent 20th century? Why did codicology failed to become the subject of a separate research and is hardly mentioned in Lithuanian science? The answer to these questions is sought through the bibliographies of Lithuanian book studies and history, publications of sources of the period, and the history of Lithuanian scientific institutions. The research enables us to talk about two distinct periods. Between 1918 and 1939, the subjects of bibliography and book history were formed and established in Lithuanian scholarship, while the history of the manuscript book was recorded as the earliest period of Lithuanian book history. The bibliographies, which were started on a national basis, recorded single copies of codices in a variety of languages and included some external features, but the manuscripts did not receive a closer look. V. Biržiška formulated the concept of the history of the manuscript book with a distinction between the Cyrillic and Latin codices. His insights about the poor quality of manuscript books in the GDL were later developed to some extent but remained mainly unchanged until the 1990s, and apparently influenced the subsequent development of research. The first phase can therefore be called the bibliographical period. The second phase covers the period 1945-1990. The end of the Second World War saw the reactivation of academic institutions, the training of a new generation of historians and librarians, the accumulation of manuscript books, and the appearance of individual works on the history of the book. However, we can only speak of codicological research and attention to the manuscript book as a research object since the 1980s. Historians and philologists (S. Lazutka, E. Gudavičius, V. Raudeliūnas, V. Mažiulis, V. Drotvinas), following the work of the scholars of the Vilnius Imperial University in the early 19th century, began to publish sources of writing. The comprehensive study of the First Statute of Lithuania by S. Lazutka and E. Gudaviči","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138944722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Commemorative Activities of Francysk Skaryna in Lithuania 1990–2022","authors":"Nijolė Bliūdžiuvienė","doi":"10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2023.80.132","url":null,"abstract":"Over the centuries, Francysk Skaryna’s name has become an object of collective memory and research. The article explores the commemorative activities of Skaryna in Lithuania. The article is based on the approach of the Activity Theory of the commemorative activities of F. Skaryna, which allows conducting a complex analysis of the research topic. The aim of the article is to analyze the memorialization of Skaryna in terms of the conducted activity, while distinguishing its characteristic elements – goals, objects, entities, processes, means and results, with the main focus on the subjects and the means of the implemented activity. The object of the research is the activity of commemorating and remembrance of the memory of Skaryna in the period dating from 1990 to 2022. The analyzed data includes scientific publications related to the memorialization of F. Skaryna in Lithuania, official documents, internet resources, media reports, and publications on the websites of science and studies, educational and cultural institutions. The memorialization was achieved by means of monumental and symbolic measures. The remembrance measures fostered historical and cultural memory, developed intercultural dialogue, and supported humanistic ideas. Monumental and symbolic measures, scientific and artistic events, educational activities, creative projects, monographs and religious honoring have made it possible to remember and get to know the heterogeneous personality and activities of Francysk Skaryna. Most of the commemorative and remembrance measures have been devoted to the celebration of anniversaries of his life and activities. At the level of entities, the cohesion of scientists, artists, representatives of culture, education, public organizations and national as well as foreign institutions at various levels has been remarkable, which has contributed to the implementation of numerous measures of the memorialization of F. Skaryna denoted by cultural, artistic, scientific, social, and lasting value for the communication of memory. The analysis of Skaryna’s memorialization activities has allowed us to draw up a generalized model which enables us to reveal and understand this activity as a social, cultural and scientific action and phenomenon through the totality of its elements.","PeriodicalId":37220,"journal":{"name":"Knygotyra","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43495332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}