{"title":"Comparing Microfinance Models: MC2 Model versus Other Microfinance Model","authors":"L. Fotabong","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2007874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2007874","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes various microfinance models in the wake of the current crises in Bangladesh and India. It presents a critical analysis of the Grameen Bank model, the MC2 model, the village banking model, and the SKS-microfinance model. It concludes that the MC2 microfinance model is superior to other models due to its strong community identity feature. MC2 are rural development micro-banks created and managed by a community in keeping to their local values and customs.The paper states that models like SKS, Grameen bank and the village banking mode are market based and investor driven. They force the poor into inflexible contracts with high interest rates. The paper advocates the MC2 model, because MC2: Is created, owned, controlled and managed by people in keeping with local values, traditions, customs and reality; Has practical interest rates that conform to the low purchasing power of its target population; Has a unique four pillar approach that links the expertise of a commercial bank, an international NGO, local populations and national and international partners; Uses a five stages development setup that emphasizes savings and self-sufficiency.","PeriodicalId":372148,"journal":{"name":"CGN: Distributions: Dividends","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124406966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"If It’s Good for the Firm, It’s Good for Me: Insider Trading and Repurchases Motivated by Undervaluation","authors":"Shrikant P. Jategaonkar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1598434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1598434","url":null,"abstract":"My findings suggest that information inherent in insider trading can be used to identify undervalued repurchasing firms. I examine the relation between insider trading and the performance of open market repurchase (OMR) firms. I show that firms with high net insider buying prior to open market repurchase announcements not only earn abnormal stock returns in both the short- and long-run, but also exhibit better operating performance. Overall, the evidence is consistent with insiders timing their trades prior to open market repurchase announcements.","PeriodicalId":372148,"journal":{"name":"CGN: Distributions: Dividends","volume":"357 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123190951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Information Content of Dividends: A Case Study of Nigerian Firms","authors":"C. Okoyeuzu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1934521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1934521","url":null,"abstract":"Corporate dividend policy has been a thing of concern to the financial managers and the firm at large. Firms are faced with dilemma of sharing dividend to stock-holders and retaining their earning with the view to ploughing it back into the business so as to foster further growth of the business. This study is an attempt to evaluate the observed dividend policy of a cross section of 60 Nigerian quoted Firms. The information content of dividends (signalling) hypothesis predicts that dividends can be used to signal firm’s future prospects and only good-quality firms can use such a device. Nigeria as an emerging market provides an excellent laboratory to test this hypothesis. Specifically, the Nigerian investment environment is pervaded with a host of uncertainties. Cross sectional weighted least squares regression provides strong support that the information content of dividends’ hypothesis holds well in Nigeria. Our empirical evidence indicates that the hypotheses of signalling theory performs remarkably well in Nigeria. Corporate dividend payout policy signals crucial information to investors about companies’ future prospects. We recommend that corporate management should follow a generous dividend policy which will maximize the long term benefits to its stockholders.","PeriodicalId":372148,"journal":{"name":"CGN: Distributions: Dividends","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121046431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Buyback Monitor – July 2011: Share Buyback Profits of 252 Firms 2000-2011","authors":"M. Gumport","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1879508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1879508","url":null,"abstract":"This report expands through early 2011 studies of the raw performance (profitability) of $383.5 billion of buybacks executed since 2000 by a sample of 252 corporations. The sample companies, drawn mainly from the technology sector, enjoy total equity market value today of $1.240 trillion. 69.8% of sampled companies engaged in buybacks and, in total, paid 32.7% of their current equity market value for buybacks over the past decade.Higher stock prices during the last year have markedly improved the profitability of past buybacks. Since a year ago, stock prices for the sampled group are up about 33.2%, in line with major U.S. market indexes. 59.7% of the last decade’s sampled buyback programs are now profitable, shares bought back are worth 8.8% more than their cost, and buybacks in total have contributed 2.9% to the group’s current stock price. Because larger buybacks by larger companies did better than more numerous smaller programs by smaller companies, the typical company’s stock price saw a -5.7% contribution from buybacks. After allowance for foregone net interest income, the last decade’s corporate share buybacks have provided little more than 0% benefit for the group overall and pushed the typical company’s stock price down close to 10%. The most profitable buyback programs had a 15.0%-43.1% positive impact on stock prices. In rank order, among large companies, these include programs by CTXS, ORCL, and EMC; among smaller companies, programs by CY, NVLS, ADSK, CRUS, IDCC, VRSN, and POWI; among the smallest companies, those by STMP, OPLK, and ISSI.Absent buybacks, companies with the most significantly unprofitable programs would now have share prices trading 14.9% to well over 100% higher. In rank order, among large companies, these include unprofitable programs by DELL, MSI, CSCO, and AMAT; among smaller companies, programs by ISIL, TLAB, CDNS, IDTI, WFR, LOGI, and ELX; among the smallest companies, those by DITC, HTCH, ADPT, PTIX, OPWV, EXAR, DSPG, EXE, MTSN, SIGM, and VTSS.","PeriodicalId":372148,"journal":{"name":"CGN: Distributions: Dividends","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128479954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effect of Financial Leverage and Earnings on Dividend Policy","authors":"Ashish Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2324831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2324831","url":null,"abstract":"The interrelationship among financial leverage, earnings and dividend decision has long been a subject of interest to various researchers, professionals and investors. The key objective of this study is to examine the effect of financial leverage, earnings on dividend policy. In this study, it is found that previous year dividend amount plays a significant role in current year dividend decision.","PeriodicalId":372148,"journal":{"name":"CGN: Distributions: Dividends","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114270016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer L. Blouin, J. Raedy, Douglas A. Shackelford
{"title":"Dividends, Share Repurchases, and Tax Clienteles: Evidence from the 2003 Reductions in Shareholder Taxes","authors":"Jennifer L. Blouin, J. Raedy, Douglas A. Shackelford","doi":"10.2308/ACCR.00000038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/ACCR.00000038","url":null,"abstract":"This paper jointly evaluates firm-level changes in investor composition and shareholder distributions following a 2003 reduction in the dividend and capital gains tax rates for individuals. We find that directors and officers, but not other individual investors, rebalanced their portfolios to maximize after-tax returns in light of the new tax rules. We also find that firms adjusted their distribution policy (specifically, dividends versus share repurchases) in a manner consistent with the altered tax incentives for individual investors. To our knowledge, this is the first paper to employ simultaneous equations to estimate both investor and managerial responses to the 2003 rate reductions. We find that estimating a system of equations leads to different inferences.","PeriodicalId":372148,"journal":{"name":"CGN: Distributions: Dividends","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116757073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cost of Capital When Dividends are Deductible (Costo de Capital con Dividendos Deducibles) (Spanish)","authors":"Ignacio Vélez-Pareja, Julián Benavides Franco","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1527857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1527857","url":null,"abstract":"When calculating Tax Savings, TS we are confronted with a strange mix of accounting accrual and market value when involving TS in the calculation of the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, WACC or the Cost of Equity, Ke. Firms earn the right to TS once they accrue the interest expense and they actually earn the TS when taxes are paid. Tax savings and the discount rate we use to calculate their value are involved in the calculation of WACC and Ke. Textbook WACC formulation is a very special and unique case that is not typical. Based on previous findings, we derive a general approach to those formulas that take into account any kind of TS related to the financing decision of a firm and any date when the TS is earned. These formulations can be used to introduce any type of externality that creates value through tax savings not captured by neither the cost of debt nor the cost of equity.In this paper we develop the formulations for Ke, the cost of levered equity and the average cost of capital when dividends, interest on equity or monetary correction of equity are deductible. This is the case of Brazil.We show that using the proper formulation the most known valuation methods, i) Firm value with Free Cash Flow and WACC for the FCF; ii) value with the Capital Cash Flow and WACC for the FCC; iii) equity value with the Cash Flow to Equity and Ke, the levered cost of equity plus debt; iv) Adjusted Present Value, APV are consistent and give identical results.","PeriodicalId":372148,"journal":{"name":"CGN: Distributions: Dividends","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128066904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Role of Banks in Dividend Policy","authors":"Linda Allen, Aron Gottesman, A. Saunders, Yi Tang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1446808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1446808","url":null,"abstract":"We document a significant inverse relationship between a firm’sdividend payouts and reliance on bank loan financing. Banks limitdividend payouts to shareholders in order to protect the integrity oftheir senior claims on the firm’s assets. Moreover, dividendpayouts decline in the presence of monitoring by relationship banks,which acts as an effective governance mechanism, thereby reducing thegains from pre-committing to costly dividend payouts. Bank monitoringand corporate governance (insider stake and institutional blockholdings) are complementary mechanisms to resolve firm agency problems,both reducing the firm’s reliance on dividend policy.","PeriodicalId":372148,"journal":{"name":"CGN: Distributions: Dividends","volume":"308 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121291810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dividends and Stock Valuation: A Study from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century","authors":"Stephen R. Foerster, S. Sapp","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.890445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.890445","url":null,"abstract":"Using a comprehensive database of monthly U.S. economic and price-based factors from 1871 to 2005, we investigate the relationship between the actual values and our estimated intrinsic values of the S&P Composite Index. We estimate the intrinsic value using the most fundamental valuation technique, the dividend discount model based on an estimated 30-year rolling equity premium and corresponding cost of equity combined with perfect foresight of dividends. We find that stocks were undervalued, on average, by approximately 26% over the entire sample. Prior to 1945, stocks were consistently undervalued and displayed more bond-like characteristics. Since 1945, stocks were, on average, fairly valued but with long periods of under- and over-valuation. We show that across both periods well-known economic and price-based factors can explain much of the levels and changes in \"pricing errors\". Over this period the Fed Model also finds equities were under-valued, but its predictive ability decreases when one considers other factors. Because of the concerns surrounding the choice of discount rate in asset pricing research, we compare our estimated cost of equity (using the CAPM) with implied measures from the actual price and dividend series and observe that many of the differences are related to economic conditions.","PeriodicalId":372148,"journal":{"name":"CGN: Distributions: Dividends","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133009462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}