Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X最新文献

{"title":"Improving the accuracy of detecting and ranking favorable porphyry copper prospects in the east of Sarcheshmeh copper mine region using a two-step sequential Fuzzy - Fuzzy TOPSIS integration approach","authors":"Shokouh Riahi,&nbsp;Nader Fathianpour,&nbsp;Seyed Hassan Tabatabaei","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The detection and prioritization of optimal favorable areas for the ground follow-up stage are among the most challenging issues in the early stages of any mineral exploration program. A common approach to identify the favorable mineralized zones is to create and integrate independent evidential predictor layers using knowledge or data driven approaches. The method proposed in current study is not only capable of detecting favorable zones, but also provides reliable ranking of the best favorable areas to focus in the next exploration stage. For this purpose, a two-step sequential Fuzzy-Fuzzy TOPSIS approach, which deploys the merits of both Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Fuzzy logic inference methodologies simultaneously, is proposed. In the first step, the favorable porphyry copper mineralizations in the east of the well-known Sarcheshmeh porphyry copper mine, are detected through combining evidential layers including geological, remote sensing data, geophysical and geochemical data using fuzzy logic integration approach. As a result of the first step, a number of twenty prospects with the highest porphyry copper favorability membership were selected and inputted into the TOPSIS and fuzzy-TOPSIS algorithms. Subsequently, the chosen prospects were prioritized and ranked according to their scores acquired by each technique of the aforementioned approaches separately. The performance of each approach was evaluated thorough comparison with the known ground porphyry copper mineralizations. The results indicated the capability of the proposed approach not only in detecting favorable porphyry copper mineralization prospects consistent with the previously detected porphyry Cu mineralization but also rank them based on their priorities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590056023000312/pdfft?md5=70548bebea8efba552359714745022e1&pid=1-s2.0-S2590056023000312-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138454095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noise analysis of the observatory superconducting gravimeter in the normal mode frequency range using gravity data of Ghuttu, Garhwal Himalaya, India","authors":"Sanjay K. Verma ,&nbsp;Naresh Kumar ,&nbsp;Sanjit K. Pal","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We present a study on gravity data from the Observatory Superconducting Gravimeter (OSG-051) located at MPGO Ghuttu in the Garhwal Himalaya, India. Ambient noise observed at this site is compared with other worldwide SGs and computed seismic noise magnitude for the OSG-051. Instrumental noise has been observed at frequencies ranging from ∼0.0239 to ∼0.03207 Hz in the form of parasitic mode for the lower and upper sensors of SG, whose quality factor has been estimated in different modes of oscillations. The signal is enhanced at noise reduction below 2.0 mHz using local barometric pressure data and modelled tidal effect of the site. Other seismic noise factors are discussed through data analysis of OSG-051. OSG-051 and trillium 240 Broad Band Seismometer data are analysed and compared in the seismic normal mode frequency band. Several observations have been made regarding noise sources that affect the gravity data in the seismic normal mode’s frequency band. Residual gravity data after removal of atmospheric pressure, tidal, and co-seismic effects, respond very well to long-period seismometers than any conventional seismometer. This characteristic and low noise level of the MPGO Ghuttu site makes it a suitable station for long-period seismometer studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590056023000300/pdfft?md5=1c2e0add6ec48bba663946281936c35b&pid=1-s2.0-S2590056023000300-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92047071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomorphic interpretation on the formation of strike-slip basins along the Northern Sumatran fault","authors":"Aldo Febriansyah Putra ,&nbsp;Piyaphong Chenrai","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study describes geomorphic expressions and constructs the schematic evolution of the Northern Sumatran Fault based on the development of transverse drainage basins and streams. This fault is a 400-km NW-SE right-lateral strike-slip fault with three segments, namely the Aceh and Seulimeum Faults in the northern section and the Tripa Fault in the southern section. The two faults at the northern section are sub-parallel and they link at the southeast termination of the latter fault. The examination on the geomorphic expressions comprised the fault configuration, stream deflections, and the delineation of landforms based on their genesis and geometry. This study applied drainage basin relief ratio (Rh), drainage basin volume-to-area ratio (R_va), and transverse stream profile analysis (normalized stream profile, qualitative interpretation of the profile shapes, stream concavity index (SCI), stream gradient, and knickpoint distribution) for investigating the development of transverse drainage basins and streams. For constructing the schematic evolution, this study evaluates drainage maturity level from the applied methods to interpret relative timing of basin formation. This study suggests that the Aceh and Tripa Faults constituted the initial configuration and they propagated to the southeast and northwest, respectively, before merging. The Seulimeum Fault, which formed subsequently, propagated to the northwest after merging with the Aceh Fault at its southeast termination. This study also infers that fault section with lower drainage maturity coincides with greater numbers of earthquakes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590056023000324/pdfft?md5=d0951f70d27735f93f6780cbf8f7dfe3&pid=1-s2.0-S2590056023000324-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134656449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of vegetation of the Lake Khanka Depression in the southernmost of the Russian Far East in the Holocene","authors":"Pavel S. Belyanin,&nbsp;Nina I. Belyanina","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper presents recently obtained palynological results regarding to the evolution of vegetation of the Khanka Depression in the Holocene. Radiocarbon-dated pollen records evidence that the evolution of vegetation in this area was more complicated than one has previously thought. As a result of a rapid increase in heat supply in the Early Holocene, the plants of the Manchurian flora, primarily <em>Ulmus davidiana, Ulmus laciniata, Quercus mongolica,</em> and <em>Pinus koraiensis,</em> began to expand to the Khanka Depression. However, <em>Sphagnum</em> mires with <em>Betula grandulosa, Betula pubescens,</em> and sparse forests of <em>Larix,</em> still remained in plains and valleys. <em>Picea jezoensis, Pinus pumila, Betula grandulosa, Betula alnobetula, Betula pubescens, Pinus pumila</em> and <em>Larix</em> were widespread in the mountains. During the Middle Holocene these cold-tolerant plants of the north-boreal flora, completely disappeared. Broad-leaved and fir-pine forests have become widespread. The vegetation of the Khanka Depression compared with modern one was characterized by great diversity of broad-leaved plants. At the beginning of the Late Holocene cooling has caused the expansion of <em>Betula grandulosa, Betula alnobetula, Abies nephrolepis, Picea jezoensis, Betula pubescens, Betula costata,</em> and <em>Alnus hirsuta.</em> The areas of forb meadows expanded on the plains. Larch sparse forests, thickets with domination of <em>Betula grandulosa</em> and <em>Sphagnum</em> mires reappeared. However, some thermophilic plants, such as <em>Pinus koraiensis, Abies nephrolepis, Quercus mongolica, Juglans mandshurica, Ulmus davidiana,</em> and <em>Ulmus laciniata</em> have survived. Since 1 300 cal BP, vegetation of the Khanka Depression began to degrade due to fires, plowing of the land, and deforestation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590056023000294/pdfft?md5=3f46d57204ece215eb557895c2c57c0a&pid=1-s2.0-S2590056023000294-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92047067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of seismic responses from well-associated gas producing sands using integrated approaches for optimal field production in Zamzama gas field, Pakistan","authors":"MonaLisa ,&nbsp;Zahid Ullah Khan ,&nbsp;Muyyassar Hussain ,&nbsp;Syed Adnan Ahmed","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The producing fields often observe early decline due to many misapprehended factors concerning structural interpretation, facies identification, and proper estimation of geological properties. The accuracy of the estimation of these characteristics is critical for enhanced recovery. An integrated approach based on well identified potential lithofacies distribution in relation to seismic trace responses and accurate fluid estimation is vital. In the present study, gas-bearing sands are appraised for their reservoir characteristics within a complex anticline structure. The faulted anticline's hanging wall provided suitable locations for optimum gas entrapment; however, its connection with the footwall through lateral ramps allows the aquifer's early encroachment into the reservoir. For enhanced recovery, the combination of well-derived petrophysical parameters with seismic extracted responses provided insight into the producing facies with quantitative fluids identification using fluid replacement modeling (FRM) and their amplitude variation with offset (AVO) responses. The reliable AVO responses of substituted fluids comprising 85% gas with 15% brine are observed for identified potential sands, classifying sands as class-II. Similarly, the intercept (A), gradient (B), and product (A*B) of angle dependent seismic traces were mapped within the Pab Formation and showed amplitude anomalies for porous channelized gas-bearing sands. Finally, crossplotting intercept-gradient volumes differentiated the gas-bearing sands and precisely demarcated the identified gas sands throughout the field, with confirmation at producing well locations. Hence, the integrated assessment of the outcomes resulting from structural interpretation, petrophysical evaluation, and seismic trace valuation can be readily employed for distinguishing the producing sand facies in complex structures and demarcating risk-efficient zones.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50196404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and spatial radiogenic heat production rate of granitic plutons from the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt, NE Turkey: Constraints for the geothermal resources","authors":"Mehmet Arslan,&nbsp;İrfan Temizel,&nbsp;Esra Hatipoğlu Temizel","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The evaluation of the geothermal potential of the granitic rocks is important in long-term sustainable renewable energy projects due to increasing energy demand. The Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt in NE Turkey contains a variety of granitic plutons changing in age, size, and composition. In this paper, we discussed the temporal and spatial distribution of radiogenic heat production by using the contents of heat-producing elements (U, Th, K) of the granitic plutons. The average U, Th, and K concentrations for the granitic plutons are 2.97 ± 0.95 ppm, 13.48 ± 3.48 ppm and 2.69 ± 0.47 wt% for Paleozoic plutons, 1.83 ± 0.98 ppm, 8.58 ± 5.10 ppm and 1.77 ± 0.80 wt% for Jurassic plutons, 5.24 ± 1.64 ppm, 26.02 ± 6.43 ppm and 3.17 ± 0.49 wt% for Cretaceous plutons, and 3.82 ± 0.90 ppm, 15.79 ± 4.27 ppm and 2.88 ± 0.40 wt% for Eocene plutons, respectively. Radiogenic heat production rates are 1.43–2.73 µW/m³ for Paleozoic plutons, 0.74–1.70 µW/m³ for Jurassic plutons, 0.66–6.28 µW/m³ for Cretaceous plutons and 1.15–5.22 µW/m³ for Eocene plutons. The studied plutons were classified as low- to moderate heat-producing granitoids. However, some Cretaceous and Eocene granitic plutons with radiogenic heat production values of 5.22–6.28 µW/m³ are considered as high heat-producing granitoids. The thermal indications in the region can be related to radiogenic heat generation and the neotectonic activity of the region. Considering the large volume of the Cretaceous- and Eocene- aged granitic plutons in the Eastern Pontides Orogenic Belt, the moderate to high radiogenic heat production of the granitic plutons in some areas has a significant geothermal impact and can be considered as the potential of enhanced geothermal systems for the future energy demand of the region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41576742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemistry of the siliciclastic sediments in the Barak basin, Indo-Burma Range, India: Insights into provenance, paleoclimate, and depositional history","authors":"Angom Sangeeta ,&nbsp;Oinam Kingson ,&nbsp;Bhupendra S. Yadav ,&nbsp;N. Pandey ,&nbsp;Ngangom Romario Meitei","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sedimentation of the Paleogene and Neogene belts in the Indo-Burma Range (IBR) involved a complex tectonic system letting provenance of both the belts poorly constrained. We made an attempt to investigate provenance, tectonic setting, paleoclimate, and depositional environment of the Renji Formation (Paleogene belt) and the Bhuban Formation (Neogene belt) in the Barak basin of western Manipur employing whole-rock geochemistry and petrography. A semi-arid climatic condition has been indicated for the weathering and liberation of sediments in the source terrain. Derivation of first cycle sediments from mafic and felsic rocks with minor contribution from the metamorphic rocks is suggested but the former seems to have dominated the Renji Formation. A shift in the provenance vis-a-vis differential chemical weathering of the mafic-felsic rocks at the source is attributed. Research results also suggest supply from deformed and elevated craton, presumably the Indian craton, during the Himalayan orogeny. Sedimentation of the Renji Formation took place in a sub-oxic deltaic environment in contrast to the Bhuban Formation which developed in an oxic shallow marine mixed tidal flat environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48414659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemistry of the Turonian-Coniacian strata: New insight into paleoenvironmental conditions of the Tethys, Eastern Pontides, NE Türkiye","authors":"Merve Özyurt ,&nbsp;Raif Kandemir ,&nbsp;Selim Yıldızoğlu","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The eastern part of the Sakarya Zone, known as the Eastern Pontides, is represented by a south-facing carbonate platform during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. The shallow marine carbonate sedimentation is masked by hemipelagic sedimentation during the Turonian to Coniacian. The Turonian-Coniacian strata are widely exposed in the Gümüşhane area. In this study, we present new microfacies and geochemical data that can provide new insights into the palaeo-oceanic conditions during the time of their deposition.</p><p>These strata consist of yellow to gray, thick-bedded, graded calcarenites, calcilutite, pelagic limestone, and monogenic conglomerates. The dominant components are carbonate fragments, including dolomites and limestone, as well as allochthonous bioclasts. Volcanic rock fragments, quartz, cherts, and glauconites are also present, with their abundance varying along the section. The micritic component and planktonic fauna exhibit an increasing abundance in the upward direction, indicating a gradual deepening of the depositional environment. Hence, the analyzed samples can be interpreted as transgressive series deposited on slopes or the deep shelf basin.</p><p>Furthermore, these strata exhibit distinct V/(V+Ni) and Ni/Co ratios without a notable negative Ce anomaly, suggesting relatively oxygen-reduced conditions. They also show a slight enrichment in alkali elements (Rb and Cs) and post-transition elements (Ga), and LREE, indicating intense weathering. The Ga/Rb and K/Al values further support warm and humid Cretaceous conditions. Thus, the Turonian-Coniacian strata offer valuable information about ancient environments, climate conditions, and the basin evolution of the Tethys Ocean in the Eastern Black Sea region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50196427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thin-skinned and thick-skinned tear faults in central Tarim Basin","authors":"Qing Bian ,&nbsp;Zhendong Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Zhou ,&nbsp;Fei Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100160","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Currently, the interpretation scheme for strike slip faults in the central Tarim Basin does not typically take into account the depth of tear faults. This paper specifically explores this aspect, focusing on two tear faults (Nos. 4 and 7) to examine the thick-skinned and thin-skinned systems in the area. By utilizing high-resolution seismic data, we discovered that No. 4 Fault is a thick-skinned tear fault whereas No. 7 Fault is a thin-skinned tear fault. Additionally, we have calculated the strata shortening data for both Nos. 4 and 7 Faults to further our understanding of these systems. For No. 4 Fault, we observed shortening differences between the western and eastern sections in both the supra- and sub-salt strata, whereas for No. 7 Fault, we observed shortening differences only in the supra-salt strata. We demonstrated that under the action of thrusting, a tear fault could penetrate the salt layer if there is a shortening difference in the different positions of the sub-salt strata. A lack of shortening difference in the sub-salt strata implies that a tear fault should be thin-skinned which cannot penetrate the salt layer, even though the sub-salt strata may be deformed during thrusting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50196428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facies analysis, petrography and textural characteristics of the onshore Paleogene-Neogene Lawin Basin, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia: Insights into palaeodepositional environment and provenance","authors":"Sani Ado Kasim ,&nbsp;Mohd Suhaili Ismail ,&nbsp;Nisar Ahmed ,&nbsp;Alidu Rashid","doi":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaesx.2023.100150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sedimentological features of the onshore Paleogene-Neogene Lawin Basin are of importance in better understanding the basin evolution and geodynamics. The N-S trending Lawin Basin, which is situated within the Western Belt of Peninsular Malaysia, is an extensional basin that formed during the sinistral movement of the Bok Bak Fault zone. This study evaluates the palaeodepositional environment, reveals the provenance, and interprets the transport dynamics of the mini-basin by integrating facies, petrographic, and grain size analyses. The basin lithologies can be broadly divided into conglomerate and sandy facies, with the former consisting of clast-supported conglomerate, matrix-supported conglomerate, cross-stratified pebble conglomerate, and bedded pebbly conglomerate, whereas the latter comprises massive pebbly sandstone, horizontally bedded sandstone, planar cross-bedded sandstone, and ripple laminated sandstone. The lithologies can be grouped into three main facies associations, including massive conglomerate, stratified conglomerate, and fluvial sandstone deposits, which reflect alluvial fan (debris/gravity flow deposits), braided gravel bar, and channel bar elements, respectively. Petrographic data indicate that the conglomerates are clast- and matrix-supported and were derived from a proximal source. The QFL range of detrital framework grains reveals that sandstones are composed of quartz (43–80 vol%), feldspar (9–54 vol%), and lithic fragments (2–16 vol%). The sandstones are coarse-grained, poorly-sorted, and sub-rounded to sub-angular in texture. They are arkose, sublitharenite, and lithic arkose in composition. QtFL/QmFLt ternary diagrams show that the sandstones are primarily derived from a provenance area comprising continental block material, including uplifted basement rocks and transitional continental deposits. This study proposes that the sandstones had a nearby granitic source (Bintang) and a debris source derived from recycled sedimentary rocks (the Baling Group sediments). Grain size parameters ranges (mean, −2.37 to 0.74 Φ; sorting, 1.22 to 2.07 Φ; skewness −0.21 to 0.91 Φ, kurtosis, 0.66 to 1.98 Φ, and average mean-sorting index of −0.24) are consistent with immature to sub-mature sedimentation deposited within a high-energy fluvial environment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37149,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100150"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47551840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}