J. Gardiner, K. Raghavan, J. Alexander, J. Franco-Barraza, E. Cukierman
{"title":"CHAPTER 16. Fibroblastic Cell-derived Extracellular Matrices: A Cell Culturing System to Model Key Aspects of the Tumor Microenvironment","authors":"J. Gardiner, K. Raghavan, J. Alexander, J. Franco-Barraza, E. Cukierman","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00305","url":null,"abstract":"The extracellular matrix is a dynamic modulator of cellular function. Thus, to appropriately study matrix-induced cellular responses, cells' natural phenotypes and functions (in vivo) must be retained when cultured outside of the organism (in vitro). To this end, cell-derived matrices, known as CDMs, have become a valuable culturing system that enables researchers to elucidate numerous essential biological processes and multicellular functions regulated by cell–matrix interactions. This chapter highlights the historical perspective on the importance of the tumor microenvironment and focuses on the use of fibroblastic CDMs as a powerful culturing system for both basic and translational studies.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133569007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 14. Decellularized Cell-Secreted Matrices: Novel Materials for Superior Stem Cell Expansion and Tissue Engineering","authors":"Michael C. Yang, B. Kalionis, D. Heath","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00259","url":null,"abstract":"Decellularized cell secreted matrices (dECMs) are an emerging class of materials with unique and beneficial biological properties, and have found wide-ranging applications in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These materials are obtained through the decellularization of cell cultures, resulting in the isolation of an extracellular matrix that is believed to be a more biologically accurate representation of the in vivo cell niche compared with conventional cell culture substrates. In this chapter, we discuss the methods used to produce and characterize the dECMs, as well as the beneficial biological properties that have made them promising materials in cell expansion and tissue engineering applications.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123466022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 13. Engineering an Endocrine Neo-Pancreas","authors":"Eriselda Keshi, I. Sauer, K. Hillebrandt","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00237","url":null,"abstract":"The severe short- and long-term unwanted effects and the huge economic burden of diabetes mellitus have led to immense research efforts regarding possible therapeutic modalities. Subcutaneous insulin injection and external insulin pumps, the so-called open-loop methods, albeit already established in clinical practice, are unable to maintain long-term normoglycemia. The most novel therapeutic options, summarized under the term closed-loop models, comprise pancreas transplantation, islet cell transplantation and artificial endocrine pancreas devices. Even though very promising, various obstacles hinder the translation of these concepts to the bedside. The fact that the disease only affects the endocrine pancreas and the already assembled insights into extracellular matrix and the effects its components exert on cell growth, proliferation and functionality encouraged abundant research on bioengineering an endocrine extracellular matrix-based implantable organ. Indeed, whole-organ decellularization and the subsequent perfusion recellularization of the scaffold with endothelial and islet cells has generated a new treatment alternative capable of eliminating many downsides of the exiting options. Nevertheless, further research is needed to widen our understanding of the extracellular matrix, its immunogenicity and the fundamental components on which cellular livelihood and proliferation depends, in order to achieve long-term in vitro and in vivo results.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127360959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 8. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix as Bioink for 3D-Bioprinting","authors":"Sanskrita Das, A. Mukhtar, Jinah Jang, J. Shim","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00139","url":null,"abstract":"Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) encompasses a complex milieu of proteins, glycosaminoglycans and other essential growth factors providing the native microenvironment to the cells. Together with the superiority of dECM to comprehensively mimic the native tissue microenvironment, 3D bioprinting offers a promising and alternative platform to fabricate engineered constructs in recreating functional tissue models. Tissue specific 3D bioprinted constructs emerge as the most biomimetic module as they provide unique biochemical cues and biophysical signals to regulate cell–cell and cell–ECM interaction. In this chapter, we introduce the 3D bioprinting techniques and the necessary requirements for printing using an extrusion-based 3D bioprinter. In addition, we also discuss the advantage of using tissue specific bioink over homogenous polymer and briefly summarize the different decellularization methods involved in obtaining dECM bioink while preserving the ECM components. Finally, we highlight the studies based on 3D bioprinting of tissue-specific dECM bioink and its flexibility to fabricate cell-laden tissue constructs for wide range of applications, such as tissue regeneration and drug screening. The chapter ends with concluding remarks as well as the future directions of using dECM bioink with regard to animal choice, improvement in its mechanical properties and also the commercialization of the 3D printed tissue-engineered constructs.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"410 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125758435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 6. Immune Responses to Decellularized Matrices","authors":"Alexandra H. Scanameo, N. Ziats","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00095","url":null,"abstract":"Host responses to decellularized matrices are derived from an intricate interplay between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Although the process by which a decellularized matrix is created results in the elimination of most immunogenic compounds, what remains in the scaffold has the potential to trigger both innate and adaptive immune responses, in addition to the initial inflammatory response to the implantation procedure. Such responses can contribute to either injurious or protective states. This review describes and characterizes the immune responses that modulate the immunogenicity of decellularized matrices implanted to the circulatory system.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116309745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 2. Preparation Methods for Tissue/Organ-derived dECMs – Effects on Cell Removal and ECM Changes","authors":"T. Yamaoka","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00015","url":null,"abstract":"Various decellularization methods based on physical, chemical, or biological treatments have been proposed to date. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages. To remove cells completely and to inhibit extracellular matrix (ECM) denaturation at the same time seems to be impossible and may not be the ideal decellularization method. Residual substrates and some changes of the ECM resulted in good recellularization or tissue regeneration in some cases. In this chapter, various decellularization methods are summarized and each decellularization method is divided into three modes of action, (1) cell disruption, (2) removal of cellular components, and (3) making large molecules smaller by digestion or degradation. Efficacy of each action and change (denaturation) in ECM components are defined by the decellularization method and its conditions, which lead to successful or unsuccessful results of recellularization and tissue or organ regeneration.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131045086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 7. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels: Fabrication, Properties, Characterization, and Current Applications","authors":"Pamela Duran, M. Alperin, K. Christman","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00116","url":null,"abstract":"Decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels have a wide variety of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications with potential clinical translation. After the decellularization process, the scaffold is partially enzymatically digested, neutralized, and adjusted to physiological pH and salt concentrations. The polymer network then self-assembles with an increase in temperature to 37 °C. This property allows for a minimally-invasive delivery via injection, including catheter delivery. This chapter will discuss the important material properties of ECM hydrogels and possible modifications of the polymer network. Furthermore, in vivo applications in a variety of tissues will be discussed, together with in vitro applications for disease models, drug testing, and toxicology studies.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127217208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}