{"title":"CHAPTER 10. Use of Small Intestinal Submucosa dECM in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","authors":"J. Hodde","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00179","url":null,"abstract":"The naturally-occurring extracellular matrix directs all phases of tissue healing and can be exploited to induce the repair and restoration of soft tissues following injury or disease. Decellularized biomaterials derived from natural extracellular matrix, such as small intestinal submucosa (SIS), provide the extracellular components necessary to direct the healing response, allow for the reconstruction of new, healthy tissue and restore mechanical and functional integrity to the damaged site. Since its first experimental use in 1989 and its first human clinical use approval in 1998, SIS has been used in a wide range of applications to treat a variety of connective tissue injuries. The unique properties of this biomaterial are described and its use in various clinical applications is discussed.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117348253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 9. Mechanical Property Tunable dECM and Their Regenerative Applications","authors":"M. Hwang, Kwideok Park","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00163","url":null,"abstract":"The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides both structural support and biochemical and biophysical cues through a complex and highly-organized conglomerate of macromolecules. Such roles have led to interest in harnessing ECM for various regenerative applications. To capture the full potential of ECM, the various biophysical and biochemical cues of ECM must be fully defined and decoded. Frequently used platforms employ coatings of a single ECM protein on synthetic substrates. While such platforms have undeniably led to advancements in the field it is important to recognize that they are based on a reductionist approach in that the natural microenvironment is resolved into a single variable (e.g. stiffness, roughness, topography, etc.). In this chapter, organ, tissue, and cell-derived ECM – collectively called decellularized ECM (dECM) –are taken comprehensively, in which an entire spectrum of biophysical variables are integrated into one platform. Given that stiffness plays a large role in determining biological responses, we assess different chemical, biological, and physical methods to modulate the stiffness, and subsequently the global biophysical profile, of dECM. We also examine the use of such stiffness-tuned dECM platforms for various regenerative applications. Ultimately, the use of stiffness-tuned dECM should provide valuable information parallel to that obtained through traditional means such as synthetic substrates.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131986564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 4. Bared Basement Membrane Substrata: Design, Cellular Assembly, Decellularization and Application to Tissue Regeneration and Stem Cell Differentiation","authors":"K. Mochitate, Reiko Nagano, Yukiko Toya-Nakajima","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00051","url":null,"abstract":"Basement membrane (BM) is a compact and continuous sheet of 50–350 nm thickness and located underneath epithelium, endothelium, etc. It helps tissue repair and morphogenesis, and stem cells' differentiation to mature phenotypes. We have devised several culture models for cellular assembly of BM in vitro and developed a thorough removal of the covering BM-forming cells in order to utilize the bared BM as a culture substratum. Thus de novo synthesized BM (sBM) substrata of LN-511 isoform normally guided tissue progenitors or embryonic stem cells to terminal differentiation and morphologically and functionally mature phenotypes, for example, airway ciliated cells, hepatocytes and pancreatic β cells. Therefore sBM has been proven to be a matrix, that is, solid-phase cradle. BM formation, which we introduce in this chapter, has the advantages of it not being necessary to prepare each BM component, but also being free from clearing irregular aggregates that come from malassembly among them. We simply culture epithelial and endothelial cells etc. on the fibrillar collagen substratum that has been coated beforehand with N-acetylglucosamine ligands-branching or -sprouting hydrophobic polymer, and wait for automatic assembly of BM structure by these cells. rLN-10 cells, genetically modified cells, are advantageous for forming an optimized sBM.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114452910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Hashimoto, S. Funamoto, S. Sasaki, T. Kimura, Hisatoshi Kobayashi, A. Kishida
{"title":"CHAPTER 12. Decellularized Matrix for Corneal Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances in Development and Clinical Potential","authors":"Y. Hashimoto, S. Funamoto, S. Sasaki, T. Kimura, Hisatoshi Kobayashi, A. Kishida","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00219","url":null,"abstract":"The worldwide shortage of donated human corneas for transplantation is a serious problem. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have yielded new possibilities for regenerating the corneal epithelium and endothelium, which consist only of cells. However, regeneration of the corneal stroma, which accounts for approximately 90% of the entire corneal thickness, has not yet achieved fully satisfactory results despite much effort. This might be because the corneal stroma possesses a highly ordered, stacked hierarchical structure, which contributes to the maintenance of corneal transparency as well as its mechanical properties. Currently, the decellularized cornea has received considerable attention for use as an artificial corneal stroma. The decellularized cornea is an extracellular matrix (ECM) from which cellular components and other immunogens have been removed, but which maintains the structural and mechanical integrity of the corneal stroma. This chapter summarizes decellularization techniques for the preparation of decellularized corneal matrices, the clinical potential of xenotransplantation with grafts of decellularized corneal matrices, and the recent advances in and limitations of commercially available decellularized corneal matrices. Finally, we summarize research on the decellularized cornea and discuss future perspectives to realize fully functional bio-engineered corneas to replace donated human corneas.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123648393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 3. Preparation of Cultured Cell-derived Decellularized Matrix (dECM) – Factors Influencing dECM Formation and Its Ability","authors":"T. Hoshiba, N. Kawazoe, G. Chen","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00029","url":null,"abstract":"There are two types of decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM): tissue- or organ-derived dECM and cultured cell-derived dECM. Although it is difficult to prepare cultured cell-derived dECM, which is completely the same as the native extracellular matrix (ECM), it has several advantages over tissue- or organ-derived dECM. Thus, cultured cell-derived dECM has been developed for various purposes. This chapter summarizes the points that need to be considered for the preparation and assessment of cell-derived dECM, after a brief summary of the ECM formation processes. The applications of cultured cell-derived dECM are then briefly reviewed. Finally, the problems to be solved in the future for the progress of cultured cell-derived dECM technology are described.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117179820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 11. Small-diameter Acellular Vascular Grafts: From Basic Research to Clinical Application","authors":"A. Mahara, T. Yamaoka","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00199","url":null,"abstract":"Although artificial synthetic vascular grafts are routinely used in clinical sites, small-diameter grafts, having inner diameters smaller than 6 mm, have suffered from poor patency due to short-term and intermediate-term thrombosis. Recently, tissue-engineered vascular grafts constructed from cell-based matrix, biodegradable-scaffold, and acellular tissue have been investigated to verify the feasibility for the replacement and bypass of small-diameter blood vessels. In this chapter, focusing on animal studies and clinical trials, we discuss the recent advances in small-diameter vascular grafts related to tissue-engineered and acellular grafts.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124263207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 1. Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Biological Research","authors":"T. Hoshiba, T. Yamaoka","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00001","url":null,"abstract":"Cell manipulation is one of the major concerns in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and tissue engineering. Since the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a pivotal role in regulating cell behavior and function, as well as various soluble bioactive substrates, in vitro reconstitution of ECM with intrinsic functions has been in great demand for medical, pharmaceutical, and tissue engineering applications. However, reconstitution is not easy by conventional chemical and physical methods due to the compositional and structural complexity of the ECM. For this reason, the decellularization technique is increasingly focused upon. In this chapter, we summarize the structures, compositions and functions of the ECM. Additionally, trials mimicking the ECM will be briefly addressed.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129945932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 17. Extracellular Matrix in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration","authors":"Sheng Yi, Lingchi Xu, Yumin Yang, X. Gu","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00328","url":null,"abstract":"Peripheral nerve injury is a severe clinical problem with high morbidity. Attempts have been made to use tissue engineered nerve grafts to bridge peripheral nerve gaps as supplements or even substitutes for autologous nerve grafts. The extracellular matrix possesses an elaborate architecture and robustly affects cellular behaviors and biological activities. In this chapter, the applications of various components of the extracellular matrix, including collagen, laminin, and fibronectin, in neural tissue engineering are introduced. The recovery effects of the entire extracellular matrix and cell-derived decellularized extracellular matrix are also reviewed. Tissue engineered nerve grafts derived from the extracellular matrix achieve excellent clinical outcomes and may be used as a superior bio-scaffold for neural tissue engineering.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129978471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 15. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix for the Regulation of Stem Cell Differentiation","authors":"T. Hoshiba","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00286","url":null,"abstract":"The regulation of stem cell differentiation is key for the achievement of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Differentiation is regulated by an extracellular microenvironment, including the extracellular matrix (ECM), in vivo. Thus, decellularized ECM (dECM) is applied to provide an ECM that mimics the in vivo conditions. Both tissue- or organ-derived dECMs and cultured cell-derived dECMs are applied for the regulation of stem cell differentiation. The tissue- or organ-derived dECMs possess advantages in their heterogeneity due to their basic architectures, and they might induce the site-specific differentiation of stem cells. In contrast, it is feasible to prepare cultured cell-derived dECMs at specific differentiative stages, which might induce strong stem cell differentiation. Additionally, cultured cell-derived dECMs can be used as in vitro ECM models to comprehensively investigate the roles of ECM. Finally, future perspectives on the realization of dECM in stem cell differentiation are described.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133966432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CHAPTER 5. A Novel Treatment for Giant Congenital Melanocytic Nevi Combining Inactivated Nevus Tissue by Pressurization and Cultured Epidermal Autograft","authors":"N. Morimoto, A. Mahara, T. Yamaoka","doi":"10.1039/9781788015998-00077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788015998-00077","url":null,"abstract":"Giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN) are intractable skin tumors associated with a risk of melanoma. Reconstructing such large, full-thickness skin defects after removing nevi using skin grafting is difficult. To overcome these issues, cultured epidermal autograft (CEA) was approved for the treatment of GCMN patients in 2016 in Japan. However, the take rate of CEA to wound beds lacking dermis is unsatisfactory. We started reconstructing the autologous dermis from the removed GCMN itself. Using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), we prepared the dermal layer using the removed inactivated nevus tissue. Human skin and human nevus could be inactivated by HHP at 200 MPa without any detectable damage to the dermal structure or epidermal basement membrane. Cultured epidermis (CE) took to skin and nevus inactivated by HHP at 200 MPa without removing cellular remnants. One problem is the inflammation caused by the remaining cellar remnants, so we are evaluating the inflammation in an ongoing clinical trial. If the efficacy and safety of this strategy for retransplanting autologous tumor tissue as the autologous native matrix can be validated in a clinical trial, it could be widely applied to other tissues, such as bone, cartilage, nerve or vessels, that are usually discarded after tumor removal.","PeriodicalId":370951,"journal":{"name":"Decellularized Extracellular Matrix","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132580703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}