Cytokine: X最新文献

{"title":"Tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF receptor, and soluble TNF receptor responses to aerobic exercise in the heat","authors":"Eliott Arroyo,&nbsp;Joseph A. Laudato ,&nbsp;Brandon M. Gibson ,&nbsp;Cody S. Dulaney,&nbsp;Jeremiah A. Vaughan ,&nbsp;Brittany N. Followay ,&nbsp;Ellen L. Glickman,&nbsp;Adam R. Jajtner","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise in the heat on circulating concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, soluble TNF receptors (STNFR1&amp;2), and surface expression of TNFR1&amp;2 on monocyte subpopulations. Twelve recreationally active Caucasian men (24.4 ± 3.4 yrs.; 180.0 ± 6.8 cm; 81.5 ± 8.0 kg; 47.2 ± 4.8 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed an exercise protocol in three environmental conditions: high temperature/low humidity [HTLH; 35 °C, 20% relative humidity (RH)]; high temperature/moderate humidity (HTMH; 35 °C, 45%RH); and moderate temperature/moderate humidity (MTMH; 22 °C, 45%RH). Each protocol consisted of a 60-minute cycling trial at 60% VO₂max, a 15-minute rest, and a time-to-exhaustion trial at 90% VO₂max (TTE). Blood was sampled before (PRE), immediately after (POST) the 60-minute trial, immediately post-TTE (PTTE), and one-hour post-TTE (REC). Circulating TNF-α and STNFR1&amp;2 were assayed. TNFR1&amp;2 expression on monocyte subsets was measured by flow cytometry on a subset of participants (n = 8). TNF-α area under the curve with respect to increase (AUCi) was greater during HTMH compared to MTMH and HTLH. STNFR1 concentration was greater during HTMH compared to MTMH. With all trials combined, STNFR1 concentration increased from PRE to POST, PTTE, and REC. TNFR1 expression on non-classical monocytes was greater during HTMH compared to HTLH while TNFR2 expression was lower during HTLH compared to both MTMH and HTMH. Data suggest that exercise in the heat increases circulating TNF-α and STNFR1 concentration concomitantly. Furthermore, non-classical monocyte expression of TNFRs are impacted by temperature and humidity during exercise.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25383813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modulation of inflammatory processes by thermal stimulating and RPE regenerative laser therapies in age related macular degeneration mouse models","authors":"Elisabeth Richert ,&nbsp;Claus von der Burchard ,&nbsp;Alexa Klettner ,&nbsp;Philipp Arnold ,&nbsp;Ralph Lucius ,&nbsp;Ralf Brinkmann ,&nbsp;Johann Roider ,&nbsp;Jan Tode","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Inflammatory processes play a major role within the multifactorial pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neuroretina sparing laser therapies, thermal stimulation of the retina (TSR) and selective retina therapy (SRT), are known to reduce AMD-like pathology in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the effect of TSR and SRT on inflammatory processes in AMD mouse models.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>One randomized eye of 8 months old apolipoprotein (Apo)E and 9 months old nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2) -like 2 (NRF2) knock out mice were treated by TSR (10 ms, 532 nm, 50 µm² spot size, mean 4.5 W, ~200 spots) or SRT (~1.4 µs pulses, 532 nm, 50 µm spot size, 100 Hz over 300 ms, mean 2.5 µJ per pulse, ~200 spots). Fellow eyes, untreated knock out mice and wild-type BL/6J mice acted as controls. All mice were examined funduscopically and by optical coherence tomography (OCT) at the day of laser treatment. Mice were euthanized and enucleated either 1 day or 7 days after laser treatment and examined by gene expression analysis of 84 inflammatory genes.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The inflammatory gene expression profile of both knock out models compared to healthy BL/6J mice suggests a regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes especially concerning T-cell activity and immune cell recruitment. TSR resulted in downregulation of several pro-inflammatory cell-mediators both in ApoE -/- and NRF2-/- mice compared to treatment naïve litter mates one day after treatment. In contrast, SRT induced pro-inflammatory cell-mediators connected with necrosis one day after treatment as expected following laser-induced selective RPE cell death. Seven days after laser treatment, both findings were reversed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Both TSR and SRT influence inflammatory processes in AMD mouse models. However, they act conversely. TSR leads to anti-inflammatory processes shortly after laser therapy and induces immune-cell recruitment one week after treatment. SRT leads to a quick inflammatory response to laser induced RPE necrotic processes. One week after SRT inflammation is inhibited. It remains unclear, if and to what extent this might play a role in a therapeutic or preventive approach of both laser modalities on AMD pathology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100031"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25383812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WITHDRAWN: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and pregnancy may impact the balance of intestinal cytokines and the development of intestinal pathology caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection","authors":"Camila Ferreira Marcon ,&nbsp;Paula Tatiana Mutão Ferreira ,&nbsp;Priscila Silva Franco ,&nbsp;Mayara Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Rafaela José Silva ,&nbsp;Roberto Augusto Pereira Sousa ,&nbsp;Carlo José Freire Oliveira ,&nbsp;Virmondes Rodrigues Junior ,&nbsp;Marcos Lucca Moreira Gomes ,&nbsp;Javier Emílio Lazo Chica ,&nbsp;Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo ,&nbsp;José Roberto Mineo ,&nbsp;Bellisa Freitas Barbosa ,&nbsp;Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro ,&nbsp;Angelica Oliveira Gomes","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100034","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100034"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25383814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and pregnancy may impact the balance of intestinal cytokines and the development of intestinal pathology caused by Toxoplasma gondii infection” [Cytokine: X 2 (2020) 100034]","authors":"Camila Ferreira Marcon ,&nbsp;Paula Tatiana Mutão Ferreira ,&nbsp;Priscila Silva Franco ,&nbsp;Mayara Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Rafaela José Silva ,&nbsp;Roberto Augusto Pereira Sousa ,&nbsp;Carlo José Freire Oliveira ,&nbsp;Virmondes Rodrigues Junior ,&nbsp;Marcos Lucca Moreira Gomes ,&nbsp;Javier Emílio Lazo Chica ,&nbsp;Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo ,&nbsp;José Roberto Mineo ,&nbsp;Bellisa Freitas Barbosa ,&nbsp;Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro ,&nbsp;Angelica Oliveira Gomes","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"2 3","pages":"Article 100040"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25384939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: Is interleukin-6 (IL-6) the ‘culprit lesion’ of ARDS onset? What is there besides Tocilizumab? SGP130Fc","authors":"Giuseppe Magro MD","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since the outbreak of COVID-19 many studies have been published showing possible therapies, here the author discusses the end of stage disease related drugs, like Tocilizumab which is currently being used in ARDS patients. In some patients, disease progression leads to an enormous secretion of cytokines, known as cytokine storm, among those cytokines IL-6 plays an important role. Here the author shows how IL-6 has both pro and anti-inflammatory properties, depending on the pathway of transduction: soluble (trans-signaling) or membrane-related (classic signaling), and suggests how targeting only the pro-inflammatory pathway, with SGP130Fc, could be a better option then targeting them both. Other possible IL-6 pathway inhibitors such as Ruxolitinib and Baricinitib are then analyzed, underlying how they lack the benefit of targeting only the pro-inflammatory pathway.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37947586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-platform comparison of highly sensitive immunoassay technologies for cytokine markers: Platform performance in post-traumatic stress disorder and Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Heather C. Lasseter,&nbsp;Allison C. Provost ,&nbsp;Lauren E. Chaby,&nbsp;Nikolaos P. Daskalakis ,&nbsp;Magali Haas,&nbsp;Andreas Jeromin","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is mounting evidence of systemic inflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), yet inconsistency and a lack of replicability in findings of putative biological markers have delayed progress in this space. Variability in performance between platforms may contribute to the lack of consensus in the biomarker literature, as has been seen for a number of psychiatric disorders, including PTSD. Thus, there is a need for high-performance, scalable, and validated platforms for the discovery and development of biomarkers of inflammation for use in drug development and as clinical diagnostics. To identify the best platform for use in future biomarker discovery efforts, we conducted a comprehensive cross-platform and cross-assay evaluation across five leading platform technologies. This initial assessment focused on four cytokines that have been implicated PTSD – interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon (IFN)-γ. To assess platform performance and understand likely measurements in individuals with brain disorders, serum and plasma samples were obtained from individuals with PTSD (n = 13) or Parkinson’s Disease (n = 14) as well as healthy controls (n = 5). We compared platform performance across a number of common analytic parameters, including assay precision, sensitivity, frequency of endogenous analyte detection (FEAD), correlation between platforms, and parallelism in measurement of cytokines using a serial dilution series. The single molecule array (Simoa™) ultra-sensitive platform (Quanterix), MESO V-Plex (Mesoscale Discovery), and Luminex xMAP® (Myriad) were conducted by their respective vendors, while Luminex® and Quantikine® high-sensitivity ELISA assays were evaluated by R&amp;D System’s Biomarker Testing Services. The assay with the highest sensitivity in detecting endogenous analytes across all analytes and clinical populations (i.e. the highest FEAD), was the Simoa™ platform. In contrast, more variable performance was observed for MESO V-plex, R&amp;D Luminex® and Quantikine®, while Myriad’s Luminex xMAP® exhibited low FEAD across all analytes and samples. Simoa™ also demonstrated high precision in detecting endogenous cytokines, as reflected in &lt; 20 percent coefficient of variance (%CV) across replicate runs for samples from the healthy controls, PTSD patients, and PD patients. In contrast, MESO V-Plex, R&amp;D Luminex® and Quantikine® had variable performance in terms of precision across cytokines. Myriad Luminex xMAP® could not be included in precision estimates because the vendor did not run samples in duplicate. For cross-platform performance comparisons, the highest cross-platform correlations were observed for IL-6 such that all platforms – except for Myriad’s Luminex xMAP® – had strong correlations with one another in measurements of IL-6 (r range = 0.59 – 0.86). For the other cytokines, there was low to no correlation across platforms, such that reporte","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100027"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25383399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value of serum cytokine biomarkers TNF-α, IL-4, sIL-2R and IFN-γ for use in monitoring bacterial load and anti-tuberculosis treatment progress","authors":"Wenjuan Nie,&nbsp;Jun Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Jing ,&nbsp;Wenhui Shi,&nbsp;Qingfeng Wang,&nbsp;Xuerui Huang,&nbsp;Baoyun Cai,&nbsp;Qiping Ge,&nbsp;Lihui Nie,&nbsp;Xiqin Han,&nbsp;Yadong Du,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;Ru Guo,&nbsp;Naihui Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Tuberculosis (TB) patient serum cytokine levels may be predictive of anti-tuberculosis treatment progress. Here, serum levels of cytokines TNF-α, IL-4, sIL-2R and IFN-γ were measured then correlated to clinical TB manifestations, bacterial burden, chest imaging findings and clinical course. Study subjects included 67 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB (PTB) patients with active disease admitted to Beijing Chest Hospital for anti-TB chemotherapeutic treatment. Blood was drawn at 0 months (pre-treatment), 1–2 months (at any time between 1 and 2 month) and after 6 months completion of treatment and serum TNF-α, IL-4, sIL-2R and IFN-γ levels were measured in duplicate using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of cytokine levels as predictors of disease activity and treatment progress. The results indicated that the pre-treatment serum TNF-α level of the smear-negative group was lower than that of the smear 1+ group, while serum TNF-α after 6 months completion of treatment and IFN-γ levels at 1–2 months and after 6 months completion of treatment were significantly lower, respectively, than at 0 months (before treatment) (P &lt; 0.05). Using a cut-off value of 845 pg/ml, serum TNF-α level was predictive of treatment progress, with a sensitivity of 51%, specificity of 60% and AUC of 0.594 (P = 0.013). Meanwhile, using a cut-off value of 393 pg/ml, serum IFN-γ provided superior monitoring efficacy, with a sensitivity of 60%, specificity of 64% and AUC of 0.651 (P = 0.017). In conclusion, both serum TNF-α and IFN-γ levels might be useful biomarkers for monitoring treatment progress.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100028"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25383811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IFN-γ and CIITA modulate IL-6 expression in skeletal muscle","authors":"Abhinav Adhikari ,&nbsp;Brittan Cobb ,&nbsp;Seth Eddington ,&nbsp;Nathalie Becerra ,&nbsp;Punit Kohli ,&nbsp;Amber Pond ,&nbsp;Judith Davie","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a secreted cytokine that is an important mediator of the immune response in numerous tissues, including skeletal muscle. IL-6 is considered a myokine as it can be secreted by muscle. IL-6 is secreted following exercise, where it exerts both pro-myogenic effects as well as anti-myogenic effects such as promoting atrophy and muscle wasting. The regulation of IL-6 in skeletal muscle is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if IFN-γ and TNF-ɑ stimulate IL-6 in skeletal muscle. We found that both IFN-γ and TNF-α stimulate IL-6 in skeletal muscle, but the stimulation is not cooperative as seen in monocytes. We have previously shown that the IFN-γ stimulated class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator (CIITA) mediates many of the effects of IFN-γ in skeletal muscle and we show here that CIITA directly stimulates IL-6. The regulation of IL-6 by CIITA is clearly complex, as we found that CIITA both stimulates and restrains IL-6 expression. To show that these effects could be observed in a physiological setting, mice were treated with IFN-γ and we found that both CIITA and IL-6 were upregulated in skeletal muscle.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"2 2","pages":"Article 100023"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25383398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interleukins’ expression profile changes in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles during the postpartum period in dairy cows","authors":"Aly Warma ,&nbsp;Marianne Descarreaux ,&nbsp;Younes Chorfi ,&nbsp;Raynald Dupras ,&nbsp;Roxane Rémillard ,&nbsp;Kalidou Ndiaye","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The postpartum period in dairy cows is associated with a state of temporary negative energy balance and could induce functional changes into ovarian granulosa cells (GC) resulting in significant impact on the ovarian function and fertility. Yet, the regulation of interleukin receptors (ILRs) in GC as well as ILs expression profile during the postpartum period have not been fully investigated. We hypothesized that the postpartum period is associated with changes in ILs expression profile that could affect follicular development and ovulation rate. First, we aimed to investigate the expression and regulation of different IL and IL receptors in GC at different stages of follicular development and then analyse the changes in target ILs expression profile induced during the postpartum period. In the first objective, normal cycling cows were selected and GC were collected from small follicles (SF), dominant follicles at day 5 of the estrous cycle (DF), and ovulatory follicles, 24 h following hCG injection (OF). In the second objective, dairy cows between 50 and 70 days postpartum were randomly selected, and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations were measured in blood samples in order to assign cows to the BHB⁺ group (&gt;1.4 mmol/L) or BHB⁻ group (&lt;1.2 mmol/L). GC were collected from preovulatory follicles by transvaginal aspiration. Total RNA was extracted from GC of all groups for analysis of target ILs and ILRs expression. Steady-state mRNA levels of <em>IL4R</em> was strongest in the DF, while <em>IL15R</em> expression was greatest in the OF, and <em>IL21R</em> showed increased steady-state mRNA levels in the corpus luteum as compared to the different groups of follicles. Overall, expression of <em>IL1A</em>, <em>IL1B</em>, <em>IL8</em>, <em>IL15</em>, <em>IL23</em> and <em>TNFα</em> was stronger in OF as compared to DF, while <em>IL4</em> and <em>IL10</em> expression was stronger in SF than in DF. Similarly, expression of <em>IL1A</em>, <em>IL1B</em>, <em>IL8</em>, <em>IL15</em>, <em>IL23</em>, and <em>TNFα</em> were significantly stronger in GC of BHB⁺ cows than in the control, while <em>IL4</em> expression was significantly reduced in BHB⁺ as compared to control cows. We have established an <em>IL</em> expression profile, which suggest a correlation with BHB levels during the postpartum period. Additionally, we have demonstrated a differential regulation of target <em>ILRs</em> in GC at different stages of follicular development. Overall, these data provide a better understanding of the changes that could affect follicular development and ovulation during the postpartum period and lay the ground for further investigations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100022"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25383896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine profiles of Necator americanus and Plasmodium falciparum co-infected patients in rural Ghana","authors":"Benjamin Amoani ,&nbsp;Bright Adu ,&nbsp;Margaret T. Frempong ,&nbsp;Tracy Sarkodie-Addo ,&nbsp;Samuel Victor Nuvor ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Kwasi Abu ,&nbsp;Lisa M. Harrison ,&nbsp;Michael Cappello ,&nbsp;Ben Gyan ,&nbsp;Michael D. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.cytox.2019.100014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cytox.2019.100014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><em>Necator americanus</em> (hookworm) and <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> co-infections are common in endemic communities in rural Ghana. Human immune responses to <em>P. falciparum</em> and hookworm are complex, and the dynamics of cytokine levels and effector mediators are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the effect of hookworm and <em>P. falciparum</em> co-infection on parasite intensities and cytokine profiles in individuals before and after deworming drug treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this cross-sectional study conducted in the Kintampo North Municipality of Ghana blood and stool samples were analyzed from 984 participants (aged 4–88 years). Stool samples were collected at baseline from all participants and examined for the presence of hookworm using the Kato-Katz method. Blood and stool samples were analysed again two weeks after albendazole treatment of hookworm infected individuals. Malaria parasitaemia was estimated by light microscopy and <em>P. falciparum</em>-specific 18S rRNA gene PCR method used for species identification. Serum levels of circulating cytokines interleukins -5, -10 (IL-5, IL-10), tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and eotaxin [CCL11] were determined using ELISA based methods.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Malaria parasitaemia was significantly reduced in hookworm and <em>P. falciparum</em> co-infected individuals (p = 0.0018) while hookworm intensity was similar between groups. IL-10 level was significantly higher in the co-infected individuals (39.9 ± 12.2 pg/ml) compared to the single infected or the uninfected group (10.7 ± 7.6 mg/ml). IL-5 level was higher in the hookworm only infected individual. TNF-α levels were higher in all infected groups compared to the uninfected controls. CCL11 levels were significantly higher in subjects infected with hookworm only or co-infected with hookworm and <em>P. falciparum.</em> There was a significantly negative correlation (r_s = −0.39, p = 0.021) between hookworm eggs per gram of stool and CCL11 levels in the group mono-infected with hookworm which was not affected by treatment. Treatment with albendazole led to a significant reduction of TNF-α (p = 0.041), IL-5 (p = 0.01) and IL-10 (p = 0.001) levels.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This study shows that in the absence of other helminths, co-infection of hookworm with <em>P. falciparum</em> may modulate blood parasitemia levels and cytokine responses. Data also show that deworming drug treatment alters these cytokine profiles in hookworm infected subjects. Future studies to elucidate the potential mechanisms underlying these observations should include an assessment of parasite specific cellular responses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":37028,"journal":{"name":"Cytokine: X","volume":"1 4","pages":"Article 100014"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.cytox.2019.100014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25383895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}