Current Drug Research Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Management of Chronic Liver Injury: Current Challenges and Future Directions.","authors":"Naziya Parveen, Mayank Kumar, Monojit Das, Neha Singh, Arvind Kumar Patel, Dharmendra Kumar, Laliteshwar Pratap Singh, Pawan Kumar Goswami","doi":"10.2174/0125899775508122261001092450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775508122261001092450","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Chronic liver injury results from persistent hepatic injuries such as metabolic disorders, alcohol consumption, viral infections, drug toxicity, autoimmune conditions, and genetic factors. It is a major global health concern due to its progression to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review aims to summarize key pathophysiological mechanisms and evaluate current and emerging pharmacological strategies.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies was conducted, focusing on inflammation, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, fibrogenesis, and therapeutic approaches, including conventional drugs, antifibrotics, metabolic modulators, and advanced drug delivery systems. A total of 352 records were identified, of which 158 studies were included in the review.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chronic liver injury is characterized by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, hepatocyte death, impaired regeneration, and activation of hepatic stellate cells, leading to extracellular matrix accumulation and fibrosis. Current therapies are largely etiology-based and slow disease progression but rarely reverse fibrosis. Emerging therapies targeting nuclear receptors, metabolic pathways, gene-based interventions, microbiome modulation, and nanocarrier-based systems show promising potential.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These findings indicate that chronic liver injury is a complex, multifactorial process involving interconnected molecular pathways, limiting the effectiveness of single-target therapies. The gap between mechanistic insights and clinical translation remains a key challenge. Multi-targeted, combination, and precision-based therapeutic approaches, along with targeted drug delivery systems, may enhance treatment efficacy and overcome current limitations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite advances in understanding disease mechanisms, effective diseasemodifying therapies remain limited. The development of combination and personalized treatment strategies is essential for improving outcomes and preventing disease progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149165248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances in Ophthalmic Drug Delivery: Current Status and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Phei Er Kee, Ching Siang Tan, Kai Bin Liew, Vinie Xian Ying Tan, Yik-Ling Chew, Riyanto Teguh Widodo, A B M Helal Uddin, Syed Haroon Khalid, Siew-Keah Lee, K Durga Prasad","doi":"10.2174/0125899775479586260922051202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775479586260922051202","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vision impairment is a significant global health issue, affecting people of all ages and notably influencing quality of life. One of the major challenges in treating eye diseases is the effective delivery of drugs, as the eye possesses unique anatomical and physiological barriers. Structures such as tear drainage, the tightly packed corneal epithelium, and the blood‑ocular barriers often hinder medications from reaching therapeutic concentrations. Conventional treatments such as eye drops, ointments, and oral medications frequently exhibit poor bioavailability and limited penetration into target sites, particularly in posterior segment diseases. This often leads to minimal therapeutic relief or requires frequent dosing, which can compromise patient comfort and adherence. Recent advancements in drug delivery technologies have shown promise in enhancing therapeutic efficacy, prolonging drug retention, and improving patient compliance. This review highlights the critical barriers in ocular drug delivery and emphasizes the urgent need for innovative strategies to address them. It comprehensively discusses emerging technologies, including nanotechnology, nanocomposite contact lenses, intraocular implants, microneedles, and gene therapy, focusing on their ability to improve drug delivery and retention in ocular tissues. Moreover, challenges associated with these innovative systems, including safety concerns, regulatory hurdles, and manufacturing constraints, are explored. Subsequently, proposed future directions include smart delivery systems, precision medicine, and efforts to ensure equitable access worldwide. Overall, this review provides an integrated perspective on the current advances and future hope of ocular drug delivery technologies for patients with chronic or vision‑threatening eye diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149168655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Future of AI in Breast Cancer: Quantum Computing and Next-Gen Algorithms for Precision Oncology.","authors":"Roshan Sah, Tanya Jain, Prachee Raje Bisht, Anjali Saini, Manish Pal Singh","doi":"10.2174/0125899775478789260914150116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775478789260914150116","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Breast cancer is still one of the most significant global contributors to cancer-related deaths. Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in imaging, diagnostic imaging and assistance, systemic treatment and personalization, and predictive modeling are all part of the fast-growing field of breast cancer care. This review examined the many applications of AI in cancer care, including prediction, diagnostic work-up, staging, early diagnosis, and therapy response. AI's contributions to radiology include risk assessment models, tomosynthesis-enhanced mammography, and other imaging methods, including MRI and ultrasound. In pathology, AI can improve marker quantification and histological diagnosis, as well as prognostic models, including models for predicting genetic mutations. Realising the potential of AI, however, will not be without challenges that may limit ubiquity in clinical practice. Our review highlights the potentially transformational but presently limited ability of AI to improve breast cancer care. It urges targeted research to eliminate these obstacles and maximize the application of AIsupported solutions to those that impede clinical adoption in the real world. We have been able to demonstrate how AI may enhance diagnostic precision, customize treatment options, and have a favorable impact on patient outcomes from detection to treatment and follow-up care by methodically recording its involvement in radiology and pathology. The effectiveness of AI's influence on breast cancer treatment hinges on cooperation and regulatory compliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149041118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiotoxicity in Loperamide Misuse and Abuse - Insights into Clinical Evidence, Underlying Mechanisms, and Clinical Management.","authors":"Naina Mohamed Pakkir Maideen, Sulthan Al Rashid","doi":"10.2174/0125899775478518260706150627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775478518260706150627","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Loperamide is a commonly available over-the-counter (OTC) antidiarrheal medication that emerged as a drug of abuse due to its opioid-receptor agonist activity at higher doses. Although loperamide has been found safer at recommended dosages, a growing number of reports have connected its misuse and abuse to serious cardiotoxicity. This review focuses on available clinical data, underlying mechanisms, clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies regarding loperamide-induced cardiotoxicity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To find articles pertinent to cardiotoxicity associated with the abuse and misuse of loperamide, the online databases such as Medline/PubMed/PMC, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and reference lists were searched.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher doses of loperamide have been linked to QT prolongation, Torsades de Pointes (TdP), ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death, according to several clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>People with opioid use disorder misuse higher dosages of loperamide to self-treat the symptoms of opiate withdrawal or abuse it to achieve euphoric effects. Supratherapeutic doses of loperamide may induce cardiotoxicity via a number of possible mechanisms, including potassium channel blockade, sodium channel blockade, calcium channel blockade, P-gp inhibition, QT prolongation, opioid receptor-mediated effects, and electrolyte imbalances.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In order to promote safer prescribing practices and better patient outcomes, this review aims to increase awareness among physicians, researchers, and the general public regarding the possible risks associated with loperamide misuse and abuse by compiling existing knowledge.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148608212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dendrimers and their Application in Drug Delivery: A Review.","authors":"Hadi Jabbari","doi":"10.2174/0125899775405321260127055256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775405321260127055256","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Dendrimers are nanoscale, highly branched macromolecules with a well-defined core and multifunctional surface groups. They improve drug delivery by enhancing solubility, bioavailability, and targeted release. This review covers advances in dendrimer synthesis, types, and biomedical applications in cancer therapy, imaging, and gene delivery. About 40% of new drugs fail due to low solubility or cell permeability. Dendrimers offer controlled structures that enhance solubility and delivery performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Scientific databases were searched for studies on dendrimer chemistry and biomedical uses, focusing on synthesis, functionalization, and drug delivery.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Dendrimers improve drug encapsulation, targeting, and controlled release. Functionalized surfaces enable specific uptake and reduce side effects, enhancing therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes recent progress in dendrimer synthesis, types, and their drug delivery applications.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Dendrimers outperform linear polymers but face challenges like toxicity at higher generations, mitigated by PEGylation. Future work aims at clinical translation and designing stimuli-responsive systems.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Dendrimers offer a transformative platform for drug delivery through their monodisperse, branched architecture, enabling precise encapsulation, solubility enhancement, and targeted release for poorly bioavailable drugs. Versatile types like PAMAM, peptide, glyco-, hybrid, and tecto-dendrimers support oncology, imaging, gene therapy, and stimuli-responsive systems, with PEGylation addressing cytotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148399209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuronal Interfaces in Bioelectronic Medicines for Unlocking Therapeutic Potential for ANS Issues.","authors":"Gunjan, Shaweta Sharma, Jyoti Pandey, Neha Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0125899775400493260619135138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775400493260619135138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Bioelectronic devices that alter autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity to treat a variety of disorders have been made possible by developments in neurotechnology, micro/nano-engineering, and biocompatible materials. The paper discusses preclinical and clinical applications, emphasises advancements in electrode technology, and tackles issues including neuromodulation processes and patient-specific requirements. By using developments in neurotechnology, micro/nano-engineering, and biocompatible materials, the present work explores how bioelectronic devices may be able to modify ANS activity in order to cure a variety of illnesses.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study looks at preclinical and clinical uses, demonstrates electrode technology developments, and assesses how well they work to treat metabolic, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and pelvic conditions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There are difficulties in addressing patient-specific demands, standardising procedures, and comprehending neuromodulation processes. In order to broaden the therapeutic reach of BM, future approaches will prioritise integrative research and technology advancements.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Neuronal interfaces in bioelectronic medicine enable precise neuromodulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), offering targeted therapies for disorders like inflammation, hypertension, and GI dysmotility. Key results show clinical successes such as vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) reducing inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis and improving metabolic control in diabetes. Chronic implantation triggers foreign body response and glial scarring, degrading signals over months. Few large-scale ANS-specific trials exist, with most data preclinical or from related CNS applications.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A few case studies are summarized in the manuscript, highlighting the use of bioelectronic medicines in Autonomic disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Approaches in Zebrafish Neurology: Genetic, Drug and Therapy Insights.","authors":"Archana Behera, Yuvashree Chandrasekaran, Namrutha Dhonthi Shekar, Saantosh Saravanan, BalaKumaran Manickam Dakshinamoorthi, Guru Prasad Srinivasan, Mukesh Kumar Dharmalingam Jothinathan","doi":"10.2174/0125899775470368260619041554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775470368260619041554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a valuable vertebrate model organism widely used in biological and biomedical research due to its rapid embryonic development, optical transparency, high fecundity, and genetic similarity to humans. These characteristics have made zebrafish an important experimental model in developmental biology, toxicology, cancer research, and particularly in the investigation of neurodegenerative diseases. A significant proportion of human genes have functional counterparts in zebrafish, allowing researchers to explore disease mechanisms and genetic pathways relevant to human neurological disorders. Advances in genetic technologies, including CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, transgenic approaches, and mutagenesis screening, have further strengthened the use of zebrafish in neuroscience research. These tools enable precise manipulation of genes involved in neuronal development, degeneration, and disease progression. Zebrafish models have been successfully employed to study major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. In addition, the model provides an efficient platform for drug screening, neurotoxicity studies, and therapeutic evaluation. This review highlights the role of zebrafish in genetic approaches to neurological research, emphasizing its contributions to disease modeling, drug discovery, and the development of potential therapeutic strategies for complex neurodegenerative disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148377150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Garcinia indica</i>: A Multifaceted Phytomedicine Bridging Nutrition and Therapy.","authors":"Madhav Khurana, Saksham Sharma, Shushank Mahajan, Khushi Lamba, Samrat Chauhan, Sanjana Mehta, Sanchit Dhankhar, Sabina Yasmin","doi":"10.2174/0125899775407817251208183704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775407817251208183704","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Garcinia indica (Kokum), a tropical tree native to the Western Ghats of India, is an underutilized yet pharmacologically significant species in the family Clusiaceae. Traditionally used in food and folk medicine, Kokum has also attracted scientific interest due to its diverse therapeutic potential. The fruit of G. indica is rich in bioactive phytochemicals, including hydroxycitric acid (HCA), anthocyanins, and polyisoprenylated benzophenones such as garcinol, xanthochymol, and guttiferone isoforms. These compounds exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and dermatoprotective effects. This review provides an overview of the phytochemical profile, pharmacological mechanisms, and potential health benefits of G. indica and its constituents. Particular focus is given to their roles in preventing oxidative stress, managing metabolic disorders, promoting cardiovascular and neurological health, and enhancing skin health. Given its widespread availability and multifaceted health benefits, G. indica represents a highly promising functional food and natural therapeutic agent. This article aims to compile existing knowledge and stimulate further research into the biomedical applications and market potential of this native botanical.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148260056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements in Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Topical Management of Superficial Fungal Infections: A Detailed Review.","authors":"Rojalika Mohanty, Aradhana Panigrahi, Himansu Bhusan Samal, S K Habibullah, Tamosa Mukherjee, Sourasish Pattnaik, Yashwant Giri","doi":"10.2174/0125899775455961260521091506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775455961260521091506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Superficial fungal infections, such as dermatophytosis, candidiasis, and pityriasis versicolor, are prevalent worldwide. They put a heavy burden on healthcare systems, mainly because infections often recur, linger for months, and do not always respond well to standard treatments. The conventional topical creams and ointments fail to achieve the goal of treatment as they are often unable to penetrate deeply, do not stay long enough on the site of application, and patients mostly stop using them before the completion of the course. This review explores the biology of superficial fungal infections, the limitations of existing topical treatments, and the advancement of nanotechnology-based carriers for the topical treatment of fungal diseases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From the recent literature, it was found that there has been noticeable progress in innovative drug delivery approaches. These novel systems are designed to improve drug solubility, drug permeation, and adherence and spreadability of the formulation on the site of application.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>Several nanocarrier systems, such as liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and solidlipid nanoparticles, have demonstrated improved therapeutic outcomes compared with older topical formulations. Novel drug delivery systems do not just improve the solubility and permeation of drugs but also reduce the frequency of doses, mitigate side effects, and help bypass mechanisms that commonly cause antifungal resistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The review highlights the biology of fungal infections, as well as the safety, clinical use, limitations, and long-term potential of novel approaches. The study provides broad insights into innovative approaches that could significantly transform treatment strategies for superficial fungal infections in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148206556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Empirical Tacrolimus Dosing in Renal Graft Immunosuppression.","authors":"Monique Oliveira Soares, Lícia Alves, Ricardo José Costa Mattoso, Bruno José Dumêt Fernandes, Nadielle Silva Bidu, Ricardo David Couto","doi":"10.2174/0125899775431041260329210547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0125899775431041260329210547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Kidney transplantation remains the most effective therapeutic option for patients with end-stage chronic kidney disease, as it significantly improves survival and quality of life. Long-term graft maintenance requires continuous immunosuppressive therapy, with tacrolimus being one of the cornerstone agents due to its potent properties. However, given its narrow therapeutic index and marked pharmacokinetic variability, regular therapeutic drug monitoring is crucial. In this context, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the tacrolimus empirical dose in immunosuppressing renal transplant patients during the first year after transplantation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted, including 58 adult patients who underwent kidney transplantation in 2017 at Ana Nery Hospital in Salvador, Bahia, and received tacrolimus as part of their immunosuppressive regimen. Patients were followed for 12 months post-transplantation, with serial assessments of tacrolimus blood concentrations and renal function markers.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Throughout the 12-month follow-up, mean tacrolimus trough concentration remained within the recommended therapeutic range, both before and after each sixth month. Nevertheless, two patients exhibited subtherapeutic levels, with biopsy-confirmed acute rejection episodes.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Subtherapeutic tacrolimus concentrations are a recognized risk factor for acute rejection and, in this cohort, were associated with significant elevations in serum creatinine among patients with biopsy-proven rejection. These findings underscore the importance of individualized tacrolimus dosing and consistent therapeutic monitoring, accounting for interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, rejection risk, and potential nephrotoxicity - even in the absence of early creatinine alterations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Tacrolimus dosing and adjustment by the nephrology team were generally effective in preventing acute rejection during the first post-transplantation year. Ongoing individualized monitoring remains essential to optimize long-term graft outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":37008,"journal":{"name":"Current Drug Research Reviews","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148144710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}