Forensic Science International: Synergy最新文献

{"title":"ENFSI 2022 multidisciplinary collaborative exercise: organisation and outcomes","authors":"F. Zampa ,&nbsp;H. Bandey ,&nbsp;A. Bécue ,&nbsp;E. Bouzaid ,&nbsp;M.J. Branco ,&nbsp;J. Buegler ,&nbsp;M. Kambosos ,&nbsp;S. Kneppers ,&nbsp;K. Kriiska-Maiväli ,&nbsp;A. Mattei ,&nbsp;L. Zatkalikova","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of collaborative exercises (CE) and proficiency tests (PT) as part of the governance programme for any forensic science laboratory has become commonplace and recommended by several international organisations. Traditionally these have been discipline-specific exercises testing a laboratory's ability in a single area of forensic science. However, the “real” world is normally more complex and, in many instances, forensic material must be examined for a number of different evidence types.</p><p>This article summarises the concepts, planning, design, preparation, implementation, co-ordination and evaluation of the 2022 Multidisciplinary Collaborative Exercise (2022-MdCE) covering a range of forensic disciplines, specifically DNA, fingerprint, documents and handwriting.</p><p>The exercise consisted of a questioned letter with typescript text and a signature. In addition, the letter contained a visible bloody fingermark in the area of the signature, a visible staining in the lower left-hand corner, a latent fingermark and an indented impression.</p><p>The analysis of the results showed that, in the investigation of the bloody fingermark, the priority was given to the DNA examination. Some critical issues emerged in relation to the biological (DNA)/ink sampling strategies when applied before fingermark visualisation. Another outcome of the exercise has been to demonstrate the importance of indented impressions, which have been underestimated by a significant number of participants. As setters, more in-depth studies are needed to produce consistent samples. This concerns all the disciplined involved but especially DNA and fingermarks.</p><p>Based on this exercise, it is believed that this approach to testing of forensic disciplines allows the analysis of good practice within the various scientific areas, as well as scrutinising the process and sequence of events for examining the material within a forensic laboratory in the best conservative way for all kind of evidences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X24000123/pdfft?md5=a5a4a50135925eb3330e40a172ac2925&pid=1-s2.0-S2589871X24000123-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140350476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating Genetic Genealogy","authors":"Leigh Clark","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100517","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X24000640/pdfft?md5=c4fc506fc9ced73ac7aa098c2b285478&pid=1-s2.0-S2589871X24000640-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142147616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prevalence of selected licit and illicit drugs in drug facilitated sexual assaults","authors":"Marie Lynam ,&nbsp;David Keatley ,&nbsp;Garth Maker ,&nbsp;John Coumbaros","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Little is known about the prevalence of incapacitating substances present in drug facilitated sexual assaults (DFSA). Presented here is a literature review conducted to provide background information, such as symptoms, exacerbations, and drug interactions, on drugs typically implicated in DFSA, namely gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), ketamine, diazepam, oxycodone, methamphetamine, and alcohol.</p><p>Literature found through Scopus and Pubmed was reviewed to determine the current prevalence of these substances in DFSA with a focus on Australian data.</p><p>The global literature revealed that there is a wide variety of substances used in DFSA and the prevalence varied by country. For example, it was found that in Northern Ireland, opioids were most prevalent whereas in France, benzodiazepines were most prevalent. In Australia the review revealed a lack of contemporary data with the most recent report in Victoria using data collected during 2011–2013. The literature also revealed there can be an important difference between self-reported substance use and substances discovered via toxicological analysis. This can be due to the challenges of biological detection, reliability of self-reporting, and the possibility of a substance being introduced to a person's food or drink without their knowledge.</p><p>This review highlights the need for the collection and analysis of current data pertaining to DFSA reports and the drugs detected, and due to the constantly evolving picture of both licit and illicit drug use an assessment of the role of prescription medications in DFSA due to drug-drug interactions as well as potential to incapacitate is warranted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100545"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X24000925/pdfft?md5=5e63c8f4a34db121e36d28e76dbeb6d3&pid=1-s2.0-S2589871X24000925-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141959682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From understanding to justifying: Computational reliabilism for AI-based forensic evidence evaluation","authors":"Juan M. Durán ,&nbsp;David van der Vloed ,&nbsp;Arnout Ruifrok ,&nbsp;Rolf J.F. Ypma","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Techniques from artificial intelligence (AI) can be used in forensic evidence evaluation and are currently applied in biometric fields. However, it is generally not possible to fully understand how and why these algorithms reach their conclusions. Whether and how we should include such ‘black box’ algorithms in this crucial part of the criminal law system is an open question that has not only scientific but also ethical, legal, and philosophical angles. Ideally, the question should be debated by people with diverse backgrounds.</p><p>Here, we present a view on the question from the philosophy of science angle: computational reliabilism (CR). CR posits that we are justified in believing the output of an AI system, if we have grounds for believing its reliability. Under CR, these grounds are classified into ‘reliability indicators’ of three types: technical, scientific, and societal. This framework enables debates on the suitability of AI methods for forensic evidence evaluation that take a wider view than explainability and validation.</p><p>We argue that we are justified in believing the AI's output for forensic comparison of voices and forensic comparison of faces. Technical indicators include the validation of the AI algorithm in itself, validation of its application in the forensic setting, and case-based validation. Scientific indicators include the simple notion that we know faces and voices contain identifying information along with operationalizing well-established metrics and forensic practices. Societal indicators are the emerging scientific consensus on the use of these methods, as well as their application and interpretation by well-educated and certified practitioners. We expect expert witnesses to rely more on technical indicators to be justified in believing AIsystems, and triers-of-fact to rely more on societal indicators to believe the expert witness supported by the AIsystem.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100554"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X24001013/pdfft?md5=7d0bd2cb83ab31d103d83126ff71d976&pid=1-s2.0-S2589871X24001013-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142098301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic science capacity development: A case study of Timor-Leste","authors":"Loene M. Howes ,&nbsp;Roberta Julian ,&nbsp;Renee Wilson ,&nbsp;Maria C. dos Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Forensic science is socially constructed within particular contexts, with notable challenges for countries of the Global South. This study explored forensic capacity development taking place under a bilateral agreement between the governments of Timor-Leste and Australia through the Timor-Leste Police Development Program. Data were collected through in-country site visits, observations, and interviews with key personnel from both countries. The findings indicate tangible developments, including the establishment of a forensic fingerprint laboratory, training in fingerprint expertise from crime scene to court, and engagement in innovative practices. These developments contribute to optimism amongst leaders and practitioners about the potential for forensic capacity. However, concerns exist about the precariousness of achievements, the need for continued training and development within and beyond the forensic team, untapped potential for inter-agency collaboration, and other human resource considerations. The findings suggest a need for organisational commitment and ongoing high-quality partnerships to maintain momentum and facilitate long-term sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X24001001/pdfft?md5=b369ef990374b5e3de86816389e7eab5&pid=1-s2.0-S2589871X24001001-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142098368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding ‘error’ in the forensic sciences: A primer","authors":"Kristy A. Martire ,&nbsp;Jason M. Chin ,&nbsp;Carolyn Davis ,&nbsp;Gary Edmond ,&nbsp;Bethany Growns ,&nbsp;Stacey Gorski ,&nbsp;Richard I. Kemp ,&nbsp;Zara Lee ,&nbsp;Christopher M. Verdon ,&nbsp;Gabrielle Jansen ,&nbsp;Tanya Lang ,&nbsp;Tess M.S. Neal ,&nbsp;Rachel A. Searston ,&nbsp;Joshua Slocum ,&nbsp;Stephanie Summersby ,&nbsp;Jason M. Tangen ,&nbsp;Matthew B. Thompson ,&nbsp;Alice Towler ,&nbsp;Darren Watson ,&nbsp;Melissa V. Werrett ,&nbsp;Kaye N. Ballantyne","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper distils seven key lessons about ‘error’ from a collaborative webinar series between practitioners at Victoria Police Forensic Services Department and academics. It aims to provide the common understanding of error necessary to foster interdisciplinary dialogue, collaboration and research. The lessons underscore the inevitability, complexity and subjectivity of error, as well as opportunities for learning and growth. Ultimately, we argue that error can be a potent tool for continuous improvement and accountability, enhancing the reliability of forensic sciences and public trust. It is hoped the shared understanding provided by this paper will support future initiatives and funding for collaborative developments in this vital domain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X24000172/pdfft?md5=ea280232025900bab58c511a3c9c241c&pid=1-s2.0-S2589871X24000172-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140813378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of climate change and sustainability initiatives on forensic practice","authors":"T.J.U. Thompson","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100475","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The climate change crisis affects all aspects of our lives, and this includes national and global scientific endeavours. The forensic sciences are no different but are yet to engage meaningfully with this agenda or to consider what it means for future practice. This paper explores and discusses a range of impacts on forensic and crime scene practice derived from climate change and proposes the potential implications. The paper concludes by laying out a way forward and a programme of activity to support the forensic sciences to manage the implications of climate change and related sustainability initiatives on the criminal and medico-legal investigative community.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100475"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X24000226/pdfft?md5=f2b35f46b7dcea799a6c94df90308361&pid=1-s2.0-S2589871X24000226-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140842671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Law enforcement use of genetic genealogy databases in criminal investigations: Nomenclature, definition and scope","authors":"Oliver M. Tuazon ,&nbsp;Ray A. Wickenheiser ,&nbsp;Ricky Ansell ,&nbsp;Christi J. Guerrini ,&nbsp;Gerrit-Jan Zwenne ,&nbsp;Bart Custers","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100460","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Although law enforcement use of commercial genetic genealogy databases has gained prominence since the arrest of the Golden State Killer in 2018, and it has been used in hundreds of cases in the United States and more recently in Europe and Australia, it does not have a standard nomenclature and scope. We analyzed the more common terms currently being used and propose a common nomenclature: investigative forensic genetic genealogy (iFGG). We define iFGG as the use by law enforcement of genetic genealogy combined with traditional genealogy to generate suspect investigational leads from forensic samples in criminal investigations. We describe iFGG as a proper subset of forensic genetic genealogy, that is, FGG as applied by law enforcement to criminal investigations; hence, investigative FGG or iFGG. We delineate its steps, compare and contrast it with other investigative techniques involving genetic evidence, and contextualize its use within criminal investigations. This characterization is a critical input to future studies regarding the legal status of iFGG and its implications on the right to genetic privacy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X2400007X/pdfft?md5=01a36b7c0b70e3eb0a399ab8f30c1621&pid=1-s2.0-S2589871X2400007X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139727241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the validity of testimony: The role of the order of evidence","authors":"Henry Otgaar ,&nbsp;Tamara L.F. De Beuf ,&nbsp;Melanie Sauerland ,&nbsp;Alexa Schincariol","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Legal practitioners sometimes ask psychologists to evaluate the validity of statements of victims, witnesses, and suspects. For their assessment, psychologists often have access to different pieces of evidence (e.g., a video recording of the interview, the suspect's statements). Research has demonstrated that the order of reviewing the evidence can affect decision-making. To examine expert witnesses' views about this, we surveyed 52 legal psychologists about their preferred order for considering the evidence in a statement validity assessment in a fictional sexual abuse case. The assessment was about the validity of the statement of the alleged child victim. The case file included the following documents: an audiovisual recording of the child interview at the police station, a verbatim transcript of that same interview, and a written statement of the suspect. Legal psychologists indicated their preferred order for reviewing these documents and explained the rationale behind their choice. There was no uniform approach among legal psychologists. About one third of respondents would first examine the audiovisual recording, then the verbatim transcript and finally the suspect's statement. In contrast, about one third would first look at the verbatim transcript, then at the recording and last at the suspect's statement. These differences in approach likely highlight the challenges and trade-offs entailed in deciding on the optimal order and emphasize the need for a discussion in the expert witness community about these issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100562"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142700921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of log likelihood ratio cost in forensic science – Where is it used and what values can we expect?","authors":"Stijn van Lierop ,&nbsp;Daniel Ramos ,&nbsp;Marjan Sjerps ,&nbsp;Rolf Ypma","doi":"10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is increasing support for reporting evidential strength as a likelihood ratio (LR) and increasing interest in (semi-)automated LR systems. The log-likelihood ratio cost (<em>C</em>_<em>llr</em>) is a popular metric for such systems, penalizing misleading LRs further from 1 more. <em>C</em>_<em>llr</em> = 0 indicates perfection while <em>C</em>_<em>llr</em> = 1 indicates an uninformative system. However, beyond this, what constitutes a “good” <em>C</em>_<em>llr</em> is unclear.</p><p>Aiming to provide handles on when a <em>C</em>_<em>llr</em> is “good”, we studied 136 publications on (semi-)automated LR systems. Results show <em>C</em>_<em>llr</em> use heavily depends on the field, e.g., being absent in DNA analysis. Despite more publications on automated LR systems over time, the proportion reporting <em>C</em>_<em>llr</em> remains stable. Noticeably, <em>C</em>_<em>llr</em> values lack clear patterns and depend on the area, analysis and dataset.</p><p>As LR systems become more prevalent, comparing them becomes crucial. This is hampered by different studies using different datasets. We advocate using public benchmark datasets to advance the field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36925,"journal":{"name":"Forensic Science International: Synergy","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589871X24000135/pdfft?md5=ba5837ba032d15cb5b24187d341f287f&pid=1-s2.0-S2589871X24000135-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140606624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}