Studia Historiae Scientiarum最新文献

{"title":"Rethinking Research in the Chemical Industry: Organizational History of Centre de Recherches d’Aubervilliers (1953‒2020)","authors":"Marcin Krasnodębski","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.22.020.15986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.22.020.15986","url":null,"abstract":"Solvay’s Centre de Recherches d’Aubervilliers (CRA) is one of the oldest active private-sector research centers in industrial chemistry in France. During the seventy years of its existence it collaborated with some of the most significant French and European chemical companies. Established in 1953, the center’s research and development organization around huge discipline-oriented laboratories proved itself remarkably resilient. Not merely reflecting the R&D policy of the company that owned it at a given moment, the evolution of the center’s research organization followed its own particular path. The research priorities in any given moment were always a place of encounter between top-down requirements of the company’s directorship, and bottom-up thematic trajectories. The CRA’s organizational history gives us unique insights into broader tendencies in chemical research in the second half of the 20th century, such as specialization of laboratories, introduction of market-driven research as well as decentralization and multiplication of hierarchies. The case study can be of interest to historians of science, due to the fact that the history of private research centers remains largely understudied, and to science policy scholars who want to understand the interconnectedness of factors that influence the organization of R&D structures in an institution.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70996722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sprawozdanie Komisji Historii Nauki PAU w roku 2020/2021","authors":"M. Kokowski","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.028.14059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.028.14059","url":null,"abstract":"Omówiona została działalność Komisji Historii Nauki PAU w roku 2020/2021. Przedstawiono spisy: posiedzeń naukowych, konferencji, sesji i seminariów naukowych, nowych członków Komisji oraz nowych publikacji","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48395080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Władysław Natanson i Alfred Landé a prawo Plancka, statystyka Boltzmanna-Plancka-Natansona oraz statystyka Bosego","authors":"M. Kokowski","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.015.14046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.015.14046","url":null,"abstract":"Władysław Natanson i Alfred Landé, a prawo Plancka, statystyka Boltzmanna-Plancka-Natansona oraz statystyka Bosego\u0000\u0000Artykuł opisuje kontekst i treść przeoczonej dotąd przez historyków fizyki korespondencji z listopada 1925 roku na temat prawa Plancka i statystyki Bosego pomiędzy Władysławem Natansonem, a Alfredem Landé i konsekwencje tej korespondencji.\u0000\u0000W artykule publikowane są po raz pierwszy transkrypcje dwóch oryginalnych listów w języku niemieckim i ich tłumaczenia na język angielski.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48213594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Władysław Szafer as a palaeobotanist","authors":"P. Köhler","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.007.14038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.007.14038","url":null,"abstract":"Władysław Szafer (1886–1970) was one of the notable Polish botanists of the first half of the 20th c., palaeobotany being one of his main fields of interest, cultivated for over 60 years. Initially, he studied Quaternary floras and later on he expanded his interests to the Tertiary (Neogene) floras at the end of the 1930s. He published at least 80 different books and papers on palaeobotany, many of which still having scientific, not only historical, value. His organizational, teaching and editing activities in the field of palaeobotany were also remarkable, and influenced strongly the science in Poland. He contributed to the fast development of this field of knowledge in Poland, both in terms of research and in terms of staff number. 50 years after his death, we summarize the results of Władysław Szafer’s activity in palaeobotany.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48151922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Copernicus, his Latin style and comments to Commentariolus","authors":"George Borski, M. Kokowski","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.013.14044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.013.14044","url":null,"abstract":"A methodology of historical or higher criticism and of stylometry/stylochronometry known from Biblical and literary studies is applied to the examination of Nicolaus Copernicus’s writings. In particular, his early work Commentariolus is compared at the level of the Latin language with his later ones (Meditata, Letter against Werner and De revolutionibus) as well as the texts of some other authors. A number of striking stylistic dissimilarities between these works have been identified and interpreted in the light of stylometry/stylochronometry, historical criticism and the history of Copernican research. The conducted research allowed to draw some plausible conclusions about the Sitz im Leben (historical context), the dating of Commentariolus and related matters.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47927209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A tale of reviews in two history of science journals","authors":"R. Kremer, A. Maas","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.022.14053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.022.14053","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the role of book reviews in the discipline of the history of science by comparing their appearance in two periodicals, Isis, the flagship journal of the discipline that was founded in 1913, and the Journal for the History of Astronomy, founded in 1970 to serve a newly emerging, specialized subfield within the broader discipline.\u0000\u0000Our analysis of the reviews published in selected slices of time finds differing norms and reviewing practices within the two journals. Despite important changes during the past century in the conceptualization of the history of science and its research methods, reviewing practices in Isis remained remarkably consistent over time, with reviewers generally defending a fixed set of norms for “good” scholarship. More change appears in reviews of the Journal for the History of Astronomy, as its audience shifted from a mix of the laity, working astronomers, and historians to a specialized group of professional historians of astronomy. Scholarly norms, reflected in the reviews, shifted with these changes in readership.\u0000\u0000We conclude that book reviews offer rich sources for analyzing the evolution of scholarly disciplines and norms.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41866944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Józef Warszewicz (1812–1866) and taxonomical history of Warszewiczia coccinea (Vahl) Klotzsch","authors":"A. Zemanek, B. Zemanek, T. Głuszak, M. Nobis","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.017.14048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.017.14048","url":null,"abstract":"Józef Warszewicz (1812–1866) – traveler and naturalist, the main horticulturist (inspector) of the Botanic Garden of theJagiellonian University in Kraków, was one of the first plant collectors in the tropical regions of Central and South America. From his travels (1844–1850, 1850–1853) he sent and brought to Europe hundreds of previously unknown plants, primarily orchids, in addition to representatives of other families.\u0000\u0000One of the collected species was Warszewiczia coccinea (red warszewiczia in English, warszewiczia czerwona in Polish), described by Johann F. Klotzsch and named after the collector. It is a small tree or shrub with large, red inflorescences, growing wild in the American tropics and often cultivated as an ornamental. It plays a significant role in the culture of the island country of Trinidad and Tobago in the Little Antilles archipelago, where it is considered a “national plant”.\u0000\u0000The aim of this article is to highlight one of the chapters in the history of systematics (taxonomy) relating to Józef Warszewicz and the plants described on the basis of his collections, especially red warszewiczia.\u0000\u0000Many of the so-called “Warszewicz species” have survived in the taxonomy to this day. His unique collection is stored in the Herbarium of the Jagiellonian University – Herbarium Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis – KRA. There are specimens important to the science – lectotypes (model representations) of the species Warszewiczia pulcherrima (= W. coccinea).","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45408101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ladislas Natanson and Alfred Landé versus Planck’s law, the Boltzmann-Planck-Natanson statistics and the Bose statistics","authors":"M. Kokowski","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.014.14045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.014.14045","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the context and content of the November 1925 correspondence – so far overlooked by historians of physics – between Władysław (Ladislas) Natanson and Alfred Landé on Planck’s law and Bose statistics, and the effects of this interaction.\u0000\u0000The article publishes for the first time the transcription of two original letters in German and their translations into English.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49479706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Book reviews in the history of knowledge","authors":"A. Pleshkov, J. Surman","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.018.14049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.018.14049","url":null,"abstract":"Academic reviewing, one of the communal academic practices, is a vital genre, in which epistemic virtues have been cultivated. In our article, we discuss reviews as a form of institutionalized critique, which historians could use to trace the changing epistemic virtues within humanities. We propose to use them analogously to Lorraine Daston’s and Peter Galison’s treatment of atlases in their seminal work Objectivity as a marker of changing epistemic virtues in natural sciences and medicine.\u0000\u0000Based on Aristotle’s virtue theory and its neo-Aristotelian interpretation in the second half of the 20th century, as well as on its most recent applications in the field of history and philosophy of science, we propose a general conceptual framework for analyzing reviews in their historical dimension. Besides, we contend that the analysis of reviews should be carried out taking into account their historical context of social, political, cultural and media-environment. Otherwise, one may risks presupposing the existence of an autonomous, disconnected community of scholars.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43173460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Przełomowe osiągnięcia lwowskich filologów w badaniach polskiego romantyzmu do roku 1939","authors":"Mariusz Chrostek","doi":"10.4467/2543702xshs.21.005.14036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/2543702xshs.21.005.14036","url":null,"abstract":"Celem artykułu jest pokazanie wyjątkowych zasług polskich literaturoznawców związanych ze Lwowem w badaniach romantyzmu na tle osiągnięć uczonych z innych polskich uniwersytetów. Analizowany problem obejmuje okres do roku 1939, ponieważ dotąd funkcjonował we Lwowie polski uniwersytet. Zainteresowanie rodzimym romantyzmem, zwłaszcza trójcą wieszczów: Adamem Mickiewiczem, Juliuszem Słowackim i Zygmuntem Krasińskim, dominowało w pracach naukowych filologów epoki pozytywizmu, Młodej Polski i dwudziestolecia międzywojennego. Porównanie dorobku Lwowa z „resztą Polski” obejmuje monografie największych pisarzy i ich ocenę, rozprawy i artykuły oraz stosowaną w badaniach metodologię. W czasach zaborów (do 1918 r.) poloniści lwowscy konkurowali głównie z krakowskimi (UJ) i kilkoma z Warszawy. W Krakowie powstało najwięcej monografii trzech wieszczów, ale to we Lwowie Juliusz Kleiner napisał najlepszą (o Krasińskim). Filolodzy krakowscy stosowali przestarzałą metodologię (oceniali literaturę ze względu na poglądy ideologiczne pisarzy, nie interpretowali samych dzieł). We Lwowie badano głównie teksty utworów literackich, ich wartość artystyczną. Przed rokiem 1914 Juliusz Kleiner stworzył nowoczesną metodologię (dzieło literackie w centrum zainteresowań). Sformułował też pojęcie epoki romantyzmu, które przyswoili potem inni uczeni. Poglądy Kleinera stały się podstawą w badaniach literatury w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym.\u0000\u0000W wolnej Polsce w latach 1919–1939 działało sześć uniwersytetów: we Lwowie, Krakowie, Warszawie, Wilnie, Lublinie i Poznaniu. Polonistyka we Lwowie przeżywała wtedy okres największej świetności. To kolejne zasługi wybitnego Juliusza Kleinera, uznawane za najlepsze w Polsce i ponadczasowe: dwie ogromne monografie – Słowackiego i Mickiewicza, znakomicie opracowane Dzieła wszystkie Słowackiego (większość tomów), historia literatury polskiej po polsku i niemiecku i inne. We Lwowie pracował Eugeniusz Kucharski – najlepszy w Polsce znawca Aleksandra Fredry; Konstanty Wojciechowski i Zygmunt Szweykowski – najwybitniejsi specjaliści od polskiej powieści. We Lwowie działało od 1886 r. Towarzystwo Literackie im. Adama Mickiewicza (w innych miastach po roku 1919 jego filie). Tam też ukazywał się „Pamiętnik Literacki” – najbardziej zasłużone czasopismo badaczy literatury. W porównaniu z pozostałymi miastami we Lwowie najliczniejsza grupa uczonych badała polski romantyzm i poświęciła mu najwięcej publikacji.","PeriodicalId":36875,"journal":{"name":"Studia Historiae Scientiarum","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43574529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}