AJIL Unbound最新文献

{"title":"The Role of the Registry and Legal Division of the African Court of Human and People's Rights in Dispute Settlement","authors":"Olabisi D. Akinkugbe, M. K. Odeh","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.69","url":null,"abstract":"This Essay explores whether the African Court of Human and People's Rights’ (African Court) Registry and Legal Division have a similar expansive role in the dispute settlement mechanism as the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Secretariat. The African Court is the African Union's regional body for enforcing human rights. This Essay contributes to the scholarship on African international courts by testing the central arguments in Pauwelyn and Pelc's “Who Guards the ‘Guardians of the System’? The Role of the Secretariat in WTO Dispute Settlement”1 through a comparative analysis of the role of the Secretariat within the African Court.2 Despite the growing jurisprudence and influence of Africa's international courts, they continue to be neglected by mainstream scholarship of international courts and tribunals. This is evident in Pauwelyn and Pelc's article, which does not refer to any of Africa's seven international courts and tribunals. For that matter, the article makes no reference to any international tribunal outside Europe or the United States.3 Our analysis illustrates the fact that the influence of the African Court's Registry and Legal Division (Registry) in the process for dispute settlement is not as significant and concerning as that of the WTO Secretariat. As such, the influence of the Registry on the outcome of a case is significantly limited and does not raise any legitimacy crisis like the WTO. We attribute this disparity to the operational and structural disparities between the African Court and the WTO. In the following paragraphs, we examine each of the factors that Pauwelyn and Pelc raise concerning the influence of the WTO staff in WTO panel and Appellate Body proceedings4 in the context of the functions of the African Court Registry.","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48089831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the Symposium on Joost Pauwelyn and Krzysztof Pelc, “Who Guards the ‘Guardians of the System’? The Role of the Secretariat in WTO Dispute Settlement”","authors":"Chantal Thomas","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.64","url":null,"abstract":"Into the midst of the widely acknowledged crisis of international trade and multilateralism, represented sharply by the breakdown of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body, comes a provocative perspective by Joost Pauwelyn and Krzysztof Pelc, in “WhoGuards the ‘Guardians of the System’? The Role of the Secretariat in WTO Dispute Settlement,” published in the American Journal of International Law.1 Pauwelyn and Pelc suggest that the crisis of the WTO dispute settlement system (DSS) stems not only from external shocks, but also from cracks in its foundation. They argue that the WTO Secretariat operates in a way that has expanded far beyond providing research and logistical support toWTO panelists and Appellate Body judges as they resolve disputes amongWTO states parties. Rather, the Secretariat has amassed a great deal of influence over the substantive analyses that WTO panels and the Appellate Body produce. Some of this influence has arisen as an unanticipated outcome of institutional features that were themselves intentionally put into place, such as the contrast between the full-time and ongoing presence of Secretariat officials, and the time-bound, and therefore less stable, participation of individual WTO adjudicators. Other forms of influence have arisen from developments whose explicit institutional mandate is less clear, such as the emergence of precedent, which the Secretariat is better placed to manage due to its longterm institutional memory than are WTO adjudicators. Pauwelyn and Pelc describe eight distinct administrative functions that the Secretariat performs that contribute to its outsized influence in WTO dispute settlement proceedings.2 These functions combine with asymmetries they identify in training and expertise, as well as with various forms of institutional controls exerted by the Secretariat over adjudicators.3 When taken together, Pauwelyn and Pelc assert, the influence of the Secretariat renders the WTO dispute settlement system less a judicial forum than a “sui generis process of international administrative review.”4 With bracing clarity through this analysis, Pauwelyn and Pelc show that the “judicialization” of the dispute settlement system that had been so celebrated in many ways never existed in its perceived form. Rather,","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45443563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unseen and Everyday: International Secretariats Under the Spotlight","authors":"G. Sinclair","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.66","url":null,"abstract":"In “Who Guards the ‘Guardians of the System’? The Role of the Secretariat in WTO Dispute Settlement,” Joost Pauwelyn and Krzysztof Pelc make a novel and compelling contribution to our understanding of the secretariat of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Firmly grounded in principal-agent theory, their analysis nonetheless resonates with—and thereby suggests some advantages in pursuing—other, complementary approaches that probe the complex inner lives of the secretariats of international organizations. Two central themes in the article, one explicit and the other implicit, provide especially useful entry points for comparison and linkages with these other approaches. In exploring these themes, this Essay aims to build on Pauwelyn and Pelc's insightful work to encourage more critical engagement with the governance dynamics and effects of international secretariats.","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46876731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whose Security Matters? – CORRIGENDUM","authors":"M. Jamshidi","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.62","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42620982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"El Populismo y Su Antagonismo Hacia El Derecho Internacional: Lecciones Desde Latinoamérica","authors":"Marcela Prieto Rudolphy","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.59","url":null,"abstract":"La literatura sobre el Derecho internacional suele asumir que la relación del populismo con este último es antagónica1. Sin embargo, una perspectiva centrada en América Latina, donde el populismo ha sido estudiado desde principios del siglo veinte, complejiza esta noción: líderes populistas han adoptado el multilateralismo, promovido la unidad regional e intentado crear instituciones internacionales. Además, tanto populistas como nopopulistas han resistido instituciones internacionales. Este ensayo problematiza la asunción de una relación necesariamente antagónica entre el populismo y el Derecho internacional, sosteniendo que dicha asunción carece de sustento empírico y está teóricamente subdesarrollada. Latinoamérica es un lugar relevante para problematizar esta noción, debido al rol del Poder Ejecutivo en la conducción de relaciones exteriores2 y la rica historia intelectual en la región respecto del populismo. El ensayo enfatiza la necesidad de desarrollar un marco teórico adecuado para el estudio de la relación entre populismo y Derecho internacional, marco que debiese ser menos eurocéntrico y sesgado normativamente, sin asumir que la resistencia al Derecho internacional siempre carece de mérito. Adicionalmente, debería permitirnos identificar lo distintivamente populista en esta relación y qué aspectos están mediados por las ideologías huésped.","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47769621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human Rights as Transnational Law","authors":"J. Contesse","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.54","url":null,"abstract":"In 1916, at the first meeting of the then newly created American Institute of International Law, jurists from different countries adopted a declaration stipulating that “[i]nternational law is at one and the same time both national and international.”1 A century later, Latin American international human rights law clearly reflects that idea. Since the adoption of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man in 1948, and especially since the 1950s, with the creation of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and later with the adoption of the American Convention on Human Rights in 1969, human rights in Latin America have been, are, and will continue to be an essentially regional phenomenon of international law. By examining the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ case law, this essay analyzes the way in which Latin America has articulated transnational human rights law, from the establishment of the inter-American system, to the distinctive forms of interaction and influence between international law and constitutional law. Drawing from recent jurisprudence on social rights, this essay shows that the idea of a Latin American common law of human rights—an idea that has become highly influential in the past decade—is an example of the outer limits of the potential integration. As such, the idea presents challenges that must be addressed in order for regional human rights to realize their full potential as transnational norms.","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46758151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Promise of Cooperation in Latin America: Building Deforestation-Free Supply Chains","authors":"Beatriz García, Laurent L. Pauwels","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.53","url":null,"abstract":"An EU Regulation proposed in 2021 prohibits the trading of deforestation-linked commodities and products on the EU market.1 The Regulation aims this ban at its own market, but it has unavoidable consequences for commodity producing Latin American countries. The proposed Regulation will affect trade with the European Union, a key trade partner for Latin American countries. If this type of regulation is increasingly adopted by other industrialized countries, which currently represent the largest share of exports for Latin American countries, the trade impact in Latin America will be even broader. We argue that regulatory approaches focused on global supply chains—such as the EU Regulation—represent an opportunity to reinvigorate existing, albeit weak, Latin American environmental cooperation to tackle key drivers of deforestation, notably, agricultural expansion. Despite the global relevance of the region's forests and biodiversity, Latin American cooperation has not been significant in forest conservation.2","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47784245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Derecho Internacional y Justicia Transicional: Explorando Algunos Desafíos a Través Del Caso Colombiano","authors":"Helena Alviar-García, Laura Betancur-Restrepo","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.56","url":null,"abstract":"América Latina siempre ha sido central para la configuración, interpretación y operación del campo de la justicia transicional. Empezando a fines de la década de 1980 con las contribuciones de juristas interesados en las transiciones democráticas luego de las dictaduras en el Cono Sur, la firma del Acuerdo de Paz en Guatemala en 1996, y la Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación en Perú, hasta el caso más reciente de Colombia, la academia y el activismo en América Latina han contribuido de manera significativa a la teoría y práctica de la justicia transicional. Este ensayo explora una cuestión central para los procesos recientes de justicia transicional: la interacción y posibles contradicciones entre el objetivo de poner fin a un conflicto interno violento y las demandas que impone el Derecho internacional. Colombia sirve como ejemplo, en tanto el caso colombiano está informado por todas las experiencias anteriores, pero también porque es el primer proceso de justicia transicional que se desarrolla en la región desde la entrada en vigor de la Corte Penal Internacional. Si bien el proceso colombiano aún está siendo implementado, y es demasiado pronto para definir su éxito o fracaso, ofrece un punto de vista importante acerca de las interacciones difíciles, complejas y profundas entre el Derecho internacional, la paz interna y la justicia transicional. Este ensayo explora así la manera como los actores locales y externos involucrados en la negociación e implementación del Acuerdo presentaron el Derecho internacional como si fuera unívoco y universal, como si no hubiese interpretaciones en competencia dentro de la disciplina, y como si fuera neutral en relación con las discusiones políticas internas. Sobre la base de este análisis, el ensayo busca arrojar luz acerca de los usos ideológicos del Derecho internacional.","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45417481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La Interpelación En Clave Feminista Al Sistema Binario De Protección De Derechos Humanos En América Latina","authors":"Ana Micaela Alterio","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.57","url":null,"abstract":"En marzo de 2021, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (en adelante, “Corte IDH”) resolvió el caso Vicky Hernández y otras vs. Honduras, en el que se condenó al Estado hondureño por el asesinato de Vicky Hernández, una mujer trans defensora de derechos humanos1. Esta sentencia es muy relevante para el sistema interamericano por ser la primera que a nivel internacional aplica un tratado específico de protección de derechos humanos de las mujeres para proteger a una mujer trans. De allí que permite analizar la interpelación que el debate feminista viene haciendo al sistema binario de protección de derechos en la región y en el mundo. En este ensayo, defenderé la decisión mayoritaria de la Corte frente a sus votos disidentes, sosteniendo que el sujeto político de los derechos humanos (incluido el feminista) es dinámico y emergente y, en consecuencia, el derecho y los derechos positivizados están a la retaguardia de las luchas por el reconocimiento y, por tanto, sometidos a constante interpelación y necesidad de cambio. Por esta razón, se requieren interpretaciones evolutivas e incluyentes de los derechos, que empujen a la desestabilización del sistema jurídico binario y, con ello, a su transformación en clave igualitaria e interseccional.","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46266200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introducción Al Simposio Sobre Derecho Internacional Latinoamericano","authors":"Alejandro Chehtman, Alexandra Huneeus, S. Puig","doi":"10.1017/aju.2022.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.55","url":null,"abstract":"En el tercer volumen del American Journal of International Law, publicado en 1909, el jurista chileno Alejandro Álvarez defendió la existencia de un Derecho internacional latinoamericano1. Su objetivo, y la razón por la que eligió exponer sus ideas en este medio, era tallar un lugar más prominente para América Latina en un orden geopolítico liderado por los Estados Unidos2. El artículo, posteriormente transformado en libro, se convirtió en un manifiesto no para el Derecho internacional latinoamericano, sino para el panamericanismo, un orden jurídico regional que abarcaba todas las Américas, con los Estados Unidos en el puesto de mando. El panamericanismo se consolidó desde entonces como un proyecto político y jurídico regional influyente y expansivo, dando lugar a instituciones e instrumentos clave, como la Convención de Montevideo de 1933, el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo y la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA), entre otros. Sin embargo, en la actualidad, las dinámicas regionales han cambiado abruptamente: la hegemonía estadounidense se ve puesta a prueba por la creciente influencia china y el surgimiento de regímenes populistas; y diversos movimientos sociales, entre ellos los liderados por pueblos indígenas y por ambientalistas, han mostrado las formas en las que el panamericanismo no ha sido en absoluto “pan”, sino que ha reflejado los estrechos intereses de las elites latinoamericanas, en sumayoría criollas3. Estos movimientos de resistencia están poniendo en cuestión la hegemonía de las elites criollas y la primacía de sus intereses en el ámbito del Derecho internacional. Pensamos que éstas y otras transformaciones vuelven oportuno explorar la pregunta por la existencia y el potencial de otros proyectos regionales en un nuevo escenario geopolítico. El presente simposio reúne a un diverso grupo de juristas latinoamericanos para reflexionar críticamente sobre estos cambios.","PeriodicalId":36818,"journal":{"name":"AJIL Unbound","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48719170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}