Journal of Materials Processing Technology最新文献

{"title":"Engineering strength, ductility, and thermal stability in medium entropy alloys via controlled processing routes","authors":"Pengcheng Ma ,&nbsp;Hai Huang ,&nbsp;Feng Ye ,&nbsp;Zongbin Chen ,&nbsp;Binbin Liu ,&nbsp;Jiaojie Liao ,&nbsp;Zhihua Cheng ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Qiu ,&nbsp;Mian Chen ,&nbsp;Jian Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119046","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119046","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the processing-structure-property relationships in CoCrNi medium-entropy alloys (MEAs), aiming to achieve a balanced combination of strength, ductility, and thermal stability. The alloy was fabricated using a three-step process involving spark plasma sintering (SPS), cold rolling, and subsequent annealing. A comprehensive optimization of SPS parameters identified 1050 °C as the optimal sintering condition for achieving high density and favorable mechanical properties. After a 50 % reduction in thickness through cold rolling, annealing treatments ranging from 600 °C to 900 °C were applied. Notably, the sample annealed at 700 °C (A700) demonstrated an exceptional combination of ultimate tensile strength (1018 MPa) and elongation (40.1 %). Microstructural analysis revealed a transformation from equiaxed grains with annealing twins in the as-SPSed state to a high-density defect structure in the rolled condition, including deformation twins, stacking faults, and Lomer-Cottrell locks. The excellent mechanical properties of the A700 sample are attributed to its heterogeneous microstructure, comprising both retained deformed regions and recrystallized grains, with nano-twin networks enhancing ductility and thermal stability. This work presents a novel strategy for tailoring MEAs through controlled processing routes, offering valuable insights for the design of high-performance metallic materials. The findings have broad applicability for optimizing the mechanical properties and thermal stability of other alloy systems through similar processing strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 119046"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144916312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of TiC particles on the process window and temperature evolution during PBF-LB/M manufacturing of aluminum/TiC composites","authors":"Raphael Freundl ,&nbsp;Moritz Wittemer ,&nbsp;Katrin Wudy ,&nbsp;Eric A. Jägle","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laser Based Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M) of particle-reinforced aluminum-matrix composites (AMCs) has the potential to combine the low density and high ductility of aluminum with the high strength and wear resistance of ceramics while enabling complex geometries. In this study, the fabrication of TiC containing feedstock material was achieved by a simple and economically attractive blending approach. The blend was processed in a PBF-LB/M machine to fabricate AMCs. This paper evaluates the impact of the TiC particles on the processability. With the addition of TiC, the reflectivity of the blend is reduced, but instead of an expansion of the melt pool size due to a higher energy input, a counterintuitive decrease of the melt pool dimensions occurs, indicating lowered melt pool peak temperatures. The root cause is a less efficient heat transfer to the aluminum powder, caused by shielding effects of TiC. These conclusions are supported by simulations and thermal imaging results. The investigations reveal that the effect of TiC particle addition is strongly dependent on particle size and content. While TiC microparticles facilitate processability, TiC nanoparticles deteriorate it. The results give insights into the PBF-LB/M processing of AMCs, and the gained knowledge can be transferred to other material combinations where ceramic nano- and microparticles are added to a metallic powder via a powder blending approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 119045"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144931748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topography lobes diagram applied to identify waviness features induced by a single-frequency tool vibration in turning","authors":"Monica Gil-Inchaurza ,&nbsp;Xavier Beudaert ,&nbsp;Jose Antonio Sanchez ,&nbsp;Jokin Munoa ,&nbsp;Zoltan Dombovari","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In finishing processes, such as grinding and hard turning, the surface texture is a key aspect that influences the functionality of the part. Thus, the appearance of waviness marks, commonly associated with machine-tool vibrations, means the rejection of high added value parts. Although machine-tool vibrations are often monitored, it is challenging to pinpoint which vibration frequency, of the complete spectrum, is responsible for creating the waviness marks. This study investigates the impact of a single-frequency tool vibration on surface waviness in cylindrical turning operations. By considering the rotational sampling of the tool motion along the feed direction, it is demonstrated that the aliased tool motion, tool interference, and sub-Nyquist waves are decisive in the formation of the surface topography. Based on a frequency and an amplitude non-dimensional parameter, the main surface topography helix is identified. Besides, the number of threads, orientation, and wavelength of the multiple surface topography helixes are determined analytically. To validate the results, calculated surface topographies are successfully compared to experimental topographies generated in cylindrical turning experiments where a controlled tool vibration is generated by a piezoelectric actuator. These findings are essential to identify the surface waviness features that relate to the machine-tool vibration generating poor surface quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"345 ","pages":"Article 119041"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved crack resistance and toughness of laser-clad H13 steel coatings enabled by CoCrFeNi transition layer","authors":"Yanle Li ,&nbsp;Da Sun ,&nbsp;Weiguang Fan ,&nbsp;Lisong Zhu ,&nbsp;Jiating Niu ,&nbsp;Fangyi Li ,&nbsp;Jinguo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current research on directed energy deposition (DED) repair predominantly focuses on enhancing surface properties while often neglecting quench-induced embrittlement in thermally sensitive materials like H13 steel, which can lead to premature failure under service loads. To address this, a ductile CoCrFeNi alloy transition layer was introduced between a TiC-reinforced wear-resistant coating and the H13 substrate, forming a \"hard-soft-hard-soft\" laminated structure that eliminates the need for post-repair heat treatment. This approach alleviates stress concentration in the brittle heat-affected zone (HAZ) through modulus-gradient-driven stress redistribution and crack energy dissipation via the plasticity of the transition layer. Experimental results demonstrate an 80 % reduction in crack density and a 22 % increase in impact resistance. The synergy between the stress-buffering transition layer and the energy-dissipating protective coating establishes a dual-protection mechanism, safeguarding the substrate from catastrophic failure. This work redefines the paradigm of laser-based repair by simultaneously mitigating embrittlement and enhancing surface hardening, offering generalizable for laser repair of quench-prone materials (e.g., tool steels, martensitic stainless steels) in heavy-duty machinery and aerospace applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 119036"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144920026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing constitutive modeling and workability analysis via deformation history-informed recurrent neural networks: A case study on 2024 aluminum alloy","authors":"Chang Gao ,&nbsp;Hongning Wen ,&nbsp;Jinchuan Long ,&nbsp;Junsong Jin ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Tang ,&nbsp;Xinyun Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Deng ,&nbsp;Pan Gong ,&nbsp;Mao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate prediction of the thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) response of metals is essential for optimizing their industrial manufacturing processes. However, existing constitutive models are limited in capturing the non-linear flow behavior arising from complex deformation histories, resulting in poor predictive accuracy and generalization ability. This work presents a novel machine learning (ML)-based end-to-end constitutive modeling framework that directly incorporates the nonlinear effects of non-costant deformation history on future flow stress. Using the hot forming of 2024 aluminum (Al) alloy as a case study, its TMP behavior was systematically investigated through hot compression tests under temperatures of 300–450 °C and strain rates of 0.01–10 s⁻¹. Two ML models—artificial neural network (ANN) and long short-term memory (LSTM)—were trained and benchmarked against the traditional Arrhenius-type model. Owing to inherent ability to encode sequential data, the LSTM model achieves significantly improved predictive accuracy and generalization ability, especially under large-strain and non-constant thermo-mechanical loading conditions. This approach also enables a more reliable hot workability characterization of metals, providing new insights into the causal relationship between TMP parameters and microstructural evolutions, including flow instability and various dynamic recrystallization. The proposed framework represents a significant step forward in data-driven modeling of complex TMP responses, offering practical guidance for the design and control of advanced metals processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 119043"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature-dependent microstructural evolution and surface integrity in machining of directed energy deposition-316L","authors":"Jining Li ,&nbsp;Dong Gao ,&nbsp;Yong Lu ,&nbsp;Shusong Zan ,&nbsp;Yifei Zeng ,&nbsp;Wentao Qin ,&nbsp;Qinghe Guan ,&nbsp;Kenan Deng ,&nbsp;Zhirong Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM) process, residual heat from the additive stage exists during the subtractive stage, and only dry cutting can be used. This results in relatively poor surface quality of the machined parts. Therefore, how to make use of this residual heat to enhance the surface quality is of vital importance. However, research in this area remains unclear and insufficiently thorough. To address this issue, 316 L stainless steel specimens manufactured by directed energy deposition (DED) are used to investigate the effects of elevated workpiece temperature on surface quality and tool wear during the milling process. The surface energy storage, and the strengthening mechanisms of the material's microstructure are systematically analyzed to reveal the underlying mechanism of the results. Experimental results demonstrate a non-monotonic relationship between workpiece temperature (20—400 °C) and machining outcomes: As the temperature rises from 20 °C to 220 °C, the tool wear rate decreases and surface defects are reduced; however, this trend reverses in the temperature range of 260—400 °C. This transition is related to fundamental changes in deformation mechanisms: at elevated temperatures, the stored energy in the material decreases, resulting in reduced dislocation density and twin boundary fraction. This weakens the microstructural strengthening effect, lowers the surface hardness, and makes the material more prone to machining defects. When the temperature rises from 20 °C to 220 °C, the annihilation of dislocations and the migration of grain boundaries intensify, resulting in a thinner grain refinement layer. However, as the temperature continues to rise to 400 ℃, it accelerates the nucleation of new grains and expands the nucleation zone, controlling the deformation mechanism and resulting in a thicker grain remelting layer. As the first investigation linking workpiece temperature rise to stored energy in the machined workpiece, this work establishes a theoretical framework for optimizing inter-process temperature management in additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing. The findings advance fundamental understanding of ASHM while providing theoretical guidelines for enhancing surface integrity and tool life through strategic temperature selection during practical subtractive processing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 119044"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanism of WE43 magnesium alloy subjected to electropulsing-assisted laser shock peening","authors":"Hongbiao Hu,&nbsp;Zongshen Wang,&nbsp;Zhenshan Guo,&nbsp;Jin Li,&nbsp;Yongling Wu,&nbsp;Hongyu Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119042","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119042","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>WE43 magnesium alloy has a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structure exhibiting poor plasticity and is difficult to process owing to the limited number of slip systems activated at room temperature. Laser shock peening (LSP) has been shown to significantly enhance its mechanical properties, however, excessive laser power may cause surface damage such as cracking. In this study, electropulsing-assisted laser shock peening (ELSP) is investigated for the synergistic effects of laser shockwaves and electron wind to achieve substantial grain refinement at the surface, while significantly enhancing grain growth in deeper regions through the Joule heating effect, and generating deeper compressive residual stress (CRS) and improving the alloy’s overall performance. The results show that ELSP significantly reduces the alloy’s flow stress and increases the depth of the CRS layer to 0.93 mm—a 47.6 % increase as compared to LSP treatment. Furthermore, ELSP not only enhances surface integrity but also promotes dynamic recrystallization, greatly refining the surface microstructure and forming a distinct fine-to-coarse gradient structure, which lead to a 20.6 % increase in tensile strength and a 48.1 % increase in ductility. The study offers a new route for the surface enhancement of high-performance magnesium alloys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 119042"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure and mechanical property evolution in 36MnB5 hot-stamping steel via multi-step tempering–forming: Achieving strength–ductility–residual stress synergy","authors":"Xinwei Wang,&nbsp;Haotian Chen,&nbsp;Renbo Song,&nbsp;Shuai Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the limitations of low ductility and high residual stress in conventional 36MnB5 hot-stamping steel, this study investigates the effects of multi-step tempering strategies on microstructure evolution and mechanical behavior. Three distinct heat treatment routes—quenching-forming (QF), once-tempering-forming (Q1TF), and triple-tempering-forming (Q3TF)—were systematically compared. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) were employed to analyze the retained austenite content and carbide morphology. The QF process delivered the highest ultimate tensile strength of approximately 2372 MPa, but exhibited poor ductility, with elongation limited to 3.2 %, and retained austenite content of less than 0.5 %. The Q1TF process enhanced ductility to 8.0 % and increased retained austenite content to around 2.1 %, though it resulted in reduced strength. Notably, the Q3TF process achieved a desirable combination of properties, including a tensile strength of 2305 MPa, elongation of 8.24 %, and retained austenite content close to 3.0 %, along with a significant reduction in residual stress to 394 MPa. These improvements are attributed to effective stabilization of retained austenite and refined dispersion of carbides through controlled multi-step tempering. The study elucidates the underlying strengthening and toughening mechanisms associated with multi-step tempering and offers a viable pathway for optimizing the balance of strength, ductility, and residual stress in ultrahigh-strength steels. This work provides valuable insight for the design of advanced hot-stamping steels for crash-resistant automotive components demanding both mechanical robustness and excellent formability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 119039"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving strength-ductility synergy of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy with dense fine-grained microstructure via continuous alternating differential speed extrusion","authors":"Dawei Meng ,&nbsp;Yan Xu ,&nbsp;Jianbo Jia ,&nbsp;Bo Xu ,&nbsp;Lianxi Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extruded magnesium (Mg) alloys have long been plagued by severe anisotropy, which severely impedes their widespread industrial application despite outstanding lightweight potential. To overcome this persistent challenge, an innovative continuous alternating differential speed extrusion (CADSE) process was proposed in this study, which utilizes asymmetric strain fields to concurrently achieve anisotropy control and mechanical performance enhancement. As a groundbreaking demonstration, Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy sheets with simultaneously enhanced mechanical performance and reduced anisotropy were successfully fabricated for the first time by employing the CADSE process. The effects of the asymmetric cavity structure on microstructure evolution, texture characteristics, and deformation mechanisms of the billet was systematically investigated during the CADSE process. Moreover, the intrinsic mechanisms for the retention of fine-grained structure and strength-ductility enhancement in the extruded sheets were also elucidated. The results indicated that the mechanical properties of the extruded sheets were significantly strengthened, with the E460 (extruded at 460 °C) sheet demonstrating superior stretch forming performance compared to the E430 (extruded at 430 °C) sheet. The superior combination of strength and ductility was obtained in the E460–45° sample, exhibiting tensile yield strength (TYS) of 256 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 323 MPa, and elongation of 22.7 %. The strength improvement originated from microstructural refinement, the retained high-hardness deformed grains, and the precipitation of stacking faults (SFs) within the recrystallized grains. In contrast, the exceptional ductility enhancement stemmed from high proportion of recrystallization and the elimination of intergranular secondary phases. The continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) mechanism served as the primary nucleation mechanism throughout the CADSE process. Conversely, the twinning-induced dynamic recrystallization (TDRX) mechanism played merely a minor role within the first two channels. Moreover, with increasing cumulative strain, the predominant deformation mode in deformed grains shifted from basal &lt;a&gt; slip to prismatic &lt;a&gt; slip. The combined effects of segregation of solute atoms at recrystallized grain boundaries, SFs precipitation within recrystallized grains, and fragmented long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases effectively suppressed microstructural coarsening in the extruded sheets. The CADSE process represents a breakthrough in metal forming technology, establishing a new paradigm for anisotropic control and mechanical property enhancement. This innovative methodology establishes a general framework for extruded sheet manufacturing applicable across diverse material systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 119040"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of viscous layer on the mechanical properties and fracture mechanism of friction stir butt welded Al/Steel joints","authors":"Shuai Gong ,&nbsp;Lize Li ,&nbsp;Guocheng Shao ,&nbsp;Shuhai Chen ,&nbsp;Zhenggang Wu ,&nbsp;Jihua Huang ,&nbsp;Jian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2025.119038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum (Al)/steel has been extensively studied. However, there is limited research on the material flow and deformation behavior between FSW tools, Al base materials as well as steel base materials. In this paper, Al alloy was joined to steel by FSW and an in-depth study of the viscous layer was conducted. The study revealed that the different regions of the stirring zone had inconsistent material flows and microstructures. Furthermore, according to the characteristics of material flow and deformation in the distinct regions, the formation process of the unique \"C-shaped\" bonding interface was summarized. In addition, the study of exit hole revealed the presence of a viscous layer on the steel surface consisting of plastic Al. The formation process of this viscous layer and its role in forming welded joints were investigated. The viscous layer has a critical impact on joint performance. Different microstructures of the viscous layer led to various crack propagation paths, which ultimately resulted in different joint failure mechanisms, thus affecting the joint properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":367,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Materials Processing Technology","volume":"344 ","pages":"Article 119038"},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}