Cerebellum and Ataxias最新文献

{"title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation as a tool to study cerebellar-M1 interactions in humans","authors":"S. Tremblay, D. Austin, R. Hannah, J. Rothwell","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0057-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40673-016-0057-z","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40673-016-0057-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65740794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive cerebellar degeneration revealing Primary Sjögren Syndrome: a case report","authors":"Emna Farhat, M. Zouari, Ines Ben Abdelaziz, C. Drissi, R. Beyrouti, M. B. Hammouda, F. Hentati","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0056-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40673-016-0056-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40673-016-0056-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65740778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol-related cerebellar degeneration: not all down to toxicity?","authors":"P. Shanmugarajah, N. Hoggard, S. Currie, D. Aeschlimann, Pascale C. Aeschlimann, D. Gleeson, M. Karajeh, N. Woodroofe, R. Grünewald, M. Hadjivassiliou","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0055-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40673-016-0055-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40673-016-0055-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65740727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological disease.","authors":"Roberta Ferrucci,&nbsp;Tommaso Bocci,&nbsp;Francesca Cortese,&nbsp;Fabiana Ruggiero,&nbsp;Alberto Priori","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0054-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40673-016-0054-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with neurological diseases, including dementia, epilepsy, post-stroke dysfunctions, movement disorders, and other pathological conditions. Because of this technique's ability to modify cerebellar excitability without significant side effects, cerebellar tDCS is a new, interesting, and powerful tool to induce plastic modifications in the cerebellum. In this report, we review a number of interesting studies on the application of cerebellar tDCS for various neurological conditions (ataxia, Parkinson's disease, dystonia, essential tremor) and the possible mechanism by which the stimulation acts on the cerebellum. Study findings indicate that cerebellar tDCS is a promising therapeutic tool in treating several neurological disorders; however, this method's efficacy appears to be limited, given the current data. </p>","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40673-016-0054-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34362605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The in vivo reduction of afferent facilitation induced by low frequency electrical stimulation of the motor cortex is antagonized by cathodal direct current stimulation of the cerebellum.","authors":"Nordeyn Oulad Ben Taib,&nbsp;Mario Manto","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0053-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40673-016-0053-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Low-frequency electrical stimulation to the motor cortex (LFSMC) depresses the excitability of motor circuits by long-term depression (LTD)-like effects. The interactions between LFSMC and cathodal direct current stimulation (cDCS) over the cerebellum are unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed the corticomotor responses and the afferent facilitation of corticomotor responses during a conditioning paradigm in anaesthetized rats. We applied LFSMC at a frequency of 1 Hz and a combination of LFSMC with cDCS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LFSMC significantly depressed both the corticomotor responses and the afferent facilitation of corticomotor responses. Simultaneous application of cDCS over the cerebellum antagonized the depression of corticomotor responses and cancelled the depression of the afferent facilitation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results demonstrate that cDCS of the cerebellum is a potent modulator the inhibition of the motor circuits induced by LFSMC applied in vivo. These results expand our understanding of the effects of cerebellar DCS on motor commands and open novel applications for a cerebellar remote control of LFSMC-induced neuroplasticity. We suggest that the cerebellum acts as a neuronal machine supervising not only long-term potentiation (LTP)-like effects, but also LTD-like effects in the motor cortex, two mechanisms which underlie cerebello-cerebral interactions and the cerebellar control of remote plasticity. Implications for clinical ataxiology are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40673-016-0053-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34350882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MRI-based cerebellar volume measurements correlate with the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale score in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration or multiple system atrophy.","authors":"Daisuke Hara, Futaba Maki, Shigeaki Tanaka, Rie Sasaki, Yasuhiro Hasegawa","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0052-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40673-016-0052-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Progression of clinical symptoms and cerebellar atrophy may vary among subtypes of spinocerebellar degeneration and multiple system atrophy. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to demonstrate the relationship between the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS) score and cerebellar volume derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a broad spectrum of Japanese patients with cerebellar ataxia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 86 patients with cerebellar ataxia (18 with cortical cerebellar atrophy, 34 with spinocerebellar ataxia, and 34 with multiple system atrophy) and 30 healthy subjects were studied. MRI-based cerebellar volume measurements were performed in all subjects using T1-weighted images acquired with a 1.5-T MRI scanner. The cerebellar volume/cranial anteroposterior (AP) diameter was used for statistical analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Stepwise multiple regression analyses demonstrated that cerebellar volume/cranial AP diameter and midbrain AP/cranial AP diameter were significantly associated with the total score and domain I sub-score of ICARS. We found no interactions between these two anatomical factors in the ICARS total and domain I sub-scores. The main effects of these two predictors were statistically significant both in total and domain I sub-scores (p = 0.001 and 0.022, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cerebellar volume and midbrain AP diameter normalized to the cranial AP diameter were significantly correlated with the ICARS total and domain I sub-scores. Further longitudinal studies are warranted to explore the role of these MRI biomarkers for predicting disease progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40673-016-0052-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34660751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebellar involvement in Parkinson's disease resting tremor.","authors":"Shannon C Lefaivre,&nbsp;Matt J N Brown,&nbsp;Quincy J Almeida","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0051-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40673-016-0051-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There exists a lack of consensus regarding how cerebellar over-activity might influence tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD). Specifically, it is unclear whether resting or postural tremor are differentially affected by cerebellar dysfunction. It is important to note that previous studies have only evaluated the influence of inhibitory stimulation on the lateral cerebellum, and have not considered the medial cerebellum. The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of a low-frequency rTMS protocol applied to the medial versus lateral cerebellum to localize the effects of cerebellar over-activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fifty PD participants were randomly assigned to receive stimulation over the medial cerebellum (n = 20), lateral cerebellum (n = 20) or sham stimulation (n = 10). 900 pulses were delivered at 1Hz at 120 % resting motor threshold of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Tremor was assessed quantitatively (before and after stimulation) using the Kinesia Homeview system which utilizes a wireless finger accelerometer to record tremor.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The main finding was that resting tremor severity was reduced in tremor-dominant individuals, regardless of whether stimulation was applied over the medial (p = 0.024) or lateral (p = 0.033) cerebellum, but not in the sham group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Given that the cerebellum is overactive in PD, the improvements in resting tremor following an inhibitory stimulation protocol suggest that over-activity in cerebellar nuclei may be involved in the generation of resting tremor in PD. Low-frequency rTMS over the medial or lateral cerebellum provides promise of an alternative treatment for tremor in PD, a symptom that is poorly responsive to dopaminergic replacement.</p>","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40673-016-0051-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34561979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Staining of cerebellar cortex granular layer interneurons with natural dye of Madder.","authors":"Anneh Mohammad Gharravi","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0050-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40673-016-0050-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The objective of the present study was an investigation of root Rubia Tinctorum (Madder) as a natural dye to identification of granular layer interneurons of the rat cerebellum.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seven to ten micrometre sections were collected from the cerebellum and stained only with Madder for 2, 24 and 48 h. Other sections were stained with Madder then with hematoxyllin, cresyl violet, eosin, light green. Microscopic identification of cells was performed based on cell morphology, reaction and binding of with the dye. All data were expressed as mean ± SD in and significance was set at p ≤0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Madder with alum as mordant resulted a deep red staining of interneurons. Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) were observed with a cell body diameter intermediate between granule and Golgi cells in the superficial layer of the granular layer. Golgi cells were identified almost as large as Purkinje cells with irregular rounded or polygonal morphology. Lugaro cells were observed as spindle-shaped cells adjacent to Purkinje layer.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results of the present study showed that mader could stain granular layer interneurons in cerebellum cortex of rat.</p>","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40673-016-0050-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34544554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The prominent role of the cerebellum in the learning, origin and advancement of culture.","authors":"Larry Vandervert","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0049-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40673-016-0049-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Vandervert described how, in collaboration with the cerebral cortex, unconscious learning of cerebellar internal models leads to enhanced executive control in working memory in expert music performance and in scientific discovery. Following Vandervert's arguments, it is proposed that since music performance and scientific discovery, two pillars of cultural learning and advancement, are learned through in cerebellar internal models, it is reasonable that additional if not all components of culture may be learned in the same way. Within this perspective strong evidence is presented that argues that the learning, maintenance, and advancement of culture are accomplished primarily by recently-evolved (the last million or so years) motor/cognitive functions of the cerebellum and not primarily by the cerebral cortex as previously assumed. It is suggested that the unconscious cerebellar mechanism behind the origin and learning of culture greatly expands Ito's conception of the cerebellum as \"a brain for an implicit self.\"</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Through the mechanism of predictive sequence detection in cerebellar internal models related to the body, other persons, or the environment, it is shown how individuals can unconsciously learn the elements of culture and yet, at the same time, be in social sync with other members of culture. Further, this predictive, cerebellar mechanism of socialization toward the norms of culture is hypothesized to be diminished among children who experience excessive television viewing, which results in lower grades, poor socialization, and diminished executive control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is concluded that the essential components of culture are learned and sustained not by the cerebral cortex alone as many traditionally believe, but are learned through repetitious improvements in prediction and control by internal models in the cerebellum. From this perspective, the following new explanations of culture are discussed: (1) how culture can be learned unconsciously but yet be socially in sync with others, (2) how the recent evolutionary expansion of the cerebellum was involved in the co-evolution of earliest stone tools and language-leading to the cerebellum-driven origin of culture, (3) how cerebellar internal models are blended to produce the creative, forward advances in culture, (4) how the blending of cerebellar internal models led to human, multi-component, infinitely partitionable and communicable working memory, (5) how excessive television viewing may represent a cultural shift that diminishes the observational learning of internal models of the behavior of others and thus may result in a mild, parallel version of Schmahmann's cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40673-016-0049-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34365228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cerebellar fastigial nucleus: from anatomic construction to physiological functions.","authors":"Xiao-Yang Zhang, Jian-Jun Wang, Jing-Ning Zhu","doi":"10.1186/s40673-016-0047-1","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40673-016-0047-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fastigial nucleus (FN) is the phylogenetically oldest nucleus in the cerebellum, a classical subcortical motor coordinator. As one of the ultimate integration stations and outputs of the spinocerebellum, the FN holds a key position in the axial, proximal and ocular motor control by projecting to the medial descending systems and eye movement related nuclei. Furthermore, through topographic connections with extensive nonmotor systems, including visceral related nuclei in the brainstem, hypothalamus, as well as the limbic system, FN has also been implicated in regulation of various nonsomatic functions, such as feeding, cardiovascular and respiratory, defecation and micturition, immune, as well as emotional activities. In clinic, FN lesion or dysfunction results in motor deficits including spinocerebellar ataxias, and nonmotor symptoms. In this review, we summarize the cytoarchitecture, anatomic afferent and efferent connections, as well as the motor and nonmotor functions of the FN and the related diseases and disorders. We suggest that by bridging the motor and nonmotor systems, the cerebellar FN may help to integrate somatic motor and nonsomatic functions and consequently contribute to generate a coordinated response to internal and external environments. </p>","PeriodicalId":36752,"journal":{"name":"Cerebellum and Ataxias","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4853849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34453922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}