Journal for Person-Oriented Research最新文献

{"title":"Evidence for the Feasibility of Person-Specific Ecological Momentary Assessment Across Diverse Populations and Study Designs.","authors":"Peter D Soyster,&nbsp;Hannah G Bosley,&nbsp;Jonathan W Reeves,&nbsp;Allison D Altman,&nbsp;Aaron J Fisher","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2019.06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Clinical psychological science has seen an exciting shift toward the use of person-specific (idiographic) approaches to studying psychopathology and change in treatment at the level of the individual. One commonly used method in idiographic research is ecological momentary assessment (EMA). EMA offers a way to sample individuals intensively - often multiple times per day - as they go about their lives. While these methods offer benefits such as greater ecological validity and streamlined data collection, many share concerns about their feasibility across diverse clinical populations. To investigate the feasibility of using EMA to study psychological processes idiographically both in- and out of the context of therapy, the present study aggregated participants across seven studies spanning diverse clinical and community populations (<i>N</i> = 496), all of which utilized an idiographic EMA approach to study symptoms of psychopathology (e.g., PTSD, mood and anxiety, substance abuse). In a series of linear regression models, participant and study design characteristics were used to predict compliance with EMA surveys. Across study designs, we found that (1) participants were willing to report on symptoms and mechanisms relating to a wide range of psychopathological domains; (2) on average, participants completed 82.21% (<i>SD</i> = 16.34%) of all EMA surveys; and (3) compliance with EMA surveys was not significantly related to participant demographics, psychological diagnosis, personality characteristics, or most study characteristics (e.g., number of surveys per day). These findings suggest feasibility of idiographic EMA for collecting the data needed to understand psychopathology and change in treatment at the level of the individual.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"53-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Chaos.","authors":"Guido Strunk, Anna Lichtwarck-Aschoff","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.08","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2019.08","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The conventional view on interventions as mechanistically causing interchangeable clients to get better has come under attack. Group-based and linear approaches fall short in adequately describing the idiosyncratic and dynamic nature of treatment processes. Non-linear dynamic system theories in contrast hold great potential to better conceptualize and understand the generalities and idiosyncrasies of psychotherapeutic change processes. The aim of this study was to examine whether we can detect markers of complex dynamical systems behavior in two single-case therapies. All sessions from both therapies were coded with sequential plan analysis using a 10s sampling frequency. The coding system incorporates verbal and non-verbal behaviors and allows for the representation of contextualized interactive behaviors. The high sampling frequency results in long time series, which allowed us to apply non-linear analysis techniques. We found strong support for complex behavior and the existence of a butterfly effect, i.e., a relatively short prediction horizon in which reliable predictions about the system's future behavior could be made. Further, critical fluctuations as a marker for phase-transitions were detected that were accompanied with different interactional patterns in both therapies. Finally, there was strong support for self-organized pattern formation, with a few interactional patterns dominating the interaction. Considering that we are intervening on complex dynamical systems means that we have to (1) acknowledge the principal individuality of change processes, (2) accept the fundamental limitations of the mechanistic input-output model of treatment effects and (3) appreciate the impossibility of long-term predictions of treatment responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"81-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842624/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards a Person-Oriented Approach to Psychotherapy Research.","authors":"Lars-Gunnar Lundh, Fredrik Falkenström","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.07","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2019.07","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Common conclusions from traditional psychotherapy research are that we still do not know how or why even our most well-studied interventions produce change, and that there is little evidence that any form of psychotherapy is generally more effective than any other. This has led some researchers to the so-called Dodo Bird Verdict, that all forms of psychotherapy are equally effective, and to the conclusion that what is at work are \"common factors\" that have little to do with treatment method. An alternative explanation, however, is that the traditional research paradigm is insufficiently sensitive to provide us with the required kind of knowledge. First, the outcome in typical RCTs is averaged across individuals, and at best complemented by a search for predictors in the form of stable individual differences. This means that this research stays at a group level of analysis and is insensitive to variation and change in individual patients. Second, the independent variable in RCTs does not consist in any well-controlled psychological intervention, but in large-scale treatment packages that contain a large number of interventions over a considerable time period. In other words, this research is insensitive to the effects of specific treatment interventions. Third, traditional psychotherapy research is insensitive to the therapist and patient as individual persons, and their specific interaction. It is argued that a person-oriented approach to psychotherapy, which is idiographic, holistic and interactional, may be able to overcome some of these problems by being more sensitive to (1) the treatment course of individual patients, and patterns during that course; (2) the effects of the specific interventions that are implemented over time, and (3) the personal characteristics of patient and therapist, and nuances of their interaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"65-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842621/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining Therapeutic Outcomes of Depression Treatment.","authors":"Christien Slofstra,&nbsp;Sanne H Booij,&nbsp;H J Rogier Hoenders,&nbsp;Stynke Castelein","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2019.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Responses to evidence-based interventions for depression are divergent: Some patients benefit more than others during treatment and some do not benefit at all or even deteriorate. Tailoring interventions to the individual may improve outcomes. However, such personalization of evidence-based treatment in depression requires investigation of individual outcomes and the individual trajectories towards these outcomes. This theoretical paper provides a critical reflection on individual outcomes of depression treatment. First, it is argued that outcomes should be broadened, from a focus on mainly depressive symptomatology to recovery in different domains. It is acknowledged that recovery from depression reflects a personal journey that differs from person to person. Second, outcome measures should be lengthened beyond the acute treatment phase, taking a lifetime perspective on depression. The challenge then is to discover which trajectories of what measures during what interventions result in personalized sustainable recovery and for whom. Routine outcome monitoring systems may be used to inform this quest towards assessment of personalized sustainable therapeutic outcomes. Adaptations to broaden and lengthen measurements in routine outcome monitoring systems are proposed to identify predictors of personalized sustainable recovery. Routine outcome monitoring systems may eventually be used to implement personalized treatments for depression that result in personalized sustainable recovery.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Processes in Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT) Related to Chronic Pain Outcomes Within Individuals Over Time? An Exploratory Study Using <i>n</i>-of-1 Designs.","authors":"Hester R Trompetter,&nbsp;Derek W Johnston,&nbsp;Marie Johnston,&nbsp;Miriam M Vollenbroek-Hutten,&nbsp;Karlein M G Schreurs","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2019.11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (ACT) explicitly postulates experiential avoidance (EA) and values-based living (VBL) as essential treatment processes. As outcomes from between-subject studies cannot readily be generalized to within-subject processes in individuals, we explored the unfolding of, and relationship between, EA and VBL and levels of pain interference in daily life and emotional well-being within individuals experiencing chronic pain.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using <i>n-</i>of-1 designs, three participants following a multidisciplinary treatment program filled out a 12-item daily questionnaire (87-110 days). After multiple imputation of missing data, McKnight Time-series analysis procedures were performed for each participant separately. The interrelationships of EA, VBL and pain intensity, and the relationship of EA and VBL beyond pain intensity with both chronic pain outcomes were assessed both concurrently (same day) and prospectively (consecutive days).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both EA and VBL were associated with at least one of five outcome variables (four domains of pain interference and emotional well-being) beyond pain intensity in two participants, but not in the third participant. These associations primarily existed for concurrent, but not consecutive, days. In contrast to VBL, EA was not associated with emotional well-being for any of the three participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although the finding that ACT-processes were associated with pain outcomes on concurrent days is consistent with ACT theory, the absence of such associations on consecutive days means that alternative explanations cannot be rule out. One possibility is that pain interference fluctuates within days at a higher variability rate than was currently assessed. Future research should consider using a higher measurement frequency to be able to grasp time-lagged effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"123-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842648/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Affect Dynamics as Predictors of Symptom Severity and Treatment Response in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: Evidence for Specificity.","authors":"Hannah G Bosley,&nbsp;Peter D Soyster,&nbsp;Aaron J Fisher","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2019.09","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies of affect dynamics in psychopathology often focus on the prediction of broad constructs like subjective well-being and psychological health. Less is known about how fluctuation in affect over time relates to specific symptom measures (e.g., anxiety or depression), or how these domains change in treatment. A clinical sample of 32 adults with mood and anxiety disorders (13 generalized anxiety, 5 major depression, 14 comorbid) completed four daily assessments of positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) for 30 days prior to receiving cognitive behavioral treatment. Anxiety and depression symptom severity were assessed pre- and post-treatment. We calculated three metrics of affect dynamics for each person's PA and NA time series: (1) <i>variability</i> (experiencing emotional extremes, the standard deviation of a person's PA or NA vector); (2) <i>instability</i> (magnitude of point-to-point change in emotion, the vector's mean squared successive difference); and (3) <i>inertia</i> (the extent to which emotions self-perpetuate over time, the lag-1 autocorrelation of the vector). Multiple regression models were run to test dynamics of positive and negative affect as between-subjects predictors of symptom severity and pre-to-posttreatment change in symptoms. Findings suggest NA dynamics are unrelated to depression symptom severity or treatment response, but we observed a specific effect of NA instability (MSSD) on both severity and response of anxiety symptoms. All PA dynamics were unrelated to anxiety or depression symptom severity. However, variability, instability, and inertia of PA were all found to relate to treatment response for both anxiety and depression symptoms. Taken together, our results suggest that affect dynamics have some specificity in their relationship to clinically relevant phenomena such as symptom severity and treatment outcomes at the between-subjects level of analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"101-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842610/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue: Studying Therapeutic Change at the Level of the Individual.","authors":"Lars-Gunnar Lundh","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.05","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2019.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 2","pages":"51-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7869608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Occurrence of Four States of Consciousness as a Function of Trait Absorption.","authors":"Joseph Glicksohn","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.03","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2019.03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Four states of consciousness are considered here: the hypnagogic state (the transitional state between waking and sleeping); the hypnopompic state (the transitional state between sleeping and waking); lucid dreaming (insight to the fact that one is currently dreaming); and the out-of-the-body experience (perceiving the world from a location outside the physical body). There are different patterns of occurrence of experience with these states of consciousness, and the present data set deriving from a cross-sectional study (a convenience sample comprising 251 participants who had completed a battery of questionnaires, as reported in Glicksohn & Barrett, 2003), enables one to plot these configurations. There are two contrasting positions on the relationship that trait Absorption will bear on the pattern of occurrence of these different profiles of subjective experience, or configuration of profiles of states. One is that higher Absorption will entail more differentiation among these states of consciousness; the other is that higher Absorption will entail less differentiation among these states. Both positions find support in the present data set: higher Absorption entails more differentiation as one moves from those respondents scoring slightly lower than the median to those scoring slightly higher than the median on Absorption, whereas very high Absorption entails less differentiation relative to very low Absorption.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"27-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stability and Change in Patterns of Adolescent Antisocial Behavior.","authors":"Knut Sundell,&nbsp;Jenny Eklund,&nbsp;Laura Ferrer-Wreder","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17505/jpor.2019.01","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Research examining relations between various types of antisocial behavior (ASB) have generally been based on cross-sectional data. Although there is a strong correlation between types of ASB, it has been less common to examine how patterns of adolescents' problems vary over time. This study used a person-oriented approach to examine patterns of ASB in adolescents longitudinally and also investigated how these patterns were associated with three outcomes. The sample consisted of 778 Swedish adolescents in grade 7 (13 years old) followed over time to grade 9. Patterns of ASB were identified based on adolescent-reported tobacco and alcohol use, truancy, bullying in school, and delinquency. The outcomes were drug use, depressive symptoms, and missing grades in grade 9. Results revealed an escalation in the frequency and seriousness of ASB over time, although the largest single cluster over time evidenced no ASB. One cluster in particular increased the risk of drug use, depression, and missing grades at grade 9. Results are discussed in relation to school-based prevention efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7842611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A hybrid approach to regime shift detection.","authors":"Alexander von Eye, Wolfgang Wiedermann, Stefan von Weber","doi":"10.17505/jpor.2019.04","DOIUrl":"10.17505/jpor.2019.04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, we propose a method for the analysis of regime shifts in frequency data. This method identifies those points in the development of a process for which deviations are most extreme. Based on a statistical model, functions are estimated that describe the process. This description can represent either the entire series of scores or the series before and after a shift point. The shift point can be either given a priori or estimated from the data. The method is hybrid in that it first uses standard models for the estimation of parameters of the process that is examined and then, in a second step, elements of Configural Frequency Analysis. Uni- and multivariate versions of the method are proposed. In data examples, road traffic data from California and Germany are analyzed before and after particular shift points. Extensions of the proposed method are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":36744,"journal":{"name":"Journal for Person-Oriented Research","volume":"5 1","pages":"37-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7848952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25355038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}