Recycling最新文献_第10页

Microstructural and Thermal Behaviour of Composite Material from Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate and Fly Ash 再生聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯与粉煤灰复合材料的微观结构与热性能

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2023-01-09 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010011

Nur Hazzarita Mohd Nasir, F. Usman, Ean Lee Woen, M. Ansari, A. Supian, S. Saloma

{"title":"Microstructural and Thermal Behaviour of Composite Material from Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate and Fly Ash","authors":"Nur Hazzarita Mohd Nasir, F. Usman, Ean Lee Woen, M. Ansari, A. Supian, S. Saloma","doi":"10.3390/recycling8010011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010011","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the environmental impact of plastic waste is crucial, and in the energy industry, fly ash, a type of solid waste, has also prompted severe ecological and safety concerns. In this study, we synthesised composite material from two industrial wastes: recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) as the matrix and fly ash as the filler. The effect of different fly ash loadings on the thermal behaviour and microstructure of the composite material using rPET were evaluated. Various loading amounts of fly ash, up to 68%, were added in the rPET mixtures, and composites were made using a single-threaded bar’s barrel extruder. The feeding zone, compression zone, and metering zone made up the three functional areas of the extruder machine with a single-flighted, stepped compression screw. The composite materials were subjected to DSC and SEM equipped with EDX spectroscopy tests to examine their thermal behaviour and microstructural development. It was found that the thermal behaviour of rPET improved with the addition of fly ash but degraded as the fly ash loading increased to 68%, as confirmed by the DSC study. The composites’ microstructural development revealed an even filler distribution within the polymer matrix. However, when the fly ash loading increased, voids and agglomeration accumulated, affecting the composites’ thermal behaviour.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44943916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Stabilization of Soft Soil by a Sustainable Binder Comprises Ground Granulated Blast Slag (GGBS) and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) 由磨碎的粒状高炉矿渣（GGBS）和水泥窑粉尘（CKD）组成的可持续粘结剂稳定软土

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2023-01-08 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010010

Ruqayah Al-Khafaji, A. Dulaimi, H. Jafer, Nuha Salim Mashaan, Shaker Qaidi, Zahraa Salam Obaid, Zahraa Jwaida

{"title":"Stabilization of Soft Soil by a Sustainable Binder Comprises Ground Granulated Blast Slag (GGBS) and Cement Kiln Dust (CKD)","authors":"Ruqayah Al-Khafaji, A. Dulaimi, H. Jafer, Nuha Salim Mashaan, Shaker Qaidi, Zahraa Salam Obaid, Zahraa Jwaida","doi":"10.3390/recycling8010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010010","url":null,"abstract":"Due to its significant deficiencies such as low permeability, low bearing and shear strength, and excessive compressibility, soft soil is one of the most problematic types of soil in civil engineering and soil stabilization can be considered a suitable technique for pavements. This study investigates the use of ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and cement kiln dust (CKD) as stabilizers for soft soil. Thus, this study involves two optimization stages; in the first stage, GGBS was incorporated into 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by the weight of cement to obtain the optimal percentage, which was 6%. Then, the optimal GGBS was blended with CKD in a binary system at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% by the dry weight of the soil. The testing program used in this paper was Atterberg limits with compaction parameters to investigate the physical properties and unconfined compressive strength (USC) at 7 and 28 days to examine the mechanical characteristics. In addition, the microstructures of the soil specimens were tested at 7 and 28 days using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The findings reveal that the binary system enhanced the physical and mechanical properties of the soft soil. The optimum binder achieved in this study was 6% (25% GGBS and 75% CKD), which generates an increase in strength of about 3.3 times in 7 days, and of 5.5 times in 28 days in comparison to the untreated soil. The enhancement was attributed to the formation of the hydration products as approved by SEM. Consequently, in the case of soft subgrade soils, this technique can increase the pavement’s bearing capacity and performance.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44824597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

The Uptake of Recycled Plastic in Manufacturing Companies: A Moral Responsibility or Worthwhile Business Strategy? 制造企业吸收再生塑料:道德责任还是值得的商业策略?

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2023-01-07 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010009

Owais Khan

引用次数: 1

Upscaling of a Mechanochemical Devulcanization Process for EPDM Rubber Waste from a Batch to a Continuous System EPDM橡胶废料机械化学脱硫化工艺由批处理改为连续系统的升级改造

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2023-01-06 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010008

Larissa Gschwind, Carmen-Simona Jordan

{"title":"Upscaling of a Mechanochemical Devulcanization Process for EPDM Rubber Waste from a Batch to a Continuous System","authors":"Larissa Gschwind, Carmen-Simona Jordan","doi":"10.3390/recycling8010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010008","url":null,"abstract":"The present work is a comparative study of the effects of mechanical shear, temperature, and concentration of a chemical agent on the devulcanization process of post-industrial ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber waste. Devulcanization was carried out in a heating press (no shear), an internal mixer (low shear), and a co-rotating twin screw extruder (high shear) at temperatures ranging from 100 to 200 °C. The efficiency of pure dibenzamido diphenyl disulfide (DBD) and a commercial devulcanizing agent, Struktol A89®, containing DBD were studied. Based on the results, the devulcanization process was upscaled from 40 g per batch to a continuous process with a capacity of 270 g/h. The parameters were fine-tuned regarding flow rate, screw speed, and temperature. Blends of virgin rubber (VR) and 25, 50, and 75 wt% recyclates were compared with blends of VR and 25, 50, and 75 wt% of untreated RWP. The quality of the recyclate was determined by rheometer tests, SEM images, TGA, and mechanical properties. The best results were obtained with 2 wt% DBD in the extruder with a temperature profile of 120 to 80 °C, 50 rpm, and 4.5 g per minute (gpm). The tensile strength and strain at break of the recyclate already met the requirements of DIN EN 681-1:2006 for the production of sealing systems. The compression set and Shore A hardness were restored by mixing recyclate with 25 wt% VR.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47072076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Development and Evaluation of Sustainable Bituminous Paver Blocks 可持续性沥青铺路砖的开发与评价

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010007

Padmakumar Radhakrishnan, Vignesh Dhurai

{"title":"Development and Evaluation of Sustainable Bituminous Paver Blocks","authors":"Padmakumar Radhakrishnan, Vignesh Dhurai","doi":"10.3390/recycling8010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010007","url":null,"abstract":"Most road surfaces globally are constructed using bituminous materials. The construction of new roads and the maintenance of existing ones demand a huge amount of virgin natural aggregates. Depletion of resources that takes place during the construction of the road has an impact on cost and also on the environment. Hence, there is a need to reduce virgin aggregate use for bituminous pavement construction. This can be achieved by utilizing sustainable materials such as marble waste and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in hot mix asphalt (HMA)-type road construction. This research work is focused on sustainable development goal (SDG) 12, exclusively on the target number 12.5 which describes the recycling and reuse of materials. However, no investigations were seen to be reported on the integrated utilization of sustainable materials and RAP in bituminous paver blocks. The bituminous mixes were evaluated based on strength and compared with the control mix in this study. Bituminous paver blocks were then cast using sustainable materials and tested in the laboratory to assess the performance of the blocks through a compression test, Cantabro loss test, and wheel rut test. The test results gave satisfactory values; hence, these bituminous blocks can be used for service maintenance of the pavement structures. The study indicates that using sustainable material along with RAP in blocks can provide an eco-friendly, easily maintainable pavement system which makes it a key approach to SDG 9 as well, in terms of innovative infrastructure solutions.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48502724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Release of PAH from Secondary Products Made from End-of-Life Tire Recyclates into 20% Aqueous Ethanol as Assessment of Human Dermal Absorption 从报废轮胎回收物制成的二次产品中释放PAH到20%乙醇水溶液中作为人体皮肤吸收的评估

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010006

S. Hoyer, L. Kroll, Benny Fischer, Kai Pisulla, A. Seidel

{"title":"Release of PAH from Secondary Products Made from End-of-Life Tire Recyclates into 20% Aqueous Ethanol as Assessment of Human Dermal Absorption","authors":"S. Hoyer, L. Kroll, Benny Fischer, Kai Pisulla, A. Seidel","doi":"10.3390/recycling8010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010006","url":null,"abstract":"Compliance with the legal limits set at the European level for the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are harmful to human health and the environment, is of central importance for the recycling of rubber, particularly end-of-life tires (ELT), into secondary products, e.g., elastic fall protection mats or anti-slip mats for the transport sector. However, different regulations associated with different analytical methods apply to newly produced tires on the one hand and secondary products made from ELT on the other. Given these discrepancies, ELT can potentially contain levels of PAH, which can be problematic when reused in consumer products. The total PAH content, however, is not without doubt a reliable risk indicator, which should ultimately be based primarily on the transfer of the substances from the product into the skin of human beings or their release into the environment. Accordingly, additional studies are required to determine the extent to which migration-based measurements are more suitable for risk assessment and how the PAH content correlates with migration. Complementing the recently published results of PAH content in different types of ELT, this study investigates the release of PAH for a range of typical secondary materials composed entirely or partly of ELT. In the present study, migration tests with 20% aqueous ethanol were applied, a methodology that has been shown in previous investigations by others to reflect human skin exposure well, and the resulting migration rates of PAH are determined.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42731492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Use of Biomass Ash in Reinforced Clayey Soil: A Multiscale Analysis of Solid-State Reactions 生物质灰在加筋粘土中的应用：固体反应的多尺度分析

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2022-12-29 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010005

M. Fastelli, Costanza Cambi, A. Zucchini, P. Sassi, Elia Pandolfi Balbi, L. Pioppi, F. Cotana, G. Cavalaglio, P. Comodi

{"title":"Use of Biomass Ash in Reinforced Clayey Soil: A Multiscale Analysis of Solid-State Reactions","authors":"M. Fastelli, Costanza Cambi, A. Zucchini, P. Sassi, Elia Pandolfi Balbi, L. Pioppi, F. Cotana, G. Cavalaglio, P. Comodi","doi":"10.3390/recycling8010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010005","url":null,"abstract":"Clayey soils are treated with binding agents to improve their mechanical properties, as these soils are widely used in construction. The production of binding agents is an energy-intensive process and emits significant amounts of CO2. In addition, the interest in recycling industry waste materials has increased, and the management of significant waste from biomass power plants remains an issue. We used three biomass ashes derived from pellet, olive, and grapevine combustion as stabilizing agents of a clayey soil. The mechanical effects of the treatment on clay-ash mixtures were evaluated using confined compressive tests. The mixtures’ chemo-mineralogical evolution was evaluated through X-ray powder diffraction and quantitative Rietveld analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy coupled with scanning electron microscopy (EDS-SEM). The FT-IR spectra showed an evolution of the Si-O-Si/Al features, with shifting band positions due to polymerization of the tetrahedral units. The EDS-SEM analysis showed an evolution of the Ca/Si distribution and the growth of pozzolanic reaction products, such as C-S-H nanocrystals and gels. This evidence confirms that the pozzolanic reaction occurs by dissolution of clay minerals and/or the amorphous phase of the ash, which affects the macroscopic behavior of clayey soils in terms of stiffening and strengthening, as confirmed by mechanical tests, albeit these effects are non-homogenous and continuous.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49090453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An Analysis of the Circular Economy Practices of Pesticide Container Waste in Pakistan 巴基斯坦农药容器废弃物循环经济实践分析

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2022-12-27 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010004

Ali Raza, S. A. A. Naqvi, Muhammad Abuzar Mehdi, Muhammad Usman, Sadia Ali, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah, Bilal Hussain

{"title":"An Analysis of the Circular Economy Practices of Pesticide Container Waste in Pakistan","authors":"Ali Raza, S. A. A. Naqvi, Muhammad Abuzar Mehdi, Muhammad Usman, Sadia Ali, Ashfaq Ahmad Shah, Bilal Hussain","doi":"10.3390/recycling8010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010004","url":null,"abstract":"Empty pesticide container recycling helps control nonpoint source pollution and provides alternative sources for basic materials. This article investigates end users’ adoption of recycling their pesticide container waste and investigates the determinants influencing their adoption. The study uses an extensive farm survey of 210 farmers from the District Faisalabad of the Province of Punjab (Pakistan). It applies the partial least squares structural equation modeling technique to assess the impact of different elements, such as subjective norms, attitude, perceived behavioral control, intention, and environmental concerns, on end users’ adoption regarding recycling of pesticide empty container waste. The results explain that perceived behavioral control and intention to reuse pesticide container waste positively predict end users’ adoption. Furthermore, adoption is positively impacted by attitude, subjective norms, and environmental concerns via the intention to recycle pesticide container waste. The study urges the need to encourage end users to share responsibility for pesticide container waste management for a sustainable society.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42241074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Biological Pretreatment Effects on the Bioconversion of Brewer Spent Grain with Hermetia illucens Larvae 生物预处理对啤酒糟生物转化的影响

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2022-12-27 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010003

M. Sumba-Zhongor, E. Álava, L. Galarza, Johana Ortíz-Ulloa, E. Chica, O. Ruiz-Barzola, Julia Nieto-Wigby, M. Jimenez-Feijoó, Malena Torres-Ulloa

{"title":"Biological Pretreatment Effects on the Bioconversion of Brewer Spent Grain with Hermetia illucens Larvae","authors":"M. Sumba-Zhongor, E. Álava, L. Galarza, Johana Ortíz-Ulloa, E. Chica, O. Ruiz-Barzola, Julia Nieto-Wigby, M. Jimenez-Feijoó, Malena Torres-Ulloa","doi":"10.3390/recycling8010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010003","url":null,"abstract":"Hermetia illucens is an important species for waste management and the circular economy. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of Trichoderma reesei C2A and Pleurotus sp. as pretreatments of brewer spent grain (BSG). BSG was inoculated with fungal solution or distilled water (control). After seven days, this was used for H. illucens larvae cultivation. At the end of bioconversion process, parameters of substrate reduction and H. illucens larval development were evaluated. Chemical properties of BSG, frass and larvae were also analyzed. With T. reesei C2A pretreatment, highest substrate reduction (46.3 ± 0.9%) was achieved, but larval growth rate was lower (1.0 ± 0.1 mg/d) than that of control (2.8 ± 0.2 mg/d). Larvae of Pleurotus sp. pretreatment had limited development, reflected in their negative growth rate (−0.6 ± 0.2 mg/d). In conclusion, cultivation of H. illucens larvae (six day old) on BSG pretreated with Pleurotus sp. is not recommended. On the other hand, T. reesei C2A pretreatment enhance BSG reduction, and its potential use for lignocellulosic waste management should be more explored.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46192993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Blending Recycled High-Density Polyethylene HDPE (rHDPE) with Virgin (vHDPE) as an Effective Approach to Improve the Mechanical Properties 再生高密度聚乙烯(rHDPE)与纯聚乙烯(vHDPE)共混是改善其力学性能的有效途径

IF 4.3

Recycling Pub Date : 2022-12-26 DOI: 10.3390/recycling8010002

Jian Zhang, V. Hirschberg, D. Rodrigue

{"title":"Blending Recycled High-Density Polyethylene HDPE (rHDPE) with Virgin (vHDPE) as an Effective Approach to Improve the Mechanical Properties","authors":"Jian Zhang, V. Hirschberg, D. Rodrigue","doi":"10.3390/recycling8010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling8010002","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanical properties of virgin/recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blends over the complete concentration range was thoroughly investigated in this work. In particular, a focus was made on the long-term properties via mechanical fatigue. Two different mixing methods, namely powder mixing (dry blending) and extrusion mixing (melt blending), were used to determine the effect of processing conditions on the tensile and fatigue behavior of the blends after compression molding. It was found that both tensile (modulus, ultimate strength) and fatigue performances were improved with increasing vHDPE content. Based on the obtained data, a correlation between the blends composition and mechanical properties is reported. Moreover, it was observed that increasing the vHDPE content led to slower crack propagation rate, probably due to less defects (contamination) in the blends. Finally, a negligible difference in mechanical properties (fatigue resistance) between both mixing approaches was observed, but samples produced via powder mixing showed less viscous dissipation (heat generation) as the vHDPE content increased, leading to lower surface temperature rise which can be an advantage for specific applications.","PeriodicalId":36729,"journal":{"name":"Recycling","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49151315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6