Journal of New Zealand Grasslands最新文献

{"title":"The future of farming for Southland","authors":"Janet F Grant","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3526","url":null,"abstract":"The future of Agriculture in Southland is facing anotherperiod of uncertainty, with the impact of covid19 andits possible long-term effects not fully. However, someindications are available regarding changing foodpatterns, disruptive shipping routes and the logisticsof ‘just in time’ delivery that are being tested, borderrequirements changing and continuing disruptivetechnology changing the way consumers purchaseall forms of consumable goods including food. Thissame uncertainty applies to the rest of New Zealandagriculture. The arable, Dairy, beef, sheep, and deersectors are all trying to work through and prepare forwhat this uncertain future may look like, and how it willshape the future viability of farming enterprises.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48616226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legumes are the key to increasing productivity at “Inverary”, a summer moist hill / high country farm in mid-Canterbury","authors":"Malcolm W Smith, D. Moot, R. Lucas, J. Chapman","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3516","url":null,"abstract":"About half the 4250 ha of Inverary is undevelopedmountain land above 750 m a.s.l. There are 300 haof river flats, where lucerne and winter feed cropsare grown, and 300 ha conventional grass/cloverpastures. Limited areas of clover/plantain and winterfeed crops have been established at ~700 m a.s.l. oneasy rolling country. The 1600 ha of steep country,dominated by browntop, gives low spring and highsummer production that is difficult to manage. In2009, there were no lucerne or legume rich pastures.The legume emphasis increased animal productivitythrough improved lambing and lamb weight sold perewe. Total lamb meat production lifted from 230,113kg in 2009 to 245,039 kg in 2020, despite 1000 fewerewes. The current sheep to cattle ratio is 60:40 with13,000 stock units being wintered. Pre-development,a major shortage of nutritious forage in early springwas compounded by difficulty controlling reproductivegrass in summer and autumn. In 2016, total productionof legume dominant pastures was 40% more than sowngrass/clover pastures with limited nitrogen fertiliser(15 vs. 11 t DM/ha/year). In early spring, legumeshad higher growth rates of conventional grass/cloverpastures (90 vs. 44 kg DM/ha/day), whereas browntopdominant hill pastures grew 10 kg DM/ha/d and 5 tDM/ha/yr.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41579450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of winter fodder beet or kale allocation on behaviour and blood metabolite status of non-lactating dairy cows","authors":"D. Dalley, J. Edwards, Emma Masterson, R. Woods","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3497","url":null,"abstract":"Fodder beet (FB) was at first rapidly adopted by farmers, however, there is uncertainty around the impact of feeding high rates of FB on metabolic diseases and cow behaviour. This study aimed to establish if there was an effect of crop type and feed allocation on blood metabolites and behaviour of dairy cows. \u0000In winter 2017, 328 mixed-aged pregnant non-lactating Friesian x Jersey cows were allocated to feeding treatments of either FB or kale, offered at two allocation rates: “target” (to achieve 0.5 BCS gain) or “high” (ad libitum allocation), supplemented with pasture baleage. Blood metabolites were monitored for 20 animals per treatment, 15 of those animals per treatment had an activity sensor fitted for 8 days in late July. \u0000Cows fed FB had higher plasma magnesium and lower sodium, phosphate, total protein and urea levels than cows fed kale. The FB cows spent less time lying (9.4 vs 11.1 h/d), walked more (2113 vs 1737 steps/day), had fewer lying bouts per day (6.1 vs 9.3 bouts/day), but had longer bout duration (102 vs 81 min) than kale cows. These results indicate differences between winter crops in susceptibility to metabolic diseases and grazing activity which require further investigation.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44930429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size of the prize: the value of closing pasture yield gaps on heterogeneous soil types in a dairy farm in Canterbury, New Zealand","authors":"Anna Taylor, M. Andreucci, S. Zydenbos","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3514","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying opportunities to further improve pasture production on high producing, irrigated Canterbury dairy farms is complex. An innovation systems approach was used to identify the factors contributing to variation in pasture production on a case study farm such as: soil characteristics, irrigation management, and grass grub populations.  This paper focuses on the value proposition of managing soil zones to optimise pasture production. Using EM38 mapping, area under a single centre pivot irrigator were characterised into soil zones of ‘low’, ‘medium’ and ‘high’.  Actual measurements of irrigation application and soil characteristics were modelled in APSIM to estimate the pasture production of ‘low’ and ‘medium’ soil zones under a constant irrigation regime, giving an annual difference of 2900 kg DM/ha between the zones. In a ‘typical irrigated Canterbury System 4 dairy farm’ modelled in FARMAX, with 20% ‘low’ and 80% ‘medium’ soil zones, increasing the pasture growth in the ‘low’ zone to that of the ‘medium’ zone gave an increase of 580 kg DM/ha. This produced an increase of 51 kg/ha of milk solids and increased the stocking rate by 0.2 cow/ha, which resulted in a profit increase of $298/ha/year. The value of this on a 255 ha farm would be $75,000 per annum, while at a regional scale, increasing the productivity of the 52,900 ha of ‘low’ zone soils on irrigated dairy farms in Canterbury would add around $14 M of profit. Taking a data-driven spatial management approach to understanding the drivers of variability in pasture production has potential to identify opportunities and their potential value even in high-performing systems.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43349363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen effects on species’ contributions to grazed pasture mixtures under nitrogen loss and application restrictions","authors":"Thinzar Soe Myint, A. Black, D. Moot","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3513","url":null,"abstract":"New regulations to the use of N fertiliser will impact on seed mixture decisions for new pastures. To help inform these decisions, the effects of N on species and species interactions in pasture mixtures were examined. Ten mixtures of perennial ryegrass (PR), white clover (WC) and plantain (P) were sown on 31 March 2017 and grown ±N fertiliser (275 kg/ha in Year 1 reduced to 200 kg N/ha/year) under grazed and irrigated conditions at Lincoln University. After 4 years, an equi-proportional mixture of PR and WC (based on seed count) optimised average total yield (TY), weed yield (WY), metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) regardless of N level. The optimal sowing rate was 12.2 kg PR and 7.0 kg WC/ha. Average TY of the optimal mixture was 20.5 t DM/ha/year with 4% WY, 11 MJ/kg DM ME and 21% CP. Pasture yield and quality responded to change in species proportions away from the optimal mixture, including the addition of P. The magnitude of the TY and WY responses was greater with than without N fertiliser because the identity effects of PR and P, and the way all three species interacted, depended on N level.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48216523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AgYields - a national database for collation of past, present and future pasture and crop yield data","authors":"D. Moot, W. Griffiths, D. Chapman, M. Dodd, Carmen S. P. Teixeira","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3512","url":null,"abstract":"The New Zealand agricultural sector has a rich heritage of measuring yield and growth rates for pastures and crops. Historically these datasets were collected by Government departments, Crown research institutes, Universities and more latterly seed companies and private research providers as well as on-farm. These data are expensive to collect, spatially and temporally patchy, and stored in a range of electronic and physical platforms. Meanwhile the potential value of such data is increasing with the ability to create meta-analyses and simulation modelling to create resilience in crop and pasture systems to meet the needs of the changing regulatory and climate environment. A challenge of data collection is the different priorities and skill sets of those undertaking the task. Thus, there is a need to provide guidelines for the collection, collation and publication of such data to standardize best practice and maximize the value gained from increasingly scarce resources available for pasture and crop research to support the primary industries.  In addition, declining funding for field research, means there is an urgent need to draw together existing and future data into a publicly accessible industry good resource. This paper outlines the development of the AgYields web-based repository for pasture and crop growth rate and yield data. It describes the rationale for the database and the need for standardization of data collection to maximize the value of stored data in common formats. The intent is to provide a resource to enhance livestock and crop production systems throughout New Zealand and provide guidelines for future data collection.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48532440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The development of Pallaton Raphanobrassica for New Zealand farming systems","authors":"A. Dumbleton, F. Foley, C. Westwood, Gemma Box","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3505","url":null,"abstract":"‘Pallaton’) is an allotetraploid, produced from kale(Brassica oleracea L.) x radish (Raphanus raphanistrumsubsp. sativus L.). It is a multi-graze forage, selected forhigh cumulative yield, water efficiency and resistanceto clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae). This paperdescribes the breeding, agronomy and nutritive valueof ‘Pallaton’, which can be grazed in situ between42 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) with no specificcrop maturity requirement. Cumulative yield of threeconsecutive harvests, analysed by meta-analysisof eighteen trials from 2013 to 2019 on three sites,showed ‘Pallaton’ had a greater yield of 16,254 kg DM/ha than forage rape (B. napus spp. biennis, cv. ‘Titan’)and leafy turnip (B. rapa; syn. B. campestris cv. ‘PasjaII’) at 12,639 and 10,965 kg DM/ha, respectively. Afurther trial, comparing nutritive values, demonstrated‘Pallaton’ has a similar profile to ‘Titan’. ‘Pallaton’ maybe rotationally grazed for up to twelve months wheninitially grazed by livestock at 350 - 400 mm plantheight between 42 and 70 DAS. Livestock consuming‘Pallaton’ are susceptible to the same potential animalhealth concerns as other Brassica species, but representsa forage option for sheep, beef, deer and dairy farming,particularly those in challenging environments.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46306737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sheep dung disappearance from grazed hill country landscapes","authors":"R. Vibart, A. Mackay, B. Devantier, Emma Noakes, P. MacLean","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3509","url":null,"abstract":"Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of biological (composition and site history) and topographic (slope and aspect) factors affecting sheep dung disappearance rates in hill country pastures. We used three of the farmlets that have been receiving 0 (NF), 125 (LF) or 375 (HF) kg of single superphosphate (SSP)/ha since 1980) from the long-term phosphorus fertiliser trial at Ballantrae. Experiment one examined the effect of farmlet, slope (low and medium slope class), and aspect (E, SW, NW), whereas Experiment two examined the effect of farmlet, both as a source of dung (from LF or HF farmlets) and as a site in the landscape (on LF or HF farmlets). In both experiments, disappearance of dung followed a quadratic curve, and no improvements were made using higher-order polynomials. Despite a lower fibre concentration, dung from sheep grazing the HF farmlet did not disappear at a faster rate than dung from the other farmlets, but soil activity in situ (placement) was pivotal to the rate of dung disappearance. A faster rate of dung disappearance on the HF farmlet is consistent with a greater capacity for turnover of plant biomass and animal excreta in this high fertility environment. These experiments contribute to our understanding of the influence of biological and topographic drivers of dung disappearance rates, and enable further advances to be made in the modelling of nutrients in these topographically complex agroecosystems. ","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45296155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural Transformations – NZ pastoral farming systems past, present and future","authors":"W. King","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3525","url":null,"abstract":"There are increasing calls for agriculture in NZ to be transformed. The signals from Wellington, especially, suggest that government investors in the primary sector (MPI, MBIE) do not consider that ‘business as usual’ will deliver the improvements in environmentalperformance demanded by the voting public. The Crown Research Institute whose primary focus is pastoral agriculture – AgResearch – has adopted a strapline: ‘Driving prosperity by transforming agriculture? But what does this transformation actually mean?","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44259567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification and mitigation of nitrogen leaching in a maize silage cropping system","authors":"R. Tsimba, T. Gunn, R. Densley, Ian Williams, G. Edmeades, Jamie Millar","doi":"10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2021.83.3506","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen (N) leaching is a major source of groundwater contamination. We used a series of lysimeters and suction cups to measure total N leaching losses in a high N maize crop system on a long-term maize paddock in the Waikato. \u0000The goal of the study was to 1) quantify N leaching losses under maize silage, 2) determine the effectiveness of a cut-and-carry annual ryegrass catch crop (RG) in mitigating N leaching losses and 3) determine an appropriate depth for measuring N leaching losses under maize. \u0000At least 200 kg/ha more fertiliser N than calculated plant requirements was applied to the maize crop to ensure surplus soil N after maize. \u0000Nitrogen leaching losses were measured in a maize-RG and maize-fallow rotation over two seasons (October 2018 - September 2020). Less than 10 % of N leaching losses occurred during the maize growing season. This is likely due to evapotranspiration exceeding rainfall in summer. \u0000The greatest leaching losses were observed in the maize-fallow rotation, averaging 60 kg N/ha and 88 kg N/ha for the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. This was despite 2020 winter  being drier than 2019. The greater 2019/20 leaching losses can be attributed to a greater soil N concentration (+15 mg N/L) in 2020. \u0000The importance of catch crops as a N leaching mitigation tool after maize was evident over the two years, resulting in leaching reductions >85% in the maize-RG than the maize–fallow plots. The catch crop removed >200 kg N/ha from the soil, significantly reducing the soil N concentration, which appear to be the main driver of leaching losses in our study. Additionally, RG also increased gravimetric soil water content by 7.3 % in the top 30 cm. \u0000When N leaching was measured at 70 cm, losses in fallow plots were almost three times higher than the 41.6 kg N/ha recorded at the 120 cm soil depth, our default maize rooting depth.  \u0000A similar amount of isotopic 15N (1.2 %) was observed in maize grain at maturity when 15N was inserted to 60 cm or 120 cm soil depth. This was greater than the background values obtained when standard urea was applied to the plots (0.37 %), indicating 15N interception at depth.   \u0000It is speculated that provided fertiliser rates match crop N demand and catch crops are used, N leaching losses in maize crops should be much lower than values reported here, irrespective of soil type and season.","PeriodicalId":36573,"journal":{"name":"Journal of New Zealand Grasslands","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45865818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}